Nicotine and angiogenesis: a new paradigm for tobacco‐related diseases

References

• American Heart Association Annual Report, 1997.
   Google Scholar
• Doll R, Peto R, Wheatley K, Gray R, Sutherland I. Mortality in relation to smoking: 40 years' observations on male British doctors. BMJ 1994;309: 901–1.
   Google Scholar
• Jha P, Chaloupka FJ. The economics of global tobacco control. BMJ 2000;321:358–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emmons K. Smoking cessation and tobacco control: an overview. Chest 1999;116:4905–25.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Making a difference, World Health Report 1999. Geneva: WHO; 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Oates JA, Heim CR, Winniford MD. Smoking. In: Willerson JT, Cohn JN, eds. Cardiovascular Medicine. 2nd ed. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 2000:2227–34.
   Google Scholar
• Penn A, Snyder CA. Inhalation of sidestream cigarette smoke accelerates development of arteriosclerotic plaques. Circula-tion 1993;88:1820–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu BQ, Sun YP, Sievers RE, Isenberg WM, Glantz SA, Parmley WW. Passive smoking increases experimental ather-osclerosis in cholesterol fed rabbits. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993; 21:225–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solymoss B, Nadeau P, Millette D, Campeau L. Late thrombosis of saphenous vein coronary bypass grafts related to risk factors. Circulation 1988;78:1140–3.
   Google Scholar
• Krupski WC. The peripheral vascular consequences of smoking. Ann Vasc Surg 1991;5:291–304.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services: The health consequences of smoking: cardiovascular disease. A report of the Surgeon General. Washington, DC: DHHS Publications; 1983.
   Google Scholar
• Kannel WB, McGee DL, Castelli WP. Latest prospectives on cigarette smoking and cardiovascular disease. The Framing-ham Study. J Cardiac Rehabil 1984;4:269.
   Google Scholar
• The Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth Research Group relationship of atherosclerosis in young men to serum lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations and smoking. JAMA 1990;264:3018–24.
   Google Scholar
• U.S Department of Health and Human Services: The health consequences of smoking: 25 years of progress. A report of the Surgeon General. Washington, DC: DHHS Publications; 1989.
   Google Scholar
• Levin ML, Goldstein H, Gerhardt PR. Cancer and tobacco smoking: a preliminary report. JAMA 1950;143:336–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shopland DR, Eyre HJ, Pechcek TF. Smoking-attributable cancer mortality in 1991: Is lung cancer now the leading cause of death among smokers in the United States? J Natl Cancer Inst 1991;83: 1142–8.
   Google Scholar
• Schttenfeld D. Epidemiology of lung cancer. In; Pass HI, Mitchell JB, Johnson DH, Turrisi AT. eds. Lung Cancer Principles and Practice. Philadelphia, New York: Lippincott-Raven; 1996:1345–52.
   Google Scholar
• Brawley OW, Kramer BS. Prevention and early detection of cancer. In: Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Isselbacher KJ, Wilson JD, Martin JB, Kasper DL, et al eds. Principles of Internal Medicine. 14th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1998:499–505.
   Google Scholar
• Cai H, Harrison DG. Endothelial dysfunction in cardiovascular diseases: the role of oxidant stress. Circ Res 2000; 87: 840–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayhan WG, Sharpe GM. Chronic exposure to nicotine alters endothelium-dependent arteriolar dilatation: effect of super�oxide dismutase. J Appl Physiol 1999;86:1112–34.
   Google Scholar
• Shen Y, Rattan V, Sultana C, Kalra VK. Cigarette smoke condensate-induced adhesion molecule expression and trans-endothelial migration of monocytes. Am J Physiol 1996;270: H1624–33.
   Google Scholar
• Lehr HA, Frei B, Arfors KE. Vitamin C prevents cigarette smoke-induced leukocyte aggregation and adhesion to en-dothelium in vivo. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 1994;91:7688–92.
   Google Scholar
• Griendling KK, Harrison DG. Dual role of reactive oxygen species in vascular growth. Circ Res 1999;85:562–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marui N, Offermann MK, Swerlick R, Kunsch C, Rosen CA, Ahmad M, et al. Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) gene transcription and expression are regulated through an antioxidant-sensitive mechanism in human vascular endothe�lial cells. J Clin Invest 1993;92:1866–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehr Ha, Kress E, Menger MD. Involvement of 5-lipoxygen-ase products in cigarette smoke-induced leukocyte/endothe-lium interaction in hamsters. Int J Microcirc Clin Exp 1993;1: 61–73.
   Google Scholar
• Lehr HA, Weyrich AS, Saetzler RK, Jurek A, Arfors KE, Zimmerman GA, et al. Vitamin C blocks inflammatory platelet-activating factor mimetics created by cigarette smoking. J Clin Invest 1997;99:2358–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Libby P. Atherosclerosis. In: Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Isselbacher KJ, Wilson JD, Martin JB, Kasper DL, et al eds. Principles of Internal Medicine. 14th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1998:499–505.
   Google Scholar
• Reinders JH, Brinkman HJ, van Mourik JA, de Groot PG. Cigarette smoke impairs endothelial cell prostacycline pro-duction. Arteriosclerosis 1986;6:15–23.
   Google Scholar
• Pittilo RM, Mackie LJ, Rowles PM, Machin SJ, Woolf N. Effects of cigarette smoking on the ultrastructure of rat thoracic aorta and its ability to produce prostacycline. Atherosclerosis 1982;48:173–6.
   Google Scholar
• Campisi R, Czernin J, Schoder H, Sayre JW, Schelbert HR. L-arginine normalizes coronary vasomotion in long-term smo-kers. Circulation 1999;99:491–7.
   Google Scholar
• Kugiyama K, Yasue H, Ohgushi M, Motoyama T, Kawano H, Inobe Y, et al. Deficiency in nitric oxide bioactivity in epicardial coronary arteries of cigarette smokers. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;28:1161–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooke JP, Dzau VJ. Nitric oxide synthase: Role in the genesis of vascular disease. Annu Rev Med 1997;48:489–509.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehr HA, Kress E, Menger MD, Friedl HP, Hubner C, Arfors KE, et al. Cigarette smoke elicits leukocyte adhesion to endothelium in hamsters: inhibition by CuZn-SOD. Free Radic Biol Med 1993;14:573–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams MR, Jessup W, Celermajer DS. Cigarette smoking is associated with increased human monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells: reversibility with oral L-arginine but not vitamin C. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;29:491–7.
   Google Scholar
• Wang BY, Ho FEK, Lin PS, Schwarzacher SP, Pollman MJ, Gibbons GH, et al. Regression of atherosclerosis: role of nitric oxide and apoptosis. Circulation 1999;99:1236–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Celermajer DS, Adams MR, Clarkson P, Robinson J, McCredie R, Donald A, et al. Passive smoking and impaired endothelium dependent arterial dilatation in healthy young adults. N Eng J Med 1996;334:150–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aeiher AM, Schachinger V, Minners J. Long-term cigarette smoking impairs endothelium-dependent coronary arterial vasodilator function. Circulation 1995;92:1094–100.
   Google Scholar
• Craig WY, Palomaki GE, Haddow JE. Cigarette smoking and serum lipid and lipoprotein concentrations: an analysis of published data. BM J 1989;298:784–8.
   Google Scholar
• Powell JT. Vascular damage from smoking: disease mechan-isms at the arterial wall. Vasc Med 1998;1:21–8.
   Google Scholar
• Newby DE, Wright RA, Labinjoh C, Ludlam CA, Fox KA, Boon NA, et al. Endothelial dysfunction, impaired endogen-ous fibrinolysis, and cigarette smoking: a mechanism for arterial thrombosis and myocardial infarction. Circulation 1999;99:1411–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benowitz NL, Fitzgerald GA, Wilson M, Zhang Q. Nicotine effects on eicosanoid formation and hemostatic function: comparison of transdermal nicotine and cigarette smoking. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993;22:1159–67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hecht SS, Hochalter JB, Villalta PW, Murphy SE. 2'-Hydroxylation of nicotine by cytochrome P450 2A6 and human liver microsomes: formation of a lung carcinogen precursor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000;97:12493–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• West KA, Brognard J, Clark AS, Linnoila IR, Yang X, Swain SM, et al. Rapid Akt activation by nicotine and a tobacco carcinogen modulates the phenotype of normal human airway epithelial cells. J Clin Invest 2003;111:81–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maneckjee R, Minna JD. Opioids induce while nicotine suppresses apoptosis in human lung cancer cells. Cell Growth Differ 1994;5:1033–40.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Folkman J. Clinical applications of research on angiogenesis. N Eng J Med 1995;333:1757–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folkman J. Tumor angiogenesis. Adv Cancer Res 1974;19331–58.
   Google Scholar
• Hanahan D, Folkman J. Patterns and emerging mechanisms of the angiogenic switch during tumorigenesis. Cell 1996;86:353–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmgren L, O'Reilly M, Folkman J. Dormancy of micro-metastases: balanced proliferation and apoptosis in the presence of angiogenesis suppression. Nat Med 1995;1:149–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Reilly MS, Holmgren L, Chen C, Folkman J. Angiostatin induces and sustains dormancy of human primary tumors in mice. Nat Med 1996;2:689–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pepper MS. Manipulating angiogenesis: from basic science to bedside. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997;17:605–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Detmar M. Tumor angiogenesis. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc 2000;5:20–3.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carmeliet P, Jain RK. Angiogenesis in cancer and other diseases. Nature 2000;407:249–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yancopoulos GD, Davis S, Gale NW, Rudge JS, Wiegand SJ, Holash J. Vascular-specific growth factors and blood vessel formation. Nature 2000;407:242–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Reilly MS, Holmgren L, Shing Y, Chen C, Rosenthal RA, Moses M, et al. Angiostatin: a novel angiogenesis inhibitor that mediates the suppression of metastasis by a Lewis lung carcinoma. Cell 1994;79:315–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folkman J. Angiogenesis and angiogenesis inhibitors: an overview. EXS 1997;79:1–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Williams JK, Armstrong ML, Heistad DD. Vasa vasorum in atherosclerotic coronary arteries: responses to vasoactive stimuli and regression of atherosclerosis. Circ Res 1988;62: 515–23.
   Google Scholar
• Kwon HM, Sangiorgi G, Ritman EL, McKenna C, Holmes DR, Schwartz RS, et al. Enhanced coronary vasa vasorum neovascularization in experimental hypercholesterolemia. J Clin Invest 1998;101:1551–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moulton KS, Heller E, Konerding MA, Flynn E, Palinski W, Folkman J. Angiogenesis inhibitors endostatin or TNP-470 reduce intimal neovascularization and plaque growth in apolipoprotein-E-deficient mice. Circulation 1999;99:1726–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isner JM. Cancer and atherosclerosis: the broad mandate of angiogenesis. Circulation 1999;99:1653–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Celletti FL, Waugh JM, Amabile PG, Brendolan A, Hilfiker PR, Dake MD. Vascular endothelial growth factor enhances atherosclerotic plaque progression. Nat Med 2001;7:425–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casscells W, Hathorn B, David M, Krabach T, Vaughn WK, McAllister HA, et al. Thermal detection of cellular infiltrates in living atherosclerotic plaques: possible implications for plaque rupture and thrombosis. Lancet 1996;347:1447–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moulton KS, Vakili K, Zurakowski D, Soliman M, Butterfield C, Sylvin E, et al. Inhibition of plaque neovascularization reduces macrophage accumulation and progression of ad-vanced atherosclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003; 100: 4736–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torres Filho IP, Leunig M, Yuan F, Intaglietta M, Jain RK. Non-invasive measurement of microvascular and interstitial oxygen profiles in a human tumor in SCID mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994;91:2081–5.
   Google Scholar
• Pontiery EF, Tanda G, Orzi F, DiChiara G. Effects of nicotine on the nucleus accumbens and similarity to those of addictive drugs. Nature 1996;382:255–7.
   Google Scholar
• Macklin KD, Maus AD, Pereira EF, Albuquerque EX, Conti-Fine BM. Human vascular endothelial cells express functional nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1998; 287:435–9.
   Google Scholar
• Thyberg J. Effects of nicotine on phenotypic modulation and initiation of DNA synthesis in cultured arterial smooth muscle cells. Virchows Arch B 1986;52:25–32.
   Google Scholar
• Wessler I, Kirpatrick CJ, Racke K. The cholinergic 'pitfall': acetylcholine, a universal cell molecule in biological systems, including humans. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1999;26:198–205.
   Google Scholar
• Grando SA, Horton RM, Pereira EF, Diethelm-Okita BM, George PM, Albuquerque EX, et al. A nicotinic acetylcholine receptor regulating cell adhesion and motility is expressed in human keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 1995;105:774–81.
   Google Scholar
• Kawashima K, Oohata H, Fujimoto K, Suzuki T. Extraneur-onal localization of acetylcholine and its release upon nicotinic stimulation in rabbits. Neurosci Lett 1989;104:336–9.
   Google Scholar
• Kawashima K, Watanabe N, Oohata H, Fujimoto K, Suzuki T, Ishizaki Y, et al. Synthesis and release of acetylcholine by cultured bovine arterial endothelial cells. Neurosci Lett 1990; 119:156–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heeschen C, Jang JJ, Weis M, Pathak A, Kaji S, Hu RS, et al. Nicotine stimulates angiogenesis and promotes tumor growth and atherosclerosis. Nat Med 2001;7:833–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones MK, Wang H, Peskar BM, Levin E, Itani RM, Sarfeh IJ, et al. Inhibition of angiogenesis by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: insight into mechanisms and implica-tions for cancer growth and ulcer healing. Nat Med 1999;5: 1418–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heeschen C, Weis M, Cooke JP. Nicotine promotes arter-iogenesis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;41:489–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heeschen C, Weis M, Cooke JP. A novel angiogenic pathway mediated by non-neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. J Clin Invest 2002;110:527–36.
   Google Scholar
• Villablanca AC. Nicotine stimulates DNA synthesis and proliferation in vascular endothelial cells in vitro. J Appl Physiol 1998;84:2089–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang S, Day I, Ye S. Nicotine induced changes in gene expression by human coronary artery endothelial cells. Arteriosclerosis 2001;154:277–83.
   Google Scholar
• Carty CS, Soloway PD, Kayastha S, Bauer J, Marsan B, Ricotta JJ, et al. Nicotine and cotinine stimulate secretion of basic fibroblast growth factor and affect compression of matrix metalloproteinases in cultured human smooth muscle cells. J Vasc Surg 1996;24:927–34.
   Google Scholar
• Lee WO, Wright SM. Production of endothelin by cultured human endothelial cells following exposure to nicotine or caffeine. Metabolism 1999;48:845–8.
   Google Scholar
• Boutherin-Falson 0, Bales N. Nicotine increases basal prostacyclin production and DNA synthesis of human endothelial cells in primary cultures. Nouv Rev Fr Hematol 1990;32:253–8.
   Google Scholar
• Joseph AM, Norman SM, Ferry LH, Prochazka AV, Westman EC, Steele BG, et al. The safety of transdermal nicotine as an aid to smoking cessation in patients with cardiac disease. N Eng J Med 1996;335:1792–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar