Hypertension treatment and stroke prevention

References

• WHO Statistics: Table 4: Age-standardized death rates. 1997-1999 World Health Statistics Annual, WHO Geneva, July 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Dewey HM, Thrift AG, Mihalopoulos C, et al. Informal care for stroke survivors: results from the North East Melbourne Stroke Incidence Study (NEMESIS). Stroke 2002; 33: 1028–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolfe CD, Giroud M, Kolominsky-Rabas P, et al. Varia-tions in stroke incidence and survival in 3 areas of Europe. European Registries of Stroke (EROS) Collaboration. Stroke 2000; 31: 2074–9.
   Google Scholar
• Marini C, Triggiani L, Cimini N, et al. Proportion of older people in the community as a predictor of increasing stroke incidence. Neuroepidemiol 2001; 20: 91–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thorvaldsen P, Davidsen M, Bronnum-Hansen H, Schroll M. Stable stroke occurrence despite incidence reduction in an aging population: stroke trends in the Danish monitoring trends and determinants in cardiovascular disease (MON-ICA) population. Stroke 1999; 30: 2529–34.
   Google Scholar
• Kjeldsen SE, Julius S, Hedner T, Hansson L. Stroke is more common than myocardial infarction in hypertension: analysis based on 11 major randomized intervention trials. Blood Pressure 2001; 10: 190–2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacMahon S, Peto R, Cutler J, et al. Blood pressure, stroke, and coronary heart disease. Part 1, Prolonged differences in blood pressure: prospective observational studies corrected for the regression dilution bias. Lancet 1990; 335: 765–74.
   Google Scholar
• Rodgers A, MacMahon S, Gamble G, et al. Blood pressure and risk of stroke in patients with cerebrovascular disease. BMJ 1996; 313: 147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prospective Studies Collaboration. Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies. Lancet 2002; 360: 1903–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staessen JA, Wang JG, Thijs L. Cardiovascular protection and blood pressure reduction: a meta-analysis. Lancet 2001; 358: 1305–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersson OK, Almgren T, Pers son B, et al. Survival in treated hypertension: follow up study after two decades. BMJ 1998; 317: 167–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tolonen H, Mähönen M, Asplund K, et al. Do Trends in population levels of blood pressure and other cardiovascular risk factors explain trends in stroke event rates? Stroke 2002; 33: 2367–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investi-gators. Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. New Eng J Med 2000; 342: 145–53.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• PROGRESS collaborative Group. Randomised trial of a perindopril-based blood-pressure-lowering regimen among 6105 individuals with previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack. Lancet 2001; 358: 1033–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veterans Administration Cooperative Study Group on Hypertensive Agents. Effects of treatment on morbidity in hypertension. II. Results in patients with diastolic blood pressure averaging 90 through 114 mmHg. JAMA 1970; 213: 1143–52.
   Google Scholar
• Dahlöf B, Lindholm LH, Hansson L, et al. Morbidity and mortality in the Swedish Trial in Old Patients with Hypertension (STOP-Hypertension). Lancet 1991; 338: 1281–5.
   Google Scholar
• SHEP Cooperative Research Group. Prevention of stroke by antihypertensive drug treatment in older persons with isolated systolic hypertension. Final results of the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP). SHEP Cooperative Research Group. JAMA 1991; 265: 3255–64.
   Google Scholar
• Staessen JA, Fagard R, Thijs L, et al. Randomised double-blind comparison of placebo and active treatment for older patients with isolated systolic hypertension. Lancet 1997; 350: 757–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu L, Wang JG, Gong L, et al. Comparison of active treatment and placebo in older Chinese patients with isolated systolic hypertension. Systolic Hypertension in China (Syst-China) Collaborative Group. J Hypertens 1998; 16: 1823–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Efficacy of atenolol and captopril in reducing risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 39. BMJ 1998; 317: 713–20.
   Google Scholar
• Hansson L, Lindholm LH, Niskanen L, et al. Effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition compared with conventional therapy on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertension: the Captopril Prevention Project (CAPPP) randomised trial. Lancet 1999; 353: 611–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansson L, Lindholm LH, Ekbom T, et al. Randomised trial of old and new antihypertensive drugs in elderly patients: cardiovascular mortality and morbidity the Swedish Trial in Old Patients with Hypertension-2 study. Lancet 1999; 354: 1751–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown MJ, Palmer CR, Castaigne A, et al. Morbidity and mortality in patients randomised to double-blind treatment with a long-acting calcium-channel blocker or diuretic in the International Nifedipine GITS study: Intervention as a Goal in Hypertension Treatment (INSIGHT). Lancet 2000; 356: 366–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansson L, Hedner T, Lund-Johansen P, et al. Randomised trial of effects of calcium antagonists compared with diuretics and fl-blockers on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertension: the Nordic Diltiazem (NORDIL) study. Lancet 2000; 356: 359–65.
   Google Scholar
• Dahlöf B, Devereux RB, Kjeldsen SE, et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): a randomised trial against atenolol. Lancet 2002; 359: 995–1003.
   Google Scholar
• Kjeldsen SE, Dahlöf B, Devereux RB, et al. Effects of losartan on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with isolated systolic hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy: a Losartan Intervention for End-point Reduction (LIFE) substudy. JAMA 2002; 288: 1491–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic. JAMA 2002; 288: 2981–97.
   Google Scholar
• Wing LMH, Reid CM, Ryan P, et al for the Second Australian National Blood Pressure Study Group. A com-parison of outcomes with angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors and diuretics for hypertension in the elderly. New Engl J Med. 2003; 348: 583–92.
   Google Scholar
• EUROPA Investigators. Efficacy of perindopril in reduction of cardiovascular events among patients with stable coronary artery disease: randomised, double-blind, place-bo-controlled, multicentre trial (the EUROPA study). Lancet 2003; 362: 782–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kjeldsen SE, Hedner T, Syvertsen JO, et al. Influence of age, sex and blood pressure on the principal endpoints of the Nordic Diltiazem (NORDIL) Study. J Hypertens 2002; 20: 1231–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klingbeil AU, John S, Schneider MP, et al. AT1-Receptor blockade improves augmentation index: a double-blind, randomized, controlled study. J Hypertens 2002; 20: 2423–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Struck J, Muck P, Trubger D, et al. Effects of selective angiotensin II receptor blockade on sympathetic nerve activity in primary hypertensive subjects. J Hypertens 2002; 20: 1143–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiffrin EL, Park JB, Intengan HD, Touyz RM. Correction of arterial structure and endothelial dysfunction in human essential hypertension by the angiotensin receptor antago-nist losartan. Circulation 2000; 101: 1653–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahlöf B, Zanchetti A, Diez J, et al. Effects of losartan and atenolol on left ventricular mass and neurohormonal profile in patients with essential hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy. J Hypertens 2002; 20: 1855–64.
   Google Scholar
• Okin PM, Devereux RB, Jern S, et al. Regression of electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy by losartan versus atenolol. Circulation 2003; 108: 684–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar