Blood Pressure Stability and Plasma Aldosterone Reduction: The Effects of a Sodium and Bicarbonate-Rich Water - A Randomized Controlled Intervention Study

References

• Vaduganathan M, Mensah GA, Turco JV, et al. The Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022;80:1–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talukder MRR, Rutherford S, Huang C, et al. Drinking water salinity and risk of hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Environ Occup Health. 2017;72:126–138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mutchler SM, Kirabo A, Kleyman TR. Epithelial Sodium Channel and Salt-Sensitive Hypertension. Hypertension. 2021;77:759–767.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adrogué HJ, Madias NE. The Impact of Sodium and Potassium on Hypertension Risk. Semin Nephrol. 2014;34:257–272.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grillo, Salvi, Coruzzi  , et al. Sodium Intake and Hypertension. Nutrients. 2019;11:1970. doi: 10.3390/nu11091970.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He J, Whelton P. Role of sodium reduction in the treatment and prevention of hypertension. Curr Opin Cardiol. 1997;12:202–207. doi: 10.1097/00001573-199703000-00018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoppen S, Pérez-Granados AM, Vaquero MP, et al. A Sodium-Rich Carbonated Mineral Water Reduces Cardiovascular Risk in Postmenopausal Women. J Nutr. 2004;134:1058–1063. doi: 10.1093/jn/134.5.1058.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toxqui L, Vaquero MP. An Intervention with Mineral Water Decreases Cardiometabolic Risk Biomarkers. A Crossover, Randomised, Controlled Trial with Two Mineral Waters in Moderately Hypercholesterolaemic Adults. 2016;
   Google Scholar
• Zair Y, Kasbi-Chadli F, Housez B, et al. Effect of a high bicarbonate mineral water on fasting and postprandial lipemia in moderately hypercholesterolemic subjects: a pilot study. Lipids Health Dis. 2013;12:105. doi: 10.1186/1476-511X-12-105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luft FC, Zemel MB, Sowers JA, et al. Sodium bicarbonate and sodium chloride: effects on blood pressure and electrolyte homeostasis in normal and hypertensive man. J Hypertens. 1990;8:663–670. doi: 10.1097/00004872-199007000-00010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pérez-Granados AM, Navas-Carretero S, Schoppen S, et al. Reduction in cardiovascular risk by sodium-bicarbonated mineral water in moderately hypercholesterolemic young adults. J Nutr Biochem. 2010;21:948–953. doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2009.07.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schorr U, Distler A, Sharma AM. Effect of sodium chloride- and sodium bicarbonate-rich mineral water on blood pressure and metabolic parameters in elderly normotensive individuals: a randomized double-blind crossover trial. J Hypertens. 1996;14:131–135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toxqui L, Vaquero MP. Aldosterone changes after consumption of a sodium-bicarbonated mineral water in humans. A four-way randomized controlled trial. J Physiol Biochem. 2016;72:635–641. doi: 10.1007/s13105-016-0502-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoppen S, Pérez-Granados AM., Carbajal Á, et al. Sodium-bicarbonated mineral water decreases aldosterone levels without affecting urinary excretion of bone minerals. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2008;59:347–355. doi: 10.1080/09637480701560308.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wasserfurth P, Schneider I, Ströhle A, et al. Effects of mineral waters on acid-base status in healthy adults: results of a randomized trial. Food Nutr Res. 2019;63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoppen S, Pérez-Granados AM, Carbajal Á, et al. Bone remodelling is not affected by consumption of a sodium-rich carbonated mineral water in healthy postmenopausal women. Br J Nutr. 2005;93:339–344. doi: 10.1079/bjn20041332.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cormick G, Ciapponi A, Cafferata ML, et al. Calcium supplementation for prevention of primary hypertension. Cochrane Hypertension Group, editor. Cochrane Database Syst Rev [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2023 Jul 30];2021. Available from: doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD010037.pub3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;71:e127–e248. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.11.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santos A, Martins MJ, Guimarães JT, et al. Sodium-rich carbonated natural mineral water ingestion and blood pressure. Rev Port Cardiol Orgao Of Soc Port Cardiol Port J Cardiol Off J Port Soc Cardiol. 2010;29:159–172.
   Google Scholar
• Dore MP. Health properties of the Italian San Martino® mineral-rich water: A self-controlled pilot study. 2021; Biomed Pharmacother. 2021;138:111509 doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111509.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costa-Vieira D, Monteiro R, Martins MJ. Metabolic Syndrome Features: Is There a Modulation Role by Mineral Water Consumption? A Review. Nutrients. 2019;11:1141. doi: 10.3390/nu11051141.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhang X, Li Y, Del Gobbo LC, et al. Effects of Magnesium Supplementation on Blood Pressure: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trials. Hypertension. 2016;68:324–333. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.07664.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borghi C, Cicero AFG. Nutraceuticals with a clinically detectable blood pressure-lowering effect: a review of available randomized clinical trials and their meta-analyses: Antihypertensive nutraceuticals. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2017;83:163–171. doi: 10.1111/bcp.12902.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMahon DM, Burch JB, Youngstedt SD, et al. Relationships between chronotype, social jetlag, sleep, obesity and blood pressure in healthy young adults. Chronobiol Int. 2019;36:493–509. doi: 10.1080/07420528.2018.1563094.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu M-Y, Li N, Li WA, et al. Association between psychosocial stress and hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurol Res. 2017;39:573–580. doi: 10.1080/01616412.2017.1317904.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolm-Audorff U, Hegewald J, Pretzsch A, et al. Occupational Noise and Hypertension Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17:6281. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17176281.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baek EJ, Kim S. Current Understanding of Pressure Natriuresis. Electrolytes Blood Press. 2021;19:38. doi: 10.5049/EBP.2021.19.2.38.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Díaz-Morales N, Baranda-Alonso EM, Martínez-Salgado C, et al. Renal sympathetic activity: A key modulator of pressure natriuresis in hypertension. Biochem Pharmacol. 2023;208:115386. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115386.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Y, Mircheff AK, Hensley CB, et al. Rapid redistribution and inhibition of renal sodium transporters during acute pressure natriuresis. Am J Physiol. 1996;270:F1004–1014. doi: 10.1152/ajprenal.1996.270.6.F1004.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heil DP. Acid-base balance and hydration status following consumption of mineral-based alkaline bottled water. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2010;7:29. doi: 10.1186/1550-2783-7-29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rylander R, Tallheden T, Vormann J. Magnesium intervention and blood pressure—A study on risk groups. Open J Prev Med. 2012;02:23–26. doi: 10.4236/ojpm.2012.21004.
   Google Scholar
• Blaine J, Chonchol M, Levi M. Renal Control of Calcium, Phosphate, and Magnesium Homeostasis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015;10:1257–1272. doi: 10.2215/CJN.09750913.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villa-Etchegoyen C, Lombarte M, Matamoros N, et al. Mechanisms Involved in the Relationship between Low Calcium Intake and High Blood Pressure. Nutrients. 2019;11:1112. doi: 10.3390/nu11051112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. 2nd ed. Hillsdale NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1988.
   Google Scholar
• Tomaschitz A, Pilz S, Ritz E, et al. Plasma aldosterone levels are associated with increased cardiovascular mortality: the Ludwigshafen Risk and Cardiovascular Health (LURIC) study. Eur Heart J. 2010;31:1237–1247. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehq019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monticone S, D’Ascenzo F, Moretti C, et al. Cardiovascular events and target organ damage in primary aldosteronism compared with essential hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2018;6:41–50. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(17)30319-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crompton M, Skinner LJ, Satchell SC, et al. Aldosterone: Essential for Life but Damaging to the Vascular Endothelium. Biomolecules. 2023;13:1004. doi: 10.3390/biom13061004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferreira NS, Tostes RC, Paradis P, et al. Aldosterone, Inflammation, Immune System, and Hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 2021;34:15–27. doi: 10.1093/ajh/hpaa137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Heijden CDCC, Bode M, Riksen NP, et al. The role of the mineralocorticoid receptor in immune cells in cardiovascular disease. Br J Pharmacol. 2022;179:3135–3151. doi: 10.1111/bph.15782.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox CS, Gona P, Larson MG, et al. A Multi-Marker Approach to Predict Incident CKD and Microalbuminuria. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010;21:2143–2149. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2010010085.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hannemann A, Rettig R, Dittmann K, et al. Aldosterone and glomerular filtration – observations in the general population. BMC Nephrol. 2014;15:44. doi: 10.1186/1471-2369-15-44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gant CM, Laverman GD, Vogt L, et al. Renoprotective RAAS inhibition does not affect the association between worse renal function and higher plasma aldosterone levels. BMC Nephrol. 2017;18:370. doi: 10.1186/s12882-017-0789-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fallo F, Veglio F, Bertello C, et al. Prevalence and Characteristics of the Metabolic Syndrome in Primary Aldosteronism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91:454–459. doi: 10.1210/jc.2005-1733.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar