References
- American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-IV). American Psychiatric Press, Washington, D.C. 1994
- van der Kolk BA, Pelcovitz D, Roth S, Mandel FS, McFarlane A, Herman JL. Dissociation, somatization, and affect dysregulation: The complexity of adaptation of trauma. Am J Psychiatry 1996; 153(7 Suppl)83–93
- Siegel DJ. Cognition, memory and dissociation. Child Adol Psychiat Clin North Am 1996; 5: 509–36
- Carlson EA. A prospective longitudinal study of attachment disorganization/disorientation. Child Devel 1998; 69: 1107–28
- Foa EB, Keane TM, Friedman MJ. Effective treatments for PTSD. Practice guidelines from the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies. Guilford Press, New York 2000
- Moreau C, Zisook S. Rationale for a posttraumatic stress spectrum disorder. Psychiat Clin North Am 2002; 25: 775–90
- Jongedijk RA, Carlier IV, Schreuder BJ, Gersons BP. Complex posttraumatic stress disorder: An exploratory investigation of PTSD and DES NOS among Dutch war veterans. J Traumatic Stress 1996; 9: 577–86
- Rorty M, Yager J. Histories of childhood trauma and complex post-traumatic sequelae in women with eating disorders. Psychiat Clin North Am 1996; 19: 773–91
- Zlotnick C, Zakriski AL, Shea MT, Costello E, Begin A, Pearlstein T, et al. The long-term sequelae of sexual abuse: Support for a complex posttraumatic stress disorder. J Traumatic Stress 1996; 9: 195–205
- Roth S, Newman E, Pelcovitz D, van der Kolk B, Mandel FS. Complex PTSD in victims exposed to sexual and physical abuse: Results from the DSM-IV Field Trial for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. J Traumatic Stress 1997; 10: 539–55
- Mulder RT, Beautrais AL, Joyce PR, Fergusson DM. Relationship between dissociation, childhood sexual abuse, childhood physical abuse, and mental illness in a general population sample. Am J Psychiatry 1988; 155: 806–11
- Saxe GN, van der Kolk BA, Berkowitz R, Chinman G, Hall K, Lieberg G, et al. Dissociative disorders in psychiatric inpatients. Am J Psychiatry 1993; 150: 1037–42
- Ekblad S, Roth G. Diagnosing posttraumatic stress disorder in multicultural patients in a Stockholm psychiatric clinic. J Nerv Ment Dis 1997; 185: 102–7
- Al-Saffar S, Borgå P, Hällström T. Long-term consequences of unrecognised PTSD in general outpatient psychiatry. Soc Psychiatry Psychiat Epidemiol 2002; 37: 580–5
- Bernstein EM, Putnam FW. Development, reliability and validity of a dissociation scale. J Nerv Ment Dis 1986; 174: 727–35
- van Ijzendoorn MH, Schuengel C. The measurement of dissociation in normal and clinical populations: Meta-analytic validation of the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES). Clin Psychol Rev 1996; 16: 365–82
- Carlson EB, Putnam FW, Ross CA, Torem M, Coons P, Dill DL, et al. Validity of the Dissociative Experiences Scale in screening for multiple personality disorder: A multicenter study. Am J Psychiatry 1993; 150: 1030–6
- Waller NG, Ross CA. The prevalence and biometric structure of pathological dissociation in the general population: Taxometric and behavior genetic findings. J Abnorm Psychol 1997; 106: 499–510
- Darves-Bornoz JM, Degiovanni A, Gaillard P. Validation of a French version of the Dissociative Experiences Scale in a rape-victim population. Can J Psychiatry 1999; 44: 271–5
- Lipsanen T, Saarijarvi S, Lauerma H. The Finnish version of the Dissociative Experiences Scale-II (DES-II) and psychiatric distress. Nord J Psychiatry 2003; 57: 17–22
- Waller NG. The Dissociative Experiences Scale. In: The mental measurements yearbook. Lincoln, NE: Buros Institute of Measurement; 1994.
- Carlson EB, Putnam FW. An update on the Dissociative Experiences Scale. Dissociation 1993; 6: 16–27
- Griffin DW, Bartholomew K. The metaphysics of measurement: The case of adult attachment. Adv Pers Relation 1994; 5: 17–52
- Bartholomew K, Horowitz LM. Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four-category model. J Person Soc Psychol 1991; 61: 226–44
- Andersen M, Johansson S. En svensk normering av SCL-90 (Symptom Checklist-90). Psykologexamensuppsats. Lund: Institutionen för tillämpad psykologi, Lunds Universitet; 1997. Report No.: XI: 34.
- Derogatis LR. SCL-90-R. Symptom Checklist-90-R. Administration, scoring, and procedure: National Computer Systems, Inc.; 1994.
- Horowitz LM, Rosenberg SE, Baer BA, Ureno G, Villasenor VS. Inventory of Interpersonal Problems: Psychometric properties and clinical applications. J Consult Clin Psychol 1988; 56: 885–92
- Antonovsky A. Unraveling the mystery of health. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco 1987
- Antonovsky A. The structure and properties of the sense of coherence scale. Soc Sci Med 1993; 36: 725–33
- Cronbach LJ. Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika 1951; 16: 297–334
- Rumpold G, Janecke N, Smrekar U, Schussler G, Doering S. Predictors of successful psychotherapy referral in a psychotherapy outpatient unit and of subsequent psychotherapy outcome. Zeitschrift Psychosom Med Psychother 2004; 50: 171–89
- Ross CA, Joshi S, Currie R. Dissociative experiences in the general population: A factor analysis. Hosp Community Psychiatry 1991; 42: 297–301
- Carlsson EB, Putnam FW, Ross CA, . Factor analysis of the Dissociative Experiences Scale: A multicenter study. Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Multiple Personality and Dissociative States, BG Braun, EB Carlsson, et al. Rush, Chicago, IL 1991