Programmed cell death: many ways for cells to die decently

References

• Samali A, Zhivotovsky B, Jones D, Nagata S, Orrenius S. Apoptosis: cell death defined by caspase activation. Cell Death Differ 1999; 6: 495–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeuner A, Eramo A, Pesdile C, De Maria R. caspase activation without death. Cell Death Differ 1999; 6: 1075–80.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leist M, Jäättelä M. Four deaths and a funeral: from caspases to alternative mechanisms. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2001; 2: 589–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xitanalca C, Kudiino Y. Caspase-independent programmed cell death with necrotic morphology. Cell Death Differ 1999; 6: 508–15.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lockshin RA, Zakeri Z. Programmed cell death and apoptosis: origins of the theory. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2001; 2: 545–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vercammen D, Beyaert R, Denecker G, Goossens V, Van Loo G, Dedercq W, et al. Inhibition of caspases increases the sensitivity of L929 cells to necrosis mediated by tumor necrosis factor. J Exp Med 1998; 187: 1477–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vercammen D, Brouckaert G, Denecker G, Van de Craen M, Dedercq W, Fiers W, et al. Dual signaling of the Fas receptor: initiation of both apoptotic and necrotic cell death pathways. J Exp Med 1998; 188: 919–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holler N, Zaru R, Micheau O, Thome M, Attinger A, Valitutti S, et al. Fas triggers an alternative, caspase-8-independent cell death pathway using the kinase RIP as effector molecule. Nat Immunol 2000; 1: 489–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amarante-Mendes GP, Finucane DM, Martin SJ, Cotter TG, Salvesen GS, Green DR. Anti-apoptotic oncogenes prevent caspase-dependent and independent commitment for cell death. Cell Death Differ 1998; 5: 298–306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xue L, Fletcher GC, Tollcovsky AM. Autophagy is activated by apoptotic signalling in sympathetic neurons: an alternative mechanism of death execution. Mol Cell Neurosci 1999; 14: 180–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deas O, Dumont C, MacFarlane M, Rouleau M, Hebib C, Harper F, et al. Caspase-independent cell death induced by anti-CD2 or staurosporine in activated human peripheral T lymphocytes. J Immunol 1998; 161: 3375–83.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McCarthy NJ, Whyte MKB, Gilbert CS, Evan GI. Inhibition of Ced-3/ICE-related proteases does not prevent cell death induced by oncogenes, DNA damage, or the Bc1-2 homologue Bak. J Cell Biol 1997; 136: 215–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volbracht C, Leist M, Kolb SA, Nicotera P. Apoptosis in caspase-inhibited neurons. Mol Med 2001; 7: 36–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon B, Malisan F, Testi R, Nicotera P, Leist M. The disialogangliositI GD3 is released from microglia cells and induces oligodendrocyte apoptosis. Cell Death Differ (in press).
   Google Scholar
• 'Gang J, Chao DT, Korsmeyer SJ. Bax-induced cell death may not require interleukin 113-converting enzyme-like pro-teases. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93: 14559–63.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cregan SP, Fortin A, MacLaurin JG, Callaghan SM, Cecconi, F, Yu SW, et al. Apoptosis-inducing factor is involved in the regulation of caspase-independent neuronal cell death. J Cell Biol 2002; 29: 29.
   Google Scholar
• Chautan M, Chazal G, Cecconi F, Gruss P, Golstein P. Interdigital cell death can occur through a necrotic and caspase-independent pathway. Curr Biol 1999; 9: 967–70.
   Google Scholar
• Leist M, Single B, Castoldi AF, Kuhnle S, Nicotera P. Intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentration: a switch in the decision between apoptosis and necrosis. J Exp Med 1997; 185: 1481–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leist M, Single B, Naumann H, Fava E, Simon B, Kuhnle S, et al. Inhibition of mitochondrial ATP generation by nitric oxide switches apoptosis to necrosis. Exp Cell Res 1999; 249: 396–403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chua BT, Guo K, Li P. Direct cleavage by the calcium-activated protease calpain can lead to inactivation of caspases. J Biol Chem 2000; 275: 5131–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lankiewicz S, Marc Luetjens C, Truc Bui N, Krohn AL Poppe M, Cole GM, et al. Activation of calpain I converts excitotoxic neuron death into a caspase-independent cell death. J Biol Chem 2000; 275: 17064–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reimertz C, Kogel D, Lankiewicz S, Poppe M, Prehn JH. Ca(2+)-induced inhibition of apoptosis in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells: degradation of apoptotic protease acti-vating factor-1 (APAF-1). J Neurochem 2001; 78: 1256–66.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jäättelä M. Escaping cell death: survival proteins in cancer. Exp Cell Res 1999; 248: 30–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deng Y, Lin Y, Wu X. TRAIL-induced apoptosis requires Bax-dependent mitochondrial release of Smac/DIABLO. Genes Dev 2002; 16: 33–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strasser A, O'Connor L, Dixit VM. Apoptosis signaling. Annu Rev Biochem 2000; 69: 217–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts LR, Adjei pN, Gores GJ. Cathepsins as effector proteases in hepatocyte apoptosis. Cell Bloch em Biophys 1999; 30: 71–88.
   Google Scholar
• Mathiasen IS, Lademann U, Jäättelä M. Apoptosis induced by vitamin D compounds in breast cancer cells is inhibited by Bc1-2 but does not involve known caspases or p53. Cancer Res 1999; 59: 4848–56.
   Google Scholar
• Mathiasen IS, Sergeev IN, Bastholm L, Ening F, Norman AW, Jäättelä M. Calcium and calpain as key mediators of apoptosis-like death induced by vitamin D compounds in breast cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2002; 277: 30738–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavoie JN, Nguyen M, Marcellus RC, Branton PE, Shore GC. E4orI4, a novel adenovirus death factor that induces p53-independent apoptosis by a pathway that is not inhibited by zVAD-fmk. J Cell Biol 1998; 140: 637–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz E, Deehan MR, Seatter S, Lord C, Sturrock RD, Harnett MM. B cell receptor-stimulated mitochondrial phospholipase A2 activation and resultant disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential correlate with the induction of apoptosis in WEHI-231 B cells. J Immunol 2001; 166: 137–47.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Crawford KW, Bowen WD. Sigma-2 Receptor Agonists Activate a Novel Apoptotic Pathway and Potentiate Anti-neoplastic Drugs in Breast Tumor Cell Lines. Cancer Res 2002; 62: 313–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nylandsted J, Rohde M, Brand K, Bastholm L, Elting F, Jäättelä M. Selective depletion of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) activates a tumor-specific death program that is independent of caspases and bypasses Bc1-2. Proc Nat! Acad Sci USA 2000; 97: 7871–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nylandsted J, Brand K, Jäättelä M. Heat shock protein 70 is required for the survival of cancer cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2000; 926: 122–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monney L, Otter I, Olivier R, Ozer H L, Haas AL, Omura S. et al. Defects in the ubiquitin pathway induce caspase-independent apoptosis blocked by Bc1-2. J Biol Chem 1998; 273: 6121–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berndt C, Mopps B, Angennuller S, Gierschik P, Krammer PH. CXCR4 and CD4 mediate a rapid CD95-independent cell death in CD4(+) T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998; 95: 12556–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott K, Ge K, Du W, Prendergast GC. The c-Myc-inter-acting adaptor protein Binl activates a caspase-independent cell death program. Onco gene 2000; 19: 4669–84.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zanke BW, Lee C, Arab S, Tannock IF. Death of tumor cells after intracellular acidification is dependent on stress-activated protein kinases (SAPK/JNK) pathway activation and cannot be inhibited by Bc1-2 expression or interleukin lbeta-convert-ing enzyme inhibition. Cancer Res 1998; 58: 2801–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chi S, Kitanaka C, Noguchi K, Mochizuki T, Nagashima Y, Shirouzu M, et al. Oncogenic Ras triggers cell suicide through the activation of a caspase-independent cell death program in human cancer cells. Oncogene 1999; 18: 2281–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sperandio S, de Belle I, Bredesen DE. An alternative, non-apoptotic form of programmed cell death. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000; 97: 14376–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathiasen IS, Jäättelä M. Triggering caspase-independent cell death to combat cancer. Trends Mol Med 2002; 8: 212–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith KG, Strasser A, Vaux DL. CrmA expression in T lymphocytes of transgenic mice inhibits CD95 (Fas/AP0-1)-transduced apoptosis, but does not cause lymphadenopathy or autoimmune disease. Embo J 1996; 15: 5167–76.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Doerfler P, Forbush KA, Perhnutter RM. Caspase Enzyme Activity Is Not Essential for Apoptosis During Thymocyte Development. J Immunol 2000; 164: 4071–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kunsde G, Hentze H, Germann PG, Tiegs G, Meergans T, Wendel A. Concanavalin A hepatotoxicity in mice: tumor necrosis factor-mediated organ failure independent of caspase-3-like protease activation. Hepatology 1999; 30: 1241–51.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roach HI, Clarke NM. Physiological cell death of chondro-cytes in vivo is not confined to apoptosis. New observations on the mammalian growth plate. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2000; 82: 601–13.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Joza N, Susin SA, Daugas E, Stanford WL, Cho SK, Li CY, et al. Essential role of the mitochondrial apoptosis-inducing factor in programmed cell death. Nature 2001; 410: 549–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charette SJ, Lambert H, Landry J. A kinase-independent function of askl in caspase-independent cell death. J Biol Chem 2001; 276: 36071–4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Johnson DE. Non-caspase proteases in apoptosis. Leukemia 2000; 14: 1695–703.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang KK. calpain and caspase: can you tell the difference? Trends Neurosci 2000; 23: 20–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reinheckel T, Deussing J, Roth W, Peters C. Towards specific functions of lysosomal cysteine peptidases: phenotypes of mice deficient for cathepsin B or cathepsin L. Biol Chem 2001; 382: 735–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turk V, Turk B, Turk D. Lysosomal cysteine proteases: facts and opportunities. Embo J 2001; 20: 4629–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guicciardi ME, Miyoshi H, Bronk SF, Gores Gj. Cathepsin B knockout mice are resistant to tumor necrosis factor-alpha-mediated hepatocyte apoptosis and liver injury: implications for therapeutic applications. Am J Pathol 2001; 159: 2045–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pennacchio LA, Bouley DM, Higgins KM, Scott MP, Noebels JL, Myers RM. Progressive ataxia, myoclonic epilepsy and cerebellar apoptosis in cystatin B-deficient mice. Nat Genet 1998; 20: 251–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts LR, Kurosawa H, Bronk SF, Fesmier PJ, Agellon LB, Leung W-Y, Cathepsin B contributes to bile salt-induced apoptosis of rat hepatocytes. Gastroenterology 1997; 113: 1714–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foghsgaard L, Wissing D, Mauch D, Lademann U, Bastholm L, Boes M, et al. Cathepsin B acts as a dominant execution protease in tumor cell apoptosis induced by tumor necrosis factor. J Cell Biol 2001; 153: 999–1009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guicciardi ME, Deussing J, Miyoshi H, Bronk SF, Svingen PA, Peters C, et al. Cathepsin B contributes to TNF-alpha-mediated hepatocyte apoptosis by promoting mitochondrial release of cytochrome c. J Clin Invest 2000; 106: 1127–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberg K. Relocalization of cathepsin D and cytochrome c early in apoptosis revealed by immunoelectron microscopy. Lab Invest 2001; 81: 149–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zang Y, Beard RL, Chandraratna RA, Kang JX. Evidence of a lysosomal pathway for apoptosis induced by the synthetic retinoid CD437 in human leukemia HL-60 cells. Cell Death Differ 2001; 8: 477–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuan XXI, Li W, Dalen H, Lotem J, Kama R, Sachs L, et al. Lysosomal destabilization in p53-induced apoptosis. Proc Nat! Acad Sci USA 2002; 99: 6286–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberg K, Kagedal K, 011inger K. Microinjection of cathepsin d induces caspase-dependent apoptosis in fibroblasts. Am J Pathol 2002; 161: 89–96.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kagedal K, Zhao M, Svensson I, Brunk UT. sphingosine-induced apoptosis is dependent on lysosomal proteases. Biochem J 2001; 359: 335–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trapani JA, Davis J, Sutton VR, Smyth Mj. Proapoptotic functions of cytotoxic lymphocyte granule constituents in vitro and in vivo. Curr Opin Immunol 2000; 12: 323–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talanian RV, Yang X, Turbov J, Seth P, Ghayur T, Casiano, CA, et al. Granule-mediated killing: pathways for granzyme B-initiated apoptosis. J Exp Med 1997; 186: 1323–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beresford PJ, Zhang D, Oh DY, Fan Z, Greer EL, Russo ML, et al. Granzyme A activates an endoplasmic reticulum-associated caspase-independent nuclease to induce single-stranded DNA nicks. J Biol Chem 2001; 276: 43285–93.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cheng EH, Wei MC, Weiler S, Flavell RA, Mak TV/, Lindsten T, et al. Bc1-2, hcl-x(1) sequester bh3 domain-only molecules preventing bax-and bak-mediated mitochondrial apoptosis. Mol Cell 2001; 8: 705–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei MC, Zong WX, Cheng EH, Lindsten T, Panoutsako- poulou V, Ross AJ, et al. Proapoptotic BAX and BAK: a requisite gateway to mitochondrial dysfunction and death. Science 2001; 292: 727–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaufmann SH, Hengartner MO. Programmed cell death: alive and well in the new millennium. Trends Cell Biol 2001; 11: 526–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferri KR, Kroemer G. Organelle-specific initiation of cell death pathways. Nat Cell Biol 2001; 3: E255–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Von Ahsen O, Waterhouse NJ, Kuwana T, Newmeyer DD, Green DR. The 'harmless' release of cytochrome c. Cell Death Differ 2000; 7: 1192–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulze-Osthoff K, Bakker AC, Vanhaesebroeck B, Beyaert R, Jacob WA, Fiers W. Cytotoxic activity of tumor necrosis factor is mediated by early damage of mitochondrial functions. Evidence for the involvement of mitochondrial radical generation. J Biol Chem 1992; 267: 5317–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Susin SA, Lorenzo HK, Zamzami N, Marzo I, Snow BE, Brothers GM, et al. Molecular characterization of mitochon- drial apoptosis-inducing factor. Nature 1999; 397: 441–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun JS, Novak R, Murray PJ, Eischen CM, Susin SA, Kroemer G, et al. Apoptosis-inducing factor mediates micro- glial and neuronal apoptosis caused by pneumococcus. J Infect Dis 2001; 184: 1300–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suter M, Reme C, Grimm C, Wenzel A, jäättelä M, Esser P, et al. Age-related macular degeneration. The lipofusion component N-retinyl-N-retinylidene ethanolamine detaches proapoptotic proteins from mitochondria and induces apop-tosis in mammalian retinal pigment epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 2000; 275: 39625–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu SW, Wang H, Poitras MF, Coombs C, Bowers WJ, Federoff HJ, et at. Mediation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymer- ase-l-dependent cell death by apoptosis-inducing factor. Science 2002; 297: 259–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li LY, Luo X, Wang X. Endonuclease G is an apoptotic DNase when released from mitochondria. Nature 2001; 412: 95–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suzuki Y, Imai Y, Nakayama H, Takahashi K, Takio K, Takahashi R. A serine protease, htra2, is released from the mitochondria and interacts with xiap, inducing cell death. Mol Cell 2001; 8: 613–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattson MP. Apoptosis in neurodegenerative disorders. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2000; 1: 120–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daugas E, Susin SA, Zamzami N, Ferri ICE, Irinopoulou T, Larochette N, et al. Mitochondrio-nuclear translocation of AIF in apoptosis and necrosis. Faseb J 2000; 14: 729–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finn JT, Weil M, Archer F, Siman R, Srinivasan A, Raff MC. Evidence that Wallerian degeneration and localized axon degeneration induced by local neurotrophin deprivation do not involve caspases. J Neurosci 2000; 20: 1333–41.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schierle GS, Leist M, Martinou JC, Widner H, Nicotera P, Brundin P. Differential effects of Bc1-2 overexpression on fibre outgrowth and survival of embryonic dopaminergic neurons in intracerebral transplants. Eur J Neurosci 1999; 11: 3073–81.
   Google Scholar
• Jäätteld M, Wissing D, Kokholm K, Kallunki T, Egeblad M. Hsp70 exerts its anti-apoptotic function downstream of caspase-3-like proteases. EMBO J 1998; 17: 6124–34.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Charette Si, Lavoie JN, Lambert H, Landry J. Inhibition of Daxx-mediated apoptosis by heat shock protein 27. Mol Cell Biol 2000; 20: 7602–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamatani M, Matsuyama T, Yamaguchi A, Mitsuda N, Tsukamoto Y, Taniguchi M, et al. ORP150 protects against hypoxia/ischemia-induced neuronal death. Nat Med 2001; 7: 317–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leist M, Jäättelä M. Triggering of apoptosis by cathepsins. Cell Death Differ 2001; 8: 324–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reed JC. Mechanisms of apoptosis avoidance in cancer. Curr Opin Oncol 1999; 11: 68–75.
   Google Scholar
• Mateo V, Lagneaux L, Bron D, Biron G, Armant M, Delespesse G, et al. GD47 ligation induces caspase-indepen-dent cell death in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Nat Med 1999; 5: 1277–84.
   Google Scholar
• Pettersen RD, Bernard G, Olafsen MK, Pourtein M, Lie SO. CD99 signals caspase-independent T cell death. J Immunol 2001; 166: 4931–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quignon F, De Bets F, Koken M, Feunteun J, Ameisen JC, de The H. PML induces a novel caspase-independent death process. Nat Genet 1998; 20: 259–65.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang ZG, Ruggero D, Ronchetti S, Zhong S, Gaboli M, Rivi R, et at. PML is essential for multiple apoptotic pathways. Nat Genet 1998; 20: 266–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nylandsted J, Wick W, Hirt UA, Brand K, Rohde M, Leist M, et at. Eradication of glioblastoma and breast and colon carcinoma xenografts by Hsp70 depletion. Cancer Res (in press).
   Google Scholar