References
- Walsh E, Randell BP. Seclusion and restraint. What we need to know. J Child Adolesc Psychiatr Nurs 1995; 8: 28–40
- Sheline Y, Nelson T. Patient choice: Deciding between psychotropic medication and physical restraints in an emergency. Bull Am Acad Psychiatry Law 1993; 21: 321–9
- Wynn R. Psychiatric inpatients’ experiences with restraint. J For Psych Psychol 2004; 15: 124–44
- Hem E, Steen O, Opjordsmoen S. Thrombosis associated with physical restraints. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2001; 103: 73–6
- Appelbaum PS. Seclusion and restraint. Congress reacts to reports of abuse. Psychiatr Serv 1999; 50: 881–2–885
- Morrison A, Sadler D. Death of a psychiatric patient during physical restraint: Excited delirium—A case report. Med Sci Law 2001; 41: 46–50
- Way BB, Banks SM. Use of seclusion and restraint in public psychiatric hospitals: Patient characteristics and facility effects. Hosp Community Psychiatry 1990; 41: 75–81
- Belkin GS. Self-restraint, self-examination: A historical perspective on restraints and ethics in psychiatry. Psychiatr Serv 2002; 53: 663–4
- Jonikas JA, Cook JA, Rosen C, Larris A, Kim JB. A progam to reduce use of physical restraint in psychiatric inpatient facilities. Psychiatr Serv 2004; 55: 818–20
- Khadivi AN, Patel RC, Atkinson AR, Levine JM. Association between seclusion and restraint and patient-related violence. Psychiatr Serv 2004; 55: 1311–12
- D'Orio BM, Purselle D, Stevens D, Garlow SJ. Reduction of episodes of seclusion and restraint in a psychiatric emergency service. Psychiatr Serv 2004; 55: 581–3
- Zun LS. A prospective study of the complication rate of use of patient restraint in the emergency department. J Emerg Med 2003; 24: 119–24
- Guedj MJ, Raynaud P, Braitman A, Vanderschooten D. The practice of restraint in a psychiatric emergency unit. Encephale 2004; 30: 32–9
- Currier GW, Allen MH. Physical and chemical restraint in the psychiatric emergency service. Psychiatr Serv 2000; 51: 717–19
- Telintelo S, Kuhlman TL, Winget C. A study of the use of restraint in a psychiatric emergency room. Hosp Comm Psychiatr 1983; 34: 164–5
- Swett C. Inpatient seclusion. Description and causes. Bull Am Acad Psychiatry Law 1994; 22: 421–30
- Berg JE, Johnsen E. Innlegges innvandrere oftere enn etniske nordmenn i akuttpsykiatriske avdelinger? (In Norwegian). Tidskr Nor Lægeforen 2004; 124: 634–6
- Oslo-statistikken. Innvandrerbefolkningen i bydelene pr.01.01.98. (In Norwegian.) Notat 12/98. Oslo kommune; Byrådsavdelingen for finans; 1998.
- Lov om psykisk helsevern av 28. April 1961 (in Norwegian).
- Forskrift om begrenset adgang til bruk av tvangsmidler og forbud mot korporlig refselse innen psykisk utviklingshemmede og helsevernet for epileptikere. Rundskriv 1–1035/83. Oslo: Sosialdepartementet; 1983 ( in Norwegian).
- Binder RL, McNiel DE. Contemporary practices in managing acutely violent patients in 20 psychiatric emergency rooms. Psychiatr Serv 1999; 50: 1553–4
- Bond CF, DiCandia CG, MacKinnon JR. Responses to violence in a psychiatric setting: The role of patient's race. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 1988; 14: 448–58
- Lavik NJ, Hauff E, Skrondal A, Solberg Ø. Mental disorder among refugees and the impact of persecution and exile: Some findings from an outpatient population. Br J Psychiatry 1996; 169: 726–32
- Nijman HL, Campo JM, Ravelli DP, Merckelbach HL. A tentative model of aggression on inpatient psychiatric wards. Psychiatr Serv 1999; 50: 832–4
- Hummelvoll JK, Severinsson EI. Imperative ideals and the strenuous reality: Focusing on acute psychiatry. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs 2002; 8: 7–24