References
- Rapoport JL, Giedd JN, Blumenthal J, Hamburger S, Jeffries N, Fernandez T, et al. Progressive cortical change during adolescence in childhood-onset schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1999; 56: 649–54
- Hulshoff Pol HE, Kahn RS. What happens after the first episode? A review of progressive brain changes in chronically ill patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2008; 34: 354–66
- Müller, N, Schwarz, MJ. The immunological basis of glutamatergic disturbance in schizophrenia: Towards an integrated view. J Neural Transm 2007; Suppl 72:269–80.
- Kraepelin E. Dementia praecox and paraphrenia. E & S Livingstone, Edinburgh 1919
- Rund BR. A review of longitudinal studies of cognitive functions in schizophrenia patients. Schizophr Bull 1998; 24: 425–435
- Shenton ME, Dickey CC, Frumin M, McCarley RW. A review of MRI findings in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2001; 49: 1–52
- Weinberger DR, McClure RK. Neurotoxicity, neuroplasticity, and magnetic imaging morphometry. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005; 59: 553–8
- Harrison PJ, Lewis DA. Neuropathology of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia, 2nd edition, SR Hirsch, DR Weinberger. Blackwell Publishing, London 2003; 310–25
- Weinberger RD, Marenco S. Schizophrenia as a neurodevelopmental disorder. Schizophrenia, 2nd edition, SR Hirsch, DR Weinberger. Blackwell Publishing, London 2003; 326–48
- Niznikiewicz MA, Kubicki M, Shenton ME. Recent structural and functional imaging findings in schizophrenia. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2003; 16: 123–48
- Pantelis C, Velakoulis D, McGorry PD, Wood SJ, Suckling J, Phillips LJ, et al. Neuroanatomical abnormalities before and after onset of psychosis: A cross-sectional and longitudinal MRI comparison. Lancet 2003; 361: 281–8
- Gur RE, Cowell P, Turetsky BI, Gallacher F, Cannon T, Bilker W, et al. A follow-up magnetic resonance imaging study of schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998; 55: 145–52
- Chakos MH, Schobel SA, Gu H, Gerig G, Bradford D, Charles C, et al. Duration of illness and treatment effects on hippocampal volume in male patients with schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 2005; 186: 26–31
- Jacobsen L, Giedd JN, Castellanos FX, Vaituzis AC, Hamburger SD, Kumra S, et al. Progressive reduction of temporal lobe structures in childhood-onset schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 1998; 155: 678–85
- Rapoport JL, Giedd J, Kumra S, Jacobsen L, Smith A, Lee P, et al. Childhood-onset schizophrenia. Progressive ventricular change during adolescence. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997; 54: 897–903
- Mathalon DH, Sullivan EV, Lim KO, Pfefferbaum A. Progressive brain volume changes and the clinical course of schizophrenia in men: A longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001; 58: 148–57
- DeLisi LE, Sakuma M, Ge S, Kushner M. Association of brain structural change with the heterogeneous course of schizophrenia from early childhood through 5 years subsequent to a first hospitalization. Psychiatry Res Neuroim 1998; 84: 75–88
- Sporn AL, Greenstein DK, Gogtay N, Jeffries NO, Lenane M, Gochman P, et al. Progressive brain volume loss during adolescence in childhood-onset schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 2003; 160: 2181–9
- Kasai K, Shenton ME, Salisbury DF, Hiraysau Y, Lee C-U, Ciszewski AA, et al. Progressive decrease of left superior temporal gyrus gray matter volume in patients with first-episode schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 2003; 160: 156–64
- Lawrie SM, Whalley HC, Abukmeil SS, Kestelman JN, Miller P, Best JJK, et al. Temporal lobe volume changes in people at high risk of schizophrenia with psychotic symptoms. Br J Psychiatry 2002; 181: 138–43
- James AC, Iavaloyes A, James S, Smith DM. Evidence for non-progressive changes in adolescent-onset schizophrenia: Follow-up magnetic resonance imaging study. Br J Psychiatry 2002; 180: 339–44
- Cahn W, Pol HW, Lems EB, et al. Brain volume changes in first-episode schizophrenia: A 1-year follow-up study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2002; 59: 1002–10
- Ho B-C, Andreasen NC, Nopoulos P, Arndt S, Magnotta V, Flaum M. Progressive structural brain abnormalities and their relationship to clinical outcome; a longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging study early in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2003; 60: 585–94
- Job DE, Whalley HC, Johnstone EC, Lawrie SM. Grey matter changes over time in high risk subjects developing schizophrenia. Neurimage 2005; 25: 1023–30
- Whitford TJ, Thomas JG, Farrow SM, et al. Progressive gray matter atrophy over the first 2–3 years of illness in first-episode schizophrenia: A tensor-based morphometry study. Neuroimage 2006; 32: 511–519
- Harvey PD, Lombardi J, Leibman M, White L, Parrell M, Powchik P, et al. Cognitive impairment and negative symptoms in geriatric chronic schizophrenia patients: A follow-up study. Schizophr Res 1996; 22: 223–31
- Rund BR, Sundet K, Asbjørnsen A, Egeland J, Landrø NI, Lund A, et al. Contrasts in neuropsychological test profiles between patients with schizophrenia and recurrent non-psychotic major depression. Acta Psychiat Scand 2006; 113: 350–9
- Kurtz MM. Neurocognitive impairment across the lifespan in schizophrenia: An update. Schizophr Res 2004; 74: 15–26
- Andreasen NC, Moser DJ, O'Leary DS, Ho B-C. Longitudinal changes in neurocognition during first decade of schizophrenia illness. Schizophr Bull 2005; 31: 348
- Stirling J, White C, Lewis S, Hopkins R, Tantum D, Huddy A, et al. Neurocognitive function and outcome in first-episode schizophrenia: A 10-year follow-up of an epidemiological cohort. Schizophr Res 2003; 65: 75–86
- Hoff AL, Svetina C, Shields G, Stewart J, DeLisi LE. Ten year longitudinal study of neuropsychological functioning subsequent to first episode of schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2005; 78: 27–34
- Øie, M, Sundet, K, Rund, BR. Neurocognitive decline in early-onset schizophrenia compared to ADHD and normal controls: Evidence from a 13-year follow-up study. Schizopr Bull. 2008: doi:10.1093/scbul/sbn127.
- Rund BR, Landrø NI, Ørbeck AL. Stability in cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenic patients. Psychiatry Res 1997; 69: 131–41
- Woods BT. Is schizophrenia a progressive neurodevelopmental disorder? Toward a unitary pathogenetic mechanism. Am J Psychiatry 1998; 155: 1661–70
- Jones P, Rodgers B, Murray R, Marmot M. Child development risk factors for adult schizophrenia in the British 1946 birth cohort. Lancet 1994; 344: 1398–402
- Cornblatt B, Obuchowski M, Roberts S, Pollack S, Erlenmeyer-Kimling L. Cognitive and behavioral precursors of schizophrenia. Develop Psychopathol 1999; 11: 487–508
- Cannon TD, Bearden CE, Hollister JM, Rosso IM, Sanchez LE, Hadley T. Childhood cognitive functioning in schizophrenia patients and their unaffected siblings: A prospective cohort study. Schizophr Bull 2000; 26: 379–93
- Fuller R, Nopoulos P, Arndt S, O'Leary D, Ho B-C, Andreasen NC. Longitudinal assessment of premorbid cognitive functioning in patients with schizophrenia through examination of standardized scholastic test performance. Am J Psychiatry 2002; 159: 1183–9
- Niendam TA, Bearden CE, Rosso IM, Sanchez LE, Hadley T, Nuecterlein KH, et al. A prospective study of childhood neurocognitive functioning in schizophrenic patients and their siblings. Am J Psychiatry 2003; 160: 2060–2
- Ang YG, Tan HV. Academic deterioration prior to first episode schizophrenia in young Singaporean males. Psychiatry Res 2004; 121: 303–7
- Caspi A, Reichenberg A, Weiser M, Rabinowitz J, Kaplan Z, Knobler H, et al. Cognitive performance in schizophrenia patients assessed before and following the first psychotic episode. Schizophr Res 2003; 65: 87–94
- Gschwandtner U, Aston J, Borgwardt S, Drewe M, Feinendegen C, Lacher D, et al. Neuropsychological and neurophysiological findings in individuals suspected to be at risk for schizophrenia: Preliminary results from the Basel early detection of psychosis study—Fruherkennung von Psychosen (FEPSY). Acta Psychiat Scand 2003; 108: 152–55
- Wood SJ, Pantelis C, Profitt T. Spatial working memory ability is a marker of risk-for-psychosis. Psychol Med 2003; 33: 1239–47
- Hawkins KA, Addington J, Keefe RS, Christensen B, Perkins DO, Zipursky R, et al. Neuropsychological status of subjects at high risk for a first episode of psychosis. Schizophr Res 2004; 67: 115–22
- Brewer WJ, Francey SM, Wood SJ, Jackson HJ, Pantelis C, Phillips LJ, et al. Memory impairments identified in people at ultra-high risk for psychosis who later develop first-episode psychosis. Am J Psychiatry 2005; 162: 71–8
- Lieberman, JA. Pathophysiological mechanisms in the pathogenesis and clinical course of schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry 1999;60(Suppl 12):9–12.
- McGlashan TH, Hoffman R. Schizophrenia is a disorder of developmentally reduced synaptic connectivity. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000; 57: 637–48
- Murray RM, O'Callaghan E, Castle DJ, Lewis SW. A neurodevelopmental approach to the classification of schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 1992; 18: 319–32
- Stern Y. What is cognitive reserve? Theory and research application of the reserve concept. JINS 2002; 8: 448–60