Anabolic-androgenic steroids are linked to depression and anxiety in male bodybuilders: the hidden psychogenic side of anabolic androgenic steroids

References

• Hartgens F, Kuipers H. Effects of androgenic-anabolic steroids in athletes. Sports Med. 2004;34(8):513–554. doi:10.2165/00007256-200434080-00003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roman M, Roman DL, Ostafe V, et al. Computational assessment of pharmacokinetics and biological effects of some anabolic and androgen steroids. Pharm Res. 2018;35(2):41. doi:10.1007/s11095-018-2353-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bond AJ, Choi PY, Pope HG. Assessment of attentional bias and mood in users and non-users of anabolic-androgenic steroids. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1995;37(3):241–245. doi:10.1016/0376-8716(94)01071-r.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albano GD, Amico F, Cocimano G, et al. Adverse effects of anabolic-androgenic steroids: a literature review. Healthcare (Basel). 2021;9(1):97., doi:10.3390/healthcare9010097.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bertozzi G, Salerno M, Pomara C, et al. Neuropsychiatric and behavioral involvement in AAS abusers. A literature review. Medicina. 2019;55(7):396. doi:10.3390/medicina55070396.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Daly RC, Su T-P, Schmidt PJ, et al. Neuroendocrine and behavioral effects of high-dose anabolic steroid administration in male normal volunteers. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2003;28(3):317–331. doi:10.1016/s0306-4530(02)00025-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Windfeld-Mathiasen J, Christoffersen T, Strand NAW, et al. Psychiatric morbidity among men using anabolic steroids. Depress Anxiety. 2022;39(12):805–812. doi:10.1002/da.23287.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bueno A, Carvalho FB, Gutierres JM, et al. A comparative study of the effect of the dose and exposure duration of anabolic androgenic steroids on behavior, cholinergic regulation, and oxidative stress in rats. PLoS One. 2017;12(6):e0177623. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0177623.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stürenburg J, Fries U, Kunze K. Glucocorticoids and anabolic/androgenic steroids inhibit the synthesis of GABAergic steroids in rat cortex. Neuropsychobiology. 1997;35(3):143–146. doi:10.1159/000119335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomides L, Oliveira A, Mayers N, et al. Neurologıcal consequences of abusıve use of anabolıc-androgenıc steroıds. TEMPUS. 2024;13(1):102–122. doi:10.18569/tempus.v13i1.2700.
   Google Scholar
• Bertozzi G, Sessa F, Albano GD, et al. The role of anabolic androgenic steroids in disruption of the physiological function in discrete areas of the Central nervous system. Mol Neurobiol. 2018;55(7):5548–5556. doi:10.1007/s12035-017-0774-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talih F, Fattal O, Malone D. Anabolic steroid abuse: psychiatric and physical costs. Cleve Clin J Med. 2007;74(5):341–344. doi:10.3949/ccjm.74.5.341.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Connor DB, Archer J, Wu FCW. Effects of testosterone on mood, aggression, and sexual behavior in young men: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89(6):2837–2845. doi:10.1210/jc.2003-031354.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck AT, Steer RA, Brown G. 1996. Beck depression inventory–II. Psychological assessment.
   Google Scholar
• Beck AT, Epstein N, Brown G, et al. Beck anxiety inventory. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1993;61(6):1096–1099.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Perry JC, Schuetz TM, Memon MD, et al. Anabolic steroids and cardiovascular outcomes: the controversy. Cureus. 2020;12(7):e9333. doi:10.7759/cureus.9333.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pope HG, Katz DL. Affective and psychotic symptoms associated with anabolic steroid use. Am J Psychiatry. 1988;145(4):487–490. doi:10.1176/ajp.145.4.487.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanayama G, Hudson JI, Pope HG.Jr. Anabolic-Androgenic steroid use and body ımage in men: a growing concern for clinicians. Psychother Psychosom. 2020;89(2):65–73. doi:10.1159/000505978.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldman AL, Pope HG, Jr, Bhasin S. The health threat posed by the hidden epidemic of anabolic steroid use and body ımage disorders Among young men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019;104(4):1069–1074. doi:10.1210/jc.2018-01706.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanayama G, Barry S, Hudson JI, et al. Body ımage and attitudes Toward male roles in anabolic-androgenic steroid users. Am J Psychiatry. 2006;163(4):697–703. doi:10.1176/ajp.2006.163.4.697.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gestsdottir S, Kristjansdottir H, Sigurdsson H, et al. Prevalence, mental health and substance use of anabolic steroid users: a population-based study on young individuals. Scand J Public Health. 2021;49(5):555–562. doi:10.1177/1403494820973096.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahnema CD, Lipshultz LI, Crosnoe LE, et al. Anabolic steroid-induced hypogonadism: diagnosis and treatment. Fertil Steril. 2014;101(5):1271–1279. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.02.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christou MA, Christou PA, Markozannes G, et al. Effects of anabolic androgenic steroids on the reproductive system of athletes and recreational users: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2017;47(9):1869–1883. doi:10.1007/s40279-017-0709-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zitzmann M. Testosterone, mood, behaviour and quality of life. Andrology. 2020;8(6):1598–1605. doi:10.1111/andr.12867.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catlin DH, Cowan DA. Detecting testosterone administration. Clin Chem. 1992;38(9):1685–1686.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adeva-Andany M, López-Ojén M, Funcasta-Calderón R, et al. Comprehensive review on lactate metabolism in human health. Mitochondrion. 2014;17:76–100. doi:10.1016/j.mito.2014.05.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yao Q, Liu H, Li Y. Low levels of serum LDH are associated with depression and suicide attempts. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2022;79:42–49. doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2022.10.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maravelias C, Dona A, Stefanidou M, et al. Adverse effects of anabolic steroids in athletes. Toxicol Lett. 2005;158(3):167–175. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2005.06.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang H, Wang J-M, Wei X-Q, et al. Thyroid function, renal function, and depression: an association study. Front Psychiatry. 2023;14:1182657. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1182657.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimmel PL. Depression in patients with chronic renal disease: what we know and what we need to know. J Psychosom Res. 2002;53(4):951–956. doi:10.1016/s0022-3999(02)00310-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Theofilou P. Depression and anxiety in patients with chronic renal failure: the effect of sociodemographic characteristics. Int J Nephrol. 2011;2011:e514070–6. doi:10.4061/2011/514070.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Loosman WL, Rottier MA, Honig A, et al. Association of depressive and anxiety symptoms with adverse events in Dutch chronic kidney disease patients: a prospective cohort study. BMC Nephrol. 2015;16(1):155. doi:10.1186/s12882-015-0149-7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Corona G, Rastrelli G, Marchiani S, et al. Consequences of anabolic-androgenic steroid abuse in males; sexual and reproductive perspective. World J Mens Health. 2022;40(2):165–178. doi:10.5534/wjmh.210021.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vojvodic M, Xu FZ, Cai R, et al. Anabolic-androgenic steroid use Among gynecomastia patients: prevalence and relevance to surgical management. Ann Plast Surg. 2019;83(3):258–263. doi:10.1097/SAP.0000000000001850.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar