IGF‐I concentrations are positively associated with carotid artery atherosclerosis in women

References

• Berelowitz M., Szabo M., Frohman L. A., Firestone S., Chu L., Hintz R. L. Somatomedin‐C mediates growth hormone negative feedback by effects on both the hypothalamus and the pituitary. Science 1981; 212: 1279–81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hwa V., Oh Y., Rosenfeld R. G. The insulin‐like growth factor‐binding protein (IGFBP) superfamily. Endocr Rev 1999; 20: 761–87
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee P. D., Conover C. A., Powell D. R. Regulation and function of insulin‐like growth factor‐binding protein‐1. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1993; 204: 4–29
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lombardi G., Colao A., Marzullo P., Ferone D., Longobardi S., Esposito V., et al. Is growth hormone bad for your heart? Cardiovascular impact of GH deficiency and of acromegaly. J Endocrinol 1997; 155(Suppl 1)33–7
   Google Scholar
• Juul A., Scheike T., Davidsen M., Gyllenborg J., Jorgensen T. Low serum insulin‐like growth factor I is associated with increased risk of ischemic heart disease: a population‐based case‐control study. Circulation 2002; 939–44
   Google Scholar
• Laughlin G. A., Barrett‐Connor E., Criqui M. H., Kritz‐Silverstein D. The prospective association of serum insulin‐like growth factor I (IGF‐I) and IGF‐binding protein‐1 levels with all cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in older adults: the Rancho Bernardo Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89: 114–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruotolo G., Bavenholm P., Brismar K., Efendic S., Ericsson C. G., de Faire U., et al. Serum insulin‐like growth factor‐I level is independently associated with coronary artery disease progression in young male survivors of myocardial infarction: beneficial effects of bezafibrate treatment. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000; 35: 647–54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le Marchand L., Donlon T., Seifried A., Kaaks R., Rinaldi S., Wilkens L. R. Association of a common polymorphism in the human GH1 gene with colorectal neoplasia. J Natl Cancer Inst 2002; 94: 454–60
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hasegawa Y., Fujii K., Yamada M., Igarashi Y., Tachibana K., Tanaka T., et al. Identification of novel human GH‐1 gene polymorphisms that are associated with growth hormone secretion and height. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85: 1290–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rantala A. O., Kauma H., Lilja M., Savolainen M. J., Reunanen A., Kesaniemi Y. A. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in drug‐treated hypertensive patients and control subjects. J Intern Med 1999; 245: 163–74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz A., Nambi S. S., Mather K., Baron A. D., Follmann D. A., Sullivan G., et al. Quantitative insulin sensitivity check index: a simple, accurate method for assessing insulin sensitivity in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85: 2402–10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paivansalo M., Rantala A., Kauma H., Lilja M., Reunanen A., Savolainen M., et al. Prevalence of carotid atherosclerosis in middle‐aged hypertensive and control subjects. A cross‐sectional systematic study with duplex ultrasound. J Hypertens 1996; 14: 1433–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bayes‐Genis A., Conover C. A., Schwartz R. S. The insulin‐like growth factor axis: A review of atherosclerosis and restenosis. Circ Res 2000; 86: 125–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez B., Lamas S., Melian E. M. Cooperation between low density lipoproteins and IGF‐I in the promotion of mitogenesis in vascular smooth muscle cells. Endocrinology 2001; 142: 4852–60
   Google Scholar
• Yamamoto M., Yamamoto K. Growth regulation in primary culture of rabbit arterial smooth muscle cells by platelet‐derived growth factor, insulin‐like growth factor‐I, and epidermal growth factor. Exp Cell Res 1994; 212: 62–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delafontaine P., Lou H. Angiotensin II regulates insulin‐like growth factor I gene expression in vascular smooth muscle cells. J Biol Chem 1993; 268: 16866–70
   Google Scholar
• Colao A., Spiezia S., Cerbone G., Pivonello R., Marzullo P., Ferone D., et al. Increased arterial intima‐media thickness by B‐M mode echodoppler ultrasonography in acromegaly. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2001; 54: 515–24
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brevetti G., Marzullo P., Silvestro A., Pivonello R., Oliva G., di Somma C., et al. Early vascular alterations in acromegaly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87: 3174–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maison P., Demolis P., Young J., Schaison G., Giudicelli J. F., Chanson P. Vascular reactivity in acromegalic patients: preliminary evidence for regional endothelial dysfunction and increased sympathetic vasoconstriction. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2000; 53: 445–51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes A. D., Sinclair A. M., Geroulakos G., Mayet J., Mackay J., Shahi M., et al. Structural changes in the heart and carotid arteries associated with hypertension in humans. J Hum Hypertens 1993; 7: 395–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spallarossa P., Brunelli C., Minuto F., Caruso D., Battistini M., Caponnetto S., et al. Insulin‐like growth factor‐I and angiographically documented coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 1996; 77: 200–2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watanabe T., Yamamoto H., Idei T., Iguchi T., Katagiri T. Influence of insulin‐like growth factor‐1 and hepatocyte growth factor on carotid atherosclerosis and cognitive function in the elderly. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2004; 18: 67–74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosen T., Bengtsson B. A. Premature mortality due to cardiovascular disease in hypopituitarism. Lancet 1990; 336: 285–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bulow B., Hagmar L., Eskilsson J., Erfurth E. M. Hypopituitary females have a high incidence of cardiovascular morbidity and an increased prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85: 574–84
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Svensson J., Bengtsson B. A., Rosen T., Oden A., Johannsson G. Malignant disease and cardiovascular morbidity in hypopituitary adults with or without growth hormone replacement therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89: 3306–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capaldo B., Guardasole V., Pardo F., Matarazzo M., Di Rella F., Numis F., et al. Abnormal vascular reactivity in growth hormone deficiency. Circulation 2001; 103: 520–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borson‐Chazot F., Serusclat A., Kalfallah Y., Ducottet X., Sassolas G., Bernard S., et al. Decrease in carotid intima‐media thickness after one year growth hormone (GH) treatment in adults with GH deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999; 84: 1329–33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maccario M., Grottoli S., Procopio M., Oleandri S. E., Rossetto R., Gauna C., et al. The GH/IGF‐I axis in obesity: influence of neuro‐endocrine and metabolic factors. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2000; 24(Suppl 2)96–9
   Google Scholar
• Maccario M., Gauna C., Procopio M., Di Vito L., Rossetto R., Oleandri S. E., et al. Assessment of GH/IGF‐I axis in obesity by evaluation of IGF‐I levels and the GH response to GHRH+arginine test. J Endocrinol Invest 1999; 22: 424–9
   Google Scholar
• Frystyk J., Skjaerbaek C., Vestbo E., Fisker S., Orskov H. Circulating levels of free insulin‐like growth factors in obese subjects: the impact of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 1999; 15: 314–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wabitsch M., Blum W. F., Muche R., Heinze E., Haug C., Mayer H., et al. Insulin‐like growth factors and their binding proteins before and after weight loss and their associations with hormonal and metabolic parameters in obese adolescent girls. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1996; 20: 1073–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marin P., Kvist H., Lindstedt G., Sjostrom L., Bjorntorp P. Low concentrations of insulin‐like growth factor‐I in abdominal obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1993; 17: 83–9
   Google Scholar
• Froesch E. R., Hussain M. Therapeutic potential of rhIGF‐I in diabetes and conditions of insulin resistance. J Intern Med 1993; 234: 561–70
   Google Scholar
• Bonora E., Tessari R., Micciolo R., Zenere M., Targher G., Padovani R., et al. Intimal‐medial thickness of the carotid artery in nondiabetic and NIDDM patients. Relationship with insulin resistance. Diabetes Care 1997; 20: 627–31
   Google Scholar
• Watarai T., Yamasaki Y., Ikeda M., Kubota M., Kodama M., Tsujino T., et al. Insulin resistance contributes to carotid arterial wall thickness in patients with non‐insulin‐dependent‐diabetes mellitus. Endocr J 1999; 46: 629–38
   Google Scholar
• Hussain M. A., Schmitz O., Mengel A., Glatz Y., Christiansen J. S., Zapf J., et al. Comparison of the effects of growth hormone and insulin‐like growth factor I on substrate oxidation and on insulin sensitivity in growth hormone‐deficient humans. J Clin Invest 1994; 94: 1126–33
   Google Scholar
• Hussain M. A., Schmitz O., Mengel A., Keller A., Christiansen J. S., Zapf J., et al. Insulin‐like growth factor I stimulates lipid oxidation, reduces protein oxidation, and enhances insulin sensitivity in humans. J Clin Invest 1993; 92: 2249–56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yakar S., Liu J. L., Fernandez A. M., Wu Y., Schally A. V., Frystyk J., et al. Liver‐specific igf‐1 gene deletion leads to muscle insulin insensitivity. Diabetes 2001; 50: 1110–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frystyk J., Ledet T., Moller N., Flyvbjerg A., Orskov H. Cardiovascular disease and insulin‐like growth factor I. Circulation 2002; 106: 893–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jialal I., Devaraj S., Venugopal S. K. C‐reactive protein: risk marker or mediator in atherothrombosis?. Hypertension 2004; 44: 6–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heald A. H., Anderson S. G., Ivison F., Laing I., Gibson J. M., Cruickshank K. C‐reactive protein and the insulin‐like growth factor (IGF)‐system in relation to risk of cardiovascular disease in different ethnic groups. Atherosclerosis 2003; 170: 79–86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sesmilo G., Miller K. K., Hayden D., Klibanski A. Inflammatory cardiovascular risk markers in women with hypopituitarism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86: 5774–81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Auernhammer C. J., Strasburger C. J. Effects of growth hormone and insulin‐like growth factor I on the immune system. Eur J Endocrinol 1995; 133: 635–45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuneo R. C., Salomon F., McGauley G. A., Sonksen P. H. The growth hormone deficiency syndrome in adults. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1992; 37: 387–97
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yudkin J. S., Kumari M., Humphries S. E., Mohamed‐Ali V. Inflammation, obesity, stress and coronary heart disease: is interleukin‐6 the link?. Atherosclerosis 2000; 148: 209–14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barreto‐Filho J. A., Alcantara M. R., Salvatori R., Barreto M. A., Sousa A. C., Bastos V., et al. Familial isolated growth hormone deficiency is associated with increased systolic blood pressure, central obesity, and dyslipidemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87: 2018–23
   Google Scholar
• Elhadd T. A., Abdu T. A., Oxtoby J., Kennedy G., McLaren M., Neary R., et al. Biochemical and biophysical markers of endothelial dysfunction in adults with hypopituitarism and severe GH deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86: 4223–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toye A. A., Van Hest B. J., Sheldon B. L., Moran C. Linkage between growth hormone (GH1) and solute carrier family 4 anion exchanger member 1 (SLC4A1) is conserved between birds and mammals. Anim Genet 1997; 28: 457–8
   Google Scholar
• Mansfield T. A., Simon D. B., Farfel Z., Bia M., Tucci J. R., Lebel M., et al. Multilocus linkage of familial hyperkalaemia and hypertension, pseudohypoaldosteronism type II, to chromosomes 1q31‐42 and 17p11‐q21. Nat Genet 1997; 16: 202–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray R. D., Wieringa G. E., Lissett C. A., Darzy K. H., Smethurst L. E., Shalet S. M. Low‐dose GH replacement improves the adverse lipid profile associated with the adult GH deficiency syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2002; 56: 525–32
   Google Scholar
• Colao A., Marzullo P., Lombardi G. Effect of a six‐month treatment with lanreotide on cardiovascular risk factors and arterial intima‐media thickness in patients with acromegaly. Eur J Endocrinol 2002; 146: 303–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angelin B., Rudling M. Growth hormone and hepatic lipoprotein metabolism. Curr Opin Lipidol 1994; 5: 160–5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rudling M., Olivecrona H., Eggertsen G., Angelin B. Regulation of rat hepatic low density lipoprotein receptors. In vivo stimulation by growth hormone is not mediated by insulin‐like growth factor I. J Clin Invest 1996; 97: 292–9
   Google Scholar