377
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Major Article

Coping with COVID-19: a snapshot of college student mental health, coping, and expectancies during stay-at-home orders

, MSORCID Icon, , MA, MS, , MS & , PhD
Pages 451-462 | Received 18 Dec 2020, Accepted 30 Jan 2022, Published online: 17 Mar 2022

References

  • Moreland A, Herlihy C, Tynan MA, et al . Timing of state and territorial COVID-19 stay-at-home orders and changes in population Movement - United States, March 1-May 31, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69(35):1198–1203. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6935a2.
  • Coibion O, Gorodnichenko Y, Weber M. (Labor Markets During the COVID-19 Crisis: A Preliminary View (No. w27017). National Bureau of Economic Research; 2020.
  • Bartik AW, Bertrand M, Cullen ZB, Glaeser EL, Luca M, Stanton CT. How are small businesses adjusting to COVID-19? Early evidence from a survey (No. w26989). National Bureau of Economic Research; 2020.
  • Crawford J, Butler-Henderson K, Rudolph J, et al. COVID-19: 20 countries’ higher education intra-period digital pedagogy responses. Journal of Applied Learning & Teaching 2020;3(1):1–20.
  • Holmes EA, O’Connor RC, Perry VH, et al. Multidisciplinary research priorities for the COVID-19 pandemic: a call for action for mental health science. Lancet Psychiat. 2020;7(6):547–560. ). doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30168-1.
  • Liu CH, Zhang E, Wong GTF, Hyun S, Hahm HC. Factors associated with depression, anxiety, and PTSD symptomatology during the COVID-19 pandemic: Clinical implications for US young adult mental health. Psychiatry Res. 2020;290:113172. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113172.
  • Ettman CK, Abdalla SM, Cohen GH, Sampson L, Vivier PM, Galea S. Prevalence of depression symptoms in US adults before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(9):e2019686. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.19686.
  • Person C, Tracy M, Galea S. Risk factors for depression after a disaster. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2006;194(9):659–666.
  • Schwartz RM, Sison C, Kerath SM, et al. The impact of Hurricane Sandy on the mental health of New York area residents. Am J Disaster Med. 2015;10(4):339–346.
  • Weaver LJ, Hadley C. Moving beyond hunger and nutrition: a systematic review of the evidence linking food insecurity and mental health in developing countries. Ecol Food Nutr. 2009;48(4):263–284.
  • Heyman JC, Brennan M, Colarossi L. Event-exposure stress, coping, and psychological distress among New York students at six months after 9/11. Anxiety Stress Cop. 2010;23(2):153–163. doi:10.1080/10615800902926772.
  • Weinberg M, Besser A, Zeigler-Hill V, Neria Y. Bidirectional associations between hope, optimism and social support, and trauma-related symptoms among survivors of terrorism and their spouses. J Res Pers. 2016;62:29–38. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2016.03.002.
  • Scheier MF, Carver CS. Optimism, coping, and health: assessment and implications of generalized outcome expectancies. Health Psychol. 1985;4(3):219–247.
  • Snyder CR, Harris C, Anderson JR, et al. The will and the ways: development and validation of an individual-differences measure of hope. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1991;60(4):570–585.
  • Nes LS, Segerstrom SC. Dispositional optimism and coping: A meta-analytic review. Pers Soc Psychol Rev. 2006;10(3):235–251.
  • Herman-Stabl MA, Stemmler M, Petersen AC. Approach and avoidant coping: Implications for adolescent mental health. J Youth Adolescence. 1995;24(6):649–665. doi:10.1007/BF01536949.
  • Roth S, Cohen LJ. Approach, avoidance, and coping with stress. Am Psychol. 1986;41(7):813–819. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.41.7.813.
  • Scheier MF, Weintraub JK, Carver CS. Coping with stress: divergent strategies of optimists and pessimists. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1986;51(6):1257–1264.
  • Littleton H, Horsley S, John S, Nelson DV. Trauma coping strategies and psychological distress: A meta‐analysis. J Traum Stress. 2007;20(6):977–988. doi:10.1002/jts.20276.
  • Glass K, Flory K, Hankin BL, Kloos B, Turecki G. Are coping strategies, social support, and hope associated with psychological distress among Hurricane Katrina survivors? J Social Clin Psychol. 2009;28(6):779–795. doi:10.1521/jscp.2009.28.6.779.
  • Kar N, Kar B, Kar S. Stress and coping during COVID-19 pandemic: Result of an online survey. Psychiatry Res. 2021;295:113598.
  • Guo J, Feng XL, Wang XH, van Ijzendoorn MH. Coping with COVID-19: Exposure to COVID-19 and negative impact on livelihood predict elevated mental health problems in Chinese adults. IJERPH. 2020;17(11):3857. doi:10.3390/ijerph17113857.
  • CDC. Coronavirus (COVID-19); May 21, 2020a. www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/index.html
  • Tan W, Hao F, McIntyre RS, et al. Is returning to work during the COVID-19 pandemic stressful? A study on immediate mental health status and psychoneuroimmunity prevention measures of Chinese workforce. Brain Behav Immunity. 2020;87:84–92. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.055.
  • Deci EL, Ryan RM. Self-determination theory; 2012.
  • Austenfeld JL, Stanton AL. Coping through emotional approach: A new look at emotion, coping, and health‐related outcomes. J Personality. 2004;72(6):1335–1364. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2004.00299.x.
  • Pargament KI, Koenig HG, Tarakeshwar N, Hahn J. Religious coping methods as predictors of psychological, physical and spiritual outcomes among medically ill elderly patients: A 2-year longitudinal study. J Health Psychol. 2004;9(6):713–730. doi:10.1177/1359105304045366.
  • Penninx BW, Van Tilburg T, Boeke AJP, Deeg DJ, Kriegsman DM, Van Eijk JTM. Effects of social support and personal coping resources on depressive symptoms: different for various chronic diseases? Health Psychol. 1998;17(6):551–558.
  • CDC. Groups at Higher Risk for Severe Illness; May 21, 2020b. www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/groups-at-higher-risk.html
  • Kecojevic A, Basch CH, Sullivan M, Davi NK. The impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on mental health of undergraduate students in New Jersey, cross-sectional study. PloS One. 2020;15(9):e0239696.
  • State of Indiana. (2020, May 21). Updated: Indiana Stay-At-Home Order FAQ. https://www.in.gov/gov/governor-holcomb/newsroom/updated-4272020-indiana-stay-at-home-order-faq/?fbclid=IwAR1VGzHNY6rvAB_cUJCMbrYz4Xcu0UU7--F1s27of4m04LeaMpigWkuOVkdI
  • Warttig SL, Forshaw MJ, South J, White AK. New, normative, English-sample data for the short form perceived stress scale (PSS-4). J Health Psychol. 2013;18(12):1617–1628.
  • Radloff LS. The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Appl Psychol Measur. 1977;1(3):385–401. doi:10.1177/014662167700100306.
  • Yao S, Fang J, Zhu X, Zuroff DC. The Depressive Experiences Questionnaire: Construct validity and prediction of depressive symptoms in a sample of Chinese undergraduates. Depress Anxiety. 2009;26(10):930–937. doi:10.1002/da.20465.
  • Spielberger CD. (1983). State-trait anxiety inventory for adults.
  • Metzger RL. A reliability and validity study of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. J Clin Psychol. 1976;32(2):276–278. ). doi:10.1002/1097-4679(197604)32:2<276::AID-JCLP2270320215>3.0.CO;2-G.
  • Bryant FB, Cvengros JA. Distinguishing hope and optimism: Two sides of a coin, or two separate coins? J Social Clin Psychol. 2004;23(2):273–302. doi:10.1521/jscp.23.2.273.31018.
  • Scheier MF, Carver CS, Bridges MW. Distinguishing optimism from neuroticism (and trait anxiety, self-mastery, and self-esteem): a reevaluation of the Life Orientation Test. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1994;67(6):1063–1078.
  • Shanahan ML, Fischer IC, Rand KL. Hope, optimism, and affect as predictors and consequences of expectancies: The potential moderating roles of perceived control and success. J Res Pers. 2020;84:103903. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2019.103903.
  • Carver CS . You want to measure coping but your protocol’s too long: Consider the brief COPE. Int J Behav Med. 1997;4(1):92–100. doi:10.1207/s15327558ijbm0401_6.
  • CDC. How to Protect Yourself and Others; March 21, 2020c. www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prepare/prevention.html
  • Kline RB. Structural Equation Modeling. New York: Guilford; 2011.
  • IBM Corp. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 25. Armonk, NY: IBM SPSS Corp; 2017.
  • Muthén LK, Muthén B. Mplus. The comprehensive modelling program for applied researchers: User’s Guide. 2017;8.
  • Vilagut G, Forero CG, Barbaglia G, Alonso J. Screening for depression in the general population with the center for epidemiologic studies depression (CES-D): a systematic review with meta-analysis. PloS One. 2016;11(5):e0155431. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0155431.
  • Addolorato G, Ancona C, Capristo E, et al. State and trait anxiety in women affected by allergic and vasomotor rhinitis. J Psychos Res. 1999;46(3):283–289. doi:10.1016/S0022-3999(98)00109-3.
  • Forsberg C, Bjorvell H. Swedish population norms for the GHRI, HI and STAI-state. Qual Life Res. 1993;2(5):349–356. doi:10.1007/BF00449430.
  • Knight RG, Waal‐Manning HJ, Spears GF. Some norms and reliability data for the State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory and the Zung Self‐Rating Depression scale. Br J Clin Psychol. 1983;22(4):245–249. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1983.tb00610.x.
  • Acharya L, Jin L, Collins W. College life is stressful today–Emerging stressors and depressive symptoms in college students. J Am Coll Health. 2018;66(7):655–664.
  • Shin JY, Steger MF, Henry KL. Self-concept clarity’s role in meaning in life among American college students: A latent growth approach. Self Identity. 2016;15(2):206–223. doi:10.1080/15298868.2015.1111844.
  • Huckins JF, daSilva AW, Wang W, et al. Mental health and behavior of college students during the early phases of the COVID-19 pandemic: Longitudinal smartphone and ecological momentary assessment study. J Med Internet Res. 2020;22(6):e20185. doi:10.2196/20185.
  • Son C, Hegde S, Smith A, Wang X, Sasangohar F. Effects of COVID-19 on college students’ mental health in the United States: interview survey study. J Med Internet Res. 2020;22(9):e21279.
  • Wang X, Hegde S, Son C, Keller B, Smith A, Sasangohar F. Investigating Mental Health of US College Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Cross-Sectional Survey Study. J Med Internet Res. 2020;22(9):e22817.
  • Pantic I. Online social networking and mental health. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2014;17(10):652–657. doi:10.1089/cyber.2014.0070.
  • Leigh-Hunt N, Bagguley D, Bash K, et al. An overview of systematic reviews on the public health consequences of social isolation and loneliness. Public Health. 2017;152:157–171.
  • CDC. Risk for COVID-19 Infection, Hospitalization, and Death by Age Group; May 9, 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/covid-data/investigations-discovery/hospitalization-death-by-age.html
  • Fischer IC, Cripe LD, Rand KL. Predicting symptoms of anxiety and depression in patients living with advanced cancer: the differential roles of hope and optimism. Support Care Cancer. 2018;26(10):3471–3477.
  • Gallagher MW, Lopez SJ. Positive expectancies and mental health: Identifying the unique contributions of hope and optimism. J Positive Psychol. 2009;4(6):548–556. doi:10.1080/17439760903157166.
  • Pavey L, Greitemeyer T, Sparks P. Highlighting relatedness promotes prosocial motives and behavior. Pers Soc Psychol Bull. 2011;37(7):905–917.
  • Wenner JR, Randall BA. Predictors of prosocial behavior: Differences in middle aged and older adults. Pers Individ Dif. 2016;101:322–326.
  • McGuire AP, Hayden C, Frankfurt SB, et al. Social engagement early in the US COVID-19 crisis: Exploring social support and prosocial behavior between those with and without depression or anxiety in an online sample. J Social Clin Psychol. 2020;39(10):923–953. doi:10.1521/jscp.2020.39.10.923.
  • Federico CM, de Zavala AG, Baran T. Collective narcissism, in-group satisfaction, and solidarity in the face of COVID-19. Social Psychological and Personality Science 2020; 12(6):1071–1081 .
  • Hardin BS, Smith CV, Jordan LN. Is the COVID-19 pandemic even darker for some? Examining dark personality and affective, cognitive, and behavioral responses to the COVID-19 pandemic. Pers Individ Dif. 2020;171:110504.
  • Nowak B, Brzóska P, Piotrowski J, Sedikides C, Żemojtel-Piotrowska M, Jonason PK. Adaptive and maladaptive behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of Dark Triad traits, collective narcissism, and health beliefs. Pers Individ Dif. 2020;167:110232.
  • Olatunji BO, Etzel EN, Tomarken AJ, Ciesielski BG, Deacon B. The effects of safety behaviors on health anxiety: An experimental investigation. Beh Res and Ther 2011;49(11):719–728.
  • Tomai M, Lauriola M, Caputo A. Are social support and coping styles differently associated with adjustment to cancer in early and advanced stages? Med J Clin Psychol 2019;7(1):1–24.
  • Wolgast M, Lundh LG. Is distraction an adaptive or maladaptive strategy for emotion regulation? A person-oriented approach. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2017;39(1):117–127. doi:10.1007/s10862-016-9570-x.
  • Reicher S, Drury J. Pandemic fatigue? How adherence to covid-19 regulations has been misrepresented and why it matters. BMJ 2021;372: n137.
  • IUPUI. IUPUI Rankings; May 21, 2020. https://www.iupui.edu/about/rankings-statistics.html

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.