Assessment and Management of Patients with Obesity and Hypertension in European Society of Hypertension Excellence Centres. A survey from the ESH Working Group on Diabetes and Metabolic Risk Factors.

References

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1999–2019. CDC WONDER Online Database website. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2019. Accessed February 1, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Intersalt: an international study of electrolyte excretion and blood pressure. Results for 24 hour urinary sodium and potassium excretion. Intersalt Cooperative Research Group. Bmj. 1988;297(6644):1–10. Epub 1988/07/30. doi: 10.1136/bmj.297.6644.319.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wilson PW, D’Agostino RB, Sullivan L, Parise H, Kannel WB. Overweight and obesity as determinants of cardiovascular risk: the Framingham experience. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162(16):1867–72. Epub 2002/08/28. doi: 10.1001/archinte.162.16.1867.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yang S, Zhou Z, Miao H, Zhang Y. Effect of weight loss on blood pressure changes in overweight patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2023;25(5):404–15. Epub 2023/05/04. doi: 10.1111/jch.14661.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fantin F, Giani A, Zoico E, Rossi AP, Mazzali G, Zamboni M. Weight Loss and Hypertension in Obese Subjects. Nutrients. 2019;11(7). Epub 2019/07/25. doi: 10.3390/nu11071667.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Hypertension. 2023. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hypertension.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Obesity and Overweight. 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Okorodudu DO, Jumean MF, Montori VM, Romero-Corral A, Somers VK, Erwin PJ, et al. Diagnostic performance of body mass index to identify obesity as defined by body adiposity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Obes (Lond). 2010;34(5):791–9. Epub 2010/02/04. doi: 10.1038/ijo.2010.5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reilly JJ, Kelly J, Wilson DC. Accuracy of simple clinical and epidemiological definitions of childhood obesity: systematic review and evidence appraisal. Obes Rev. 2010;11(9):645–55. Epub 2010/01/12. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2009.00709.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kotsis V, Jordan J, Micic D, Finer N, Leitner DR, Toplak H, et al. Obesity and cardiovascular risk: a call for action from the European Society of Hypertension Working Group of Obesity, Diabetes and the High-risk Patient and European Association for the Study of Obesity: part A: mechanisms of obesity induced hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidemia and practice guidelines for treatment. J Hypertens. 2018;36(7):1427–40. Epub 2018/04/11. doi: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000001730.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kotsis V, Tsioufis K, Antza C, Seravalle G, Coca A, Sierra C, et al. Obesity and cardiovascular risk: a call for action from the European Society of Hypertension Working Group of Obesity, Diabetes and the High-risk Patient and European Association for the Study of Obesity: part B: obesity-induced cardiovascular disease, early prevention strategies and future research directions. J Hypertens. 2018;36(7):1441–55. Epub 2018/04/14. doi: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000001731.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mancia G, Kreutz R, Brunström M, Burnier M, Grassi G, Januszewicz A, et al. 2023 ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension Endorsed by the European Renal Association (ERA) and the International Society of Hypertension (ISH). J Hypertens. 2023. Epub 2023/06/22. doi: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000003480.
   Google Scholar
• Fu J, Liu Y, Zhang L, Zhou L, Li D, Quan H, et al. Nonpharmacologic Interventions for Reducing Blood Pressure in Adults With Prehypertension to Established Hypertension. J Am Heart Assoc. 2020;9(19):e016804. Epub 2020/09/26. doi: 10.1161/jaha.120.016804.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neter JE, Stam BE, Kok FJ, Grobbee DE, Geleijnse JM. Influence of weight reduction on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Hypertension. 2003;42(5):878–84. Epub 2003/09/17. doi: 10.1161/01.Hyp.0000094221.86888.Ae.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whelton PK, Appel LJ, Espeland MA, Applegate WB, Ettinger WH, Jr., Kostis JB, et al. Sodium reduction and weight loss in the treatment of hypertension in older persons: a randomized controlled trial of nonpharmacologic interventions in the elderly (TONE). TONE Collaborative Research Group. Jama. 1998;279(11):839–46. Epub 1998/03/27. doi: 10.1001/jama.279.11.839.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magriplis E, Panagiotakos D, Kyrou I, Tsioufis C, Mitsopoulou AV, Karageorgou D, et al. Presence of Hypertension Is Reduced by Mediterranean Diet Adherence in All Individuals with a More Pronounced Effect in the Obese: The Hellenic National Nutrition and Health Survey (HNNHS). Nutrients. 2020;12(3). Epub 2020/03/27. doi: 10.3390/nu12030853.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen D, Abreu A, Ambrosetti M, Cornelissen V, Gevaert A, Kemps H, et al. Exercise intensity assessment and prescription in cardiovascular rehabilitation and beyond: why and how: a position statement from the Secondary Prevention and Rehabilitation Section of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2022;29(1):230–45. Epub 2021/06/03. doi: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwab007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornelissen VA, Fagard RH, Coeckelberghs E, Vanhees L. Impact of resistance training on blood pressure and other cardiovascular risk factors: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Hypertension. 2011;58(5):950–8. Epub 2011/09/08. doi: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.111.177071.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batrakoulis A, Jamurtas AZ, Metsios GS, Perivoliotis K, Liguori G, Feito Y, et al. Comparative Efficacy of 5 Exercise Types on Cardiometabolic Health in Overweight and Obese Adults: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis of 81 Randomized Controlled Trials. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2022;15(6):e008243. Epub 2022/04/29. doi: 10.1161/circoutcomes.121.008243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens VJ, Obarzanek E, Cook NR, Lee IM, Appel LJ, Smith West D, et al. Long-term weight loss and changes in blood pressure: results of the Trials of Hypertension Prevention, phase II. Ann Intern Med. 2001;134(1):1–11. Epub 2001/02/24. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-134-1-200101020-00007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopes S, Félix G, Mesquita-Bastos J, Figueiredo D, Oliveira J, Ribeiro F. Determinants of exercise adherence and maintenance among patients with hypertension: a narrative review. Rev Cardiovasc Med. 2021;22(4):1271–8. Epub 2021/12/28. doi: 10.31083/j.rcm2204134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schrader B, Schrader J, Koziolek M, Elsässer A, Bünker AM, Hillmann B, et al. Influence of individualized prevention recommendations after one year on the control of hypertension in 3,868 follow-up participants of the ELITE study. Cent Eur J Public Health. 2021;29(4):305–10. Epub 2022/01/14. doi: 10.21101/cejph.a6908.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakane N, Suganuma A, Domichi M, Sukino S, Abe K, Fujisaki A, et al. The Effect of a mHealth App (KENPO-app) for Specific Health Guidance on Weight Changes in Adults With Obesity and Hypertension: Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2023;11:e43236. Epub 2023/04/13. doi: 10.2196/43236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakris G, Calhoun D, Egan B, Hellmann C, Dolker M, Kingma I. Orlistat improves blood pressure control in obese subjects with treated but inadequately controlled hypertension. J Hypertens. 2002;20(11):2257–67. doi: 10.1097/00004872-200211000-00026.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siebenhofer A, Jeitler K, Horvath K, Berghold A, Posch N, Meschik J, et al. Long-term effects of weight-reducing drugs in people with hypertension. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 2016;3:Cd007654. Epub 2016/03/05. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007654.pub4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jordan J, Astrup A, Engeli S, Narkiewicz K, Day WW, Finer N. Cardiovascular effects of phentermine and topiramate: a new drug combination for the treatment of obesity. J Hypertens. 2014;Epub.
   Google Scholar
• Shi Q, Nong K, Vandvik PO, Guyatt GH, Schnell O, Rydén L, et al. Benefits and harms of drug treatment for type 2 diabetes: 07 systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Bmj. 2023;381:e4068. Epub 2023/04/07. doi: 10.1136/bmj-2022-074068.
   Google Scholar
• Sun F, Wu S, Guo S, Yu K, Yang Z, Li L, et al. Impact of GLP-1 receptor agonists on blood pressure, heart rate and hypertension among patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2015;110(1):26–37. Epub 2015/09/12. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2015.07.015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsapas A, Karagiannis T, Kakotrichi P, Avgerinos I, Mantsiou C, Tousinas G, et al. Comparative efficacy of glucose-lowering medications on body weight and blood pressure in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2021;23(9):2116–24. Epub 2021/05/29. doi: 10.1111/dom.14451.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jastreboff AM, Aronne LJ, Ahmad NN, Wharton S, Connery L, Alves B, et al. Tirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2022;387(3):205–16. Epub 20220604. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2206038.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lincoff AM, Brown-Frandsen K, Colhoun HM, Deanfield J, Emerson SS, Esbjerg S, et al. Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Obesity without Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2023;389(24):2221–32. Epub 2023/11/12. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2307563.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiavon CA, Bhatt DL, Ikeoka D, Santucci EV, Santos RN, Damiani LP, et al. Three-Year Outcomes of Bariatric Surgery in Patients With Obesity and Hypertension: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Ann Intern Med. 2020;173(9):685–93. Epub 2020/08/18. doi: 10.7326/m19-3781.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiavon CA, Ikeoka D, Santucci EV, Santos RN, Damiani LP, Bueno PT, et al. Effects of Bariatric Surgery Versus Medical Therapy on the 24-Hour Ambulatory Blood Pressure and the Prevalence of Resistant Hypertension. Hypertension. 2019;73(3):571–7. Epub 2019/01/22. doi: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.118.12290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sjöström L, Lindroos AK, Peltonen M, Torgerson J, Bouchard C, Carlsson B, et al. Lifestyle, diabetes, and cardiovascular risk factors 10 years after bariatric surgery. N Engl J Med. 2004;351(26):2683–93. Epub 2004/12/24. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa035622.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sjostrom L, Peltonen M, Jacobson P, Sjostrom CD, Karason K, Wedel H, et al. Bariatric surgery and long-term cardiovascular events. JAMA. 2012;307(1):56–65. doi: 10.1001/jama.2011.1914.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiggins T, Guidozzi N, Welbourn R, Ahmed AR, Markar SR. Association of bariatric surgery with all-cause mortality and incidence of obesity-related disease at a population level: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS medicine. 2020;17(7):e1003206. Epub 20200728. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antza C, Kostopoulos G, Mostafa S, Nirantharakumar K, Tahrani A. The links between sleep duration, obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Endocrinol. 2021;252(2):125–41. Epub 2021/11/16. doi: 10.1530/joe-21-0155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cappuccio FP, Cooper D, D’Elia L, Strazzullo P, Miller MA. Sleep duration predicts cardiovascular outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Eur Heart J. 2011;32(12):1484–92. Epub 2011/02/09. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehr007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Leeuw PW. Night shifts and hypertension. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2022;24(5):609–10. Epub 2022/03/15. doi: 10.1111/jch.14459.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daugherty SL, Powers JD, Magid DJ, Tavel HM, Masoudi FA, Margolis KL, et al. Incidence and prognosis of resistant hypertension in hypertensive patients. Circulation. 2012;125(13):1635–42. Epub 2012/03/02. doi: 10.1161/circulationaha.111.068064.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar