The prevalence of childhood mental disorders in different habitations: are we underestimating their prevalence in rural areas?

References

• Kessler RC, Aguilar-Gaxiola S, Alonso J, et al. The global burden of mental disorders: an update from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) surveys. Epidemiol Psichiatr Soc. 2009;18:23–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coie JD, Watt NF, West SG, et al. The science of prevention: a conceptual framework and some directions for a national research program. Am Psychol. 1993;48:1013–1022.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler RC, Amminger GP, Aguilar-Gaxiola S, et al. Age of onset of mental disorders: a review of recent literature. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2007;20:359–364.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campion J, Bhui K, Bhugra D, et al. European Psychiatric Association (EPA) guidance on prevention of mental disorders. Eur Psychiatry. 2012;27:68–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erskine H, Baxter A, Patton G, et al. The global coverage of prevalence data for mental disorders in children and adolescents. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci. 2017;26:395–402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costello EJ, Egger H, Angold A. 10-year research update review: the epidemiology of child and adolescent psychiatric disorders: I. Methods and public health burden. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2005;44:972–986.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polanczyk GV, Salum GA, Sugaya LS, et al. Annual research review: a meta-analysis of the worldwide prevalence of mental disorders in children and adolescents. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2015;56:345–365.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutter M. Research review: child psychiatric diagnosis and classification: concepts, findings, challenges and potential. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2011;52:647–660.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angold A, Costello EJ, Farmer EM, et al. Impaired but undiagnosed. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1999;38:129–137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rucci P, Gherardi S, Tansella M, et al. Subthreshold psychiatric disorders in primary care: prevalence and associated characteristics. J Affect Disord. 2003;76:171–181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shankman SA, Lewinsohn PM, Klein DN, et al. Subthreshold conditions as precursors for full syndrome disorders: a 15-year longitudinal study of multiple diagnostic classes. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2009;50:1485–1494.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peen J, Schoevers RA, Beekman AT, et al. The current status of urban-rural differences in psychiatric disorders. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2010;121:84–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gruebner O, Rapp MA, Adli M, et al. Cities and mental health. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2017;114:121–127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Srinath S, Girimaji SC, Gururaj G, et al. Epidemiological study of child & adolescent psychiatric disorders in urban & rural areas of Bangalore, India. Indian J Med Res. 2005;122:67–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Offord DR, Boyle MH, Szatmari P, et al. Ontario Child Health Study: II. Six-month prevalence of disorder and rates of service utilization. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1987;44:832–836.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ercan ES, Bilaç Ö, Özaslan TU, et al. Prevalence of psychiatric disorders among Turkish children: the effects of impairment and sociodemographic correlates. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 2016;47:35–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turkish Statistical Institute. Address Based Population Registration System. 2018. [Accessed 2019 Sept 21] Available from https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=95&locale=tr.
   Google Scholar
• Naing L, Winn T, Rusli B. Practical issues in calculating the sample size for prevalence studies. Arch Orofacial Sci. 2006;1:9–14.
   Google Scholar
• Northeast Anatolia Development Agency. Social structure analysis of Erzurum Province [cited 2019 Sep 17]. Available from: https://www.kudaka.org.tr/ekler/7a5af-Sosyal_Yapi_Analizi_Erzurum.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Goodman R, Ford T, Richards H, et al. The Development and Well-Being Assessment: description and initial validation of an integrated assessment of child and adolescent psychopathology. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2000;41:645–655.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rijlaarsdam J, Stevens GW, van der Ende J, et al. Prevalence of DSM-IV disorders in a population-based sample of 5-to 8-year-old children: the impact of impairment criteria. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2015;24:1339–1348.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angold A, Erkanli A, Copeland W, et al. Psychiatric diagnostic interviews for children and adolescents: a comparative study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2012;51:506–517.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford T, Goodman R, Meltzer H. The British child and adolescent mental health survey 1999: the prevalence of DSM-IV disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2003;42:1203–1211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heiervang E, Stormark K, Lundervold A, et al. The Bergen Child Study of mental health in school-age children. Psychiatric disorders according to the Development and Well-Being Assessment: prevalence, risk factors and service use. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007;46:438–447.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mojtabai R. Clinician-identified depression in community settings: concordance with structured-interview diagnoses. Psychother Psychosom. 2013;82:161–169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Philipp J, Zeiler M, Waldherr K, et al. Prevalence of emotional and behavioral problems and subthreshold psychiatric disorders in Austrian adolescents and the need for prevention. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2018;53:1325–1337.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galea S, Uddin M, Koenen K. The urban environment and mental disorders: epigenetic links. Epigenetics. 2011;6:400–404.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lenardson M, Jennifer D, Anderson M, et al. Rural children experience different rates of mental health diagnosis and treatment [Internet]. Maine; 2013. Available from: https://digitalcommons.usm.maine.edu/behavioral_health/1.
   Google Scholar
• Agırdır B. Metropollerin Yoksul ve Yoksunları: Varoşlar. Radikal Gazetesinde yayınlanmıştır (Metropolitan cities’ poor and deprived ones: city’s squatters. Articles published in Radikal Newspaper) [online]. 2008 [cited 2010 Jun 1]. Available from: http://www.konda.com.tr/tr/raporlar.php
   Google Scholar
• Goetz SJ, Davlasheridze M, Han Y. County-level determinants of mental health, 2002–2008. Soc Indic Res. 2015;124:657–670.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sen M. Examination of the internal migration in Turkey within the scope of cause and consequence. Calisma ve Toplum. 2014;40:231–236.
   Google Scholar
• Norman P, Boyle P, Rees P. Selective migration, health and deprivation: a longitudinal analysis. Soc Sci Med. 2005;60:2755–2771.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cam O, Bilge A. The process of stigmatization, attitude, and belief about mental illness and patient in Turkey: a systematic review/Turkiye'de ruhsal hastaliga/Hastaya yonelik inanc, tutum ve damgalama sureci: sistematik derleme. J Psychiatr Nurs. 2013;4:91–102.
   Google Scholar
• Climate-data. Climate Erzurum [cited 2019 Sep 17]. Available from: https://tr.climate-data.org/asya/tuerkiye/erzurum/erzurum-279/
   Google Scholar
• Merikangas KR, Nakamura EF, Kessler RC. Epidemiology of mental disorders in children and adolescents. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2009;11:7–20.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar