Direct, indirect and total bilirubin and risk of incident coronary heart disease in the Dongfeng-Tongji cohort

References

• Franchini M, Targher G, Lippi G. Serum bilirubin levels and cardiovascular disease risk: a Janus Bifrons? Adv Clin Chem. 2010;50:47–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fevery J. Bilirubin in clinical practice: a review. Liver Int. 2008;28:592–605.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bosma PJ. Inherited disorders of bilirubin metabolism. J Hepatol. 2003;38:107–117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stocker R, Yamamoto Y, McDonagh AF, et al. Bilirubin is an antioxidant of possible physiological importance. Science. 1987;235:1043–1046.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stocker R. Antioxidant activities of bile pigments. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2004;6:841–849.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breimer LH, Wannamethee G, Ebrahim S, et al. Serum bilirubin and risk of ischemic heart disease in middle-aged British men. Clin Chem. 1995;41:1504–1508.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Djousse L, Levy D, Cupples LA, et al. Total serum bilirubin and risk of cardiovascular disease in the Framingham offspring study. Am J Cardiol. 2001;87:1196–1200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Djousse L, Rothman KJ, Cupples LA, et al. Effect of serum albumin and bilirubin on the risk of myocardial infarction (the Framingham Offspring Study). Am J Cardiol. 2003;91:485–488.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Novotny L, Vitek L. Inverse relationship between serum bilirubin and atherosclerosis in men: a meta-analysis of published studies. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2003;228:568–571.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Troughton JA, Woodside JV, Young IS, et al. Bilirubin and coronary heart disease risk in the Prospective Epidemiological Study of Myocardial Infarction (PRIME). Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2007;14:79–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horsfall LJ, Nazareth I, Petersen I. Cardiovascular events as a function of serum bilirubin levels in a large, statin-treated cohort. Circulation. 2012;126:2556–2564.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekblom K, Marklund SL, Jansson JH, et al. Plasma bilirubin and UGT1A1*28 are not protective factors against first-time myocardial infarction in a prospective, nested case-referent setting. Circ Cardiovasc Genet. 2010;3:340–347.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stender S, Frikke-Schmidt R, Nordestgaard BG, et al. Genetically elevated bilirubin and risk of ischaemic heart disease: three Mendelian randomization studies and a meta-analysis. J Intern Med. 2013;273:59–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahabadi AA, Lehmann N, Mohlenkamp S, et al. Association of bilirubin with coronary artery calcification and cardiovascular events in the general population without known liver disease: the Heinz Nixdorf Recall study. Clin Res Cardiol. 2014;103:647–653.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunutsor SK, Bakker SJ, Gansevoort RT, et al. Circulating total bilirubin and risk of incident cardiovascular disease in the general population. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2015;35:716–724.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin JP, O'Donnell CJ, Schwaiger JP, et al. Association between the UGT1A1*28 allele, bilirubin levels, and coronary heart disease in the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 2006;114:1476–1481.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunt SC, Kronenberg F, Eckfeldt JH, et al. Association of plasma bilirubin with coronary heart disease and segregation of bilirubin as a major gene trait: the NHLBI family heart study. Atherosclerosis. 2001;154:747–754.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song YS, Koo BK, Cho NH, et al. Effect of low serum total bilirubin levels (≤ 0.32 mg/dl) on risk of coronary artery disease in patients with metabolic syndrome. Am J Cardiol. 2014;114:1695–1700.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vitek L, Jirsa M, Brodanova M, et al. Gilbert syndrome and ischemic heart disease: a protective effect of elevated bilirubin levels. Atherosclerosis. 2002;160:449–456.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen YH, Hung SC, Tarng DC. Serum bilirubin links UGT1A1*28 polymorphism and predicts long-term cardiovascular events and mortality in chronic hemodialysis patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;6:567–574.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang F, Zhu J, Yao P, et al. Cohort profile: the Dongfeng-Tongji cohort study of retired workers. Int J Epidemiol. 2013;42:731–740.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang L, Yang H, He M, et al. Longer sleep duration and midday napping are associated with a higher risk of CHD incidence in middle-aged and older Chinese: the Dongfeng-Tongji cohort study. Sleep. 2016;39:645–652.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai X, Yang L, Legare S, et al. Dose-response relationship between serum uric acid levels and risk of incident coronary heart disease in the Dongfeng-Tongji cohort. Int J Cardiol. 2016;224:299–304.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng W, He X, Chen M, et al. Urinary metals and heart rate variability: a cross-sectional study of urban adults in Wuhan, China. Environ Health Perspect. 2015;123:217–222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang J, Li Y, Han X, et al. Serum bilirubin levels and risk of type 2 diabetes: results from two independent cohorts in middle-aged and elderly Chinese. Sci Rep. 2017;7:41338.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leon BM, Maddox TM. Diabetes and cardiovascular disease: epidemiology, biological mechanisms, treatment recommendations and future research. World J Diabetes. 2015;6:1246–1258.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephens JW, Khanolkar MP, Bain SC. The biological relevance and measurement of plasma markers of oxidative stress in diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Atherosclerosis. 2009;202:321–329.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esser N, Paquot N, Scheen AJ. Anti-inflammatory agents to treat or prevent type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2015;24:283–307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pineda S, Bang OY, Saver JL, et al. Association of serum bilirubin with ischemic stroke outcomes. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2008;17:147–152.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Xu XQ, Lv ZC, Liu QQ, et al. Direct bilirubin: a new risk factor of adverse outcome in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. Int J Cardiol. 2017;228:895–899.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sung KC, Shin J, Lim YH, et al. Relation of conjugated bilirubin concentrations to the presence of coronary artery calcium. Am J Cardiol. 2013;112:1873–1879.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korenblat KM, Berk PD. Hyperbilirubinemia in the setting of antiviral therapy. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005;3:303–310.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boland BS, Dong MH, Bettencourt R, et al. Association of serum bilirubin with aging and mortality. J Clin Exp Hepatol. 2014;4:1–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jung CH, Lee MJ, Kang YM, et al. Higher serum bilirubin level as a protective factor for the development of diabetes in healthy Korean men: a 4 year retrospective longitudinal study. Metab Clin Exp. 2014;63:87–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oda E, Kawai R. A possible cross-sectional association of serum total bilirubin with coronary heart disease and stroke in a Japanese health screening population. Heart Vessels. 2012;27:29–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunutsor SK, Apekey TA, Khan H. Liver enzymes and risk of cardiovascular disease in the general population: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Atherosclerosis. 2014;236:7–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schindhelm RK, Dekker JM, Nijpels G, et al. Alanine aminotransferase predicts coronary heart disease events: a 10-year follow-up of the Hoorn Study. Atherosclerosis. 2007;191:391–396.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar