Facilitators and barriers of mental health help-seeking behaviours among adolescents in Oman: a cross-sectional study

References

• Polanczyk GV, Salum GA, Sugaya LS, et al. Annual research review: a meta-analysis of the worldwide prevalence of mental disorders in children and adolescents. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2015;56(3):345–365.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization [WHO]. Adolescent mental health: key facts. 2021. [cited 2021 April 4]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/adolescent-mental-health
   Google Scholar
• Pascoe MC, Hetrick SE, Parker AG. The impact of stress on students in secondary school and higher education. Int J Adolescence Youth. 2020;25(1):104–112.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkinson PO, Qiu T, Neufeld S, et al. Sporadic and recurrent non-suicidal self-injury before age 14 and incident onset of psychiatric disorders by 17 years: prospective cohort study. Br J Psychiatry. 2018; 212(4) :222–226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes C, Simmons M, Simons C, et al. Evaluating effectiveness in adolescent mental health inpatient units: a systematic review. Int J Ment Health Nurs. 2018;27(2):498–513.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sadler K, Vizard T, Ford T, et al. Mental health of children and young people in England, 2017. 2018. Leeds, UK: NHS Digital. Available from: https://openaccess.city.ac.uk/id/eprint/23650/. Accessed 09 Feb 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Divin N, Harper P, Curran E, et al. Help-seeking measures and their use in adolescents: a systematic review. Adolescent Res Rev. 2018;3(1):113–122.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reardon T, Harvey K, Baranowska M, et al. What do parents perceive are the barriers and facilitators to accessing psychological treatment for mental health problems in children and adolescents? A systematic review of qualitative and quantitative studies. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2017;26(6):623–647.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore A, Gammie J. Revealed: hundreds of children wait more than a year for specialist help. Health Service J. 2018. https://www.hsj.co.uk/quality-and-performance/revealed-hundreds-of-children-wait-more-than-a-year-for-specialist-help/7023232.article. Accessed 09 Feb 2022.
   Google Scholar
• O’Brien D, Harvey K, Howse J, et al. Barriers to managing child and adolescent mental health problems: a systematic review of primary care practitioners’ perceptions. Br J Gen Pract. 2016;66(651):e693–e707.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haavik L, Joa I, Hatloy K, et al. Help seeking for mental health problems in an adolescent population: the effect of gender. J Mental Health. 2019;28(5):467–474.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sylwestrzak A, Overholt CE, Ristau KI, et al. Self-reported barriers to treatment engagement: adolescent perspectives from the national comorbidity Survey-Adolescent supplement (NCS-A). Community Ment Health J. 2015;51(7):775–781.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hassett A, Isbister C. Young men’s experiences of accessing and receiving help from child and adolescent mental health services following self-harm. Sage Open. 2017;7(4):215824401774511.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al Omari O, Wynaden D, Alkhawaldeh A, et al. Knowledge and attitudes of young people toward mental illness: a cross sectional study. Compr Child Adolesc Nurs. 2020;43(4) :301–313.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muthupalaniappen L, et al. Emotional and behavioral problems among adolescent smokers and their help-seeking behavior. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2012;43(5):1273.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindsey MA, Chambers K, Pohle C, et al. Understanding the behavioral determinants of mental health service use by urban, under-resourced black youth: adolescent and caregiver perspectives. J Child Fam Stud. 2013;22(1):107–121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark LH, Hudson JL, Dunstan DA, et al. Barriers and facilitating factors to help-seeking for symptoms of clinical anxiety in adolescent males. Austral J Psychol. 2018;70(3):225–234.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ibrahim N, Amit N, Shahar S, et al. Do depression literacy, mental illness beliefs and stigma influence mental health help-seeking attitude? A cross-sectional study of secondary school and university students from B40 households in Malaysia. BMC Public Health. 2019;19(S4):1–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Boyd CP, Hayes L, Nurse S, et al. Preferences and intention of rural adolescents toward seeking help for mental health problems. Rural Remote Health. 2011;11(1):1582.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lubman DI, Cheetham A, Jorm AF, et al. Australian adolescents’ beliefs and help-seeking intentions towards peers experiencing symptoms of depression and alcohol misuse. BMC Public Health. 2017;17(1):1–12.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gonçalves M, Moleiro C. The family-school-primary care triangle and the access to mental health care among migrant and ethnic minorities. J Immigr Minor Health. 2012;14(4):682–690.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prior S. Young people’s process of engagement in school counselling. Counsell Psychother Res. 2012;12(3):233–240.
   Google Scholar
• Zhao W, Young RE, Breslow L, et al. Attachment style, relationship factors, and mental health stigma among adolescents. Can J Behav Sci. 2015;47(4):263–271.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Velasco AA, et al. What are the barriers, facilitators and interventions targeting help-seeking behaviours for common mental health problems in adolescents? A systematic review. BMC Psychiatry. 2020;20(1):1–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cramer K. Mental health help seeking in schools: the impact of mental health literacy, stigma, and barriers to care. Riverside (CA): UC Riverside; 2016.
   Google Scholar
• McAndrew S, Warne T. Hearing the voices of young people who self-harm: implications for service providers. Int J Ment Health Nurs. 2014;23(6):570–579.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hassan Fadlalla A. Modest women, deceptive jinn: Identity, alterity, and disease in Eastern Sudan. Identities. 2005;12(2):143–174.
   Google Scholar
• Weatherhead S, Daiches A. Muslim views on mental health and psychotherapy. Psychol Psychother. 2010;83(Pt 1):75–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morawska A, Sultan A. Parental attitudes towards seeking professional help for their children: a community sample from the sultanate of Oman. J Child Fam Stud. 2016;25(3):979–987.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gearing RE, Schwalbe CS, MacKenzie MJ, et al. Adaptation and translation of mental health interventions in Middle Eastern Arab countries: a systematic review of barriers to and strategies for effective treatment implementation. Int J Soc Psychiatry. 2013;59(7):671–681.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Omani National Centre for Statistics and Information. Oman statistical year book. 2018. [cited 2019 18th October]. Available from: https://www.ncsi.gov.om/Elibrary/LibraryContentDoc/bar_Statistical%20Year%20Book%202018_a8b32d59-cdc9-4987-ba29-1e7ce78d5cca.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Al Maqbali MR, Al Omari O, Slimane SBA, et al. The nursing profession in Oman: an overview. Nurs Sci Q. 2019;32(4):322–325.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Adawi S. Mental health services in Oman: the need for more cultural relevance. Oman Med J. 2017;32(2):83–85.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mirza H. Child and adolescent mental health services in Oman. London J Prim Care (Abingdon). 2018;10(4):121–122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Centre for Statistics and Information [Oman] [Statistical year book: 2018. 2018. [cited 2021 25th of April]. Available from: https://www.ncsi.gov.om/Elibrary/LibraryContentDoc/bar_Statistical%20Year%20Book%202018_a8b32d59-cdc9-4987-ba29-1e7ce78d5cca.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Hammer JH, Parent MC, Spiker DA. Mental help seeking attitudes scale (MHSAS): development, reliability, validity, and comparison with the ATSPPH-SF and IASMHS-PO. J Couns Psychol. 2018;65(1):74–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammer JH, Toland MD. Internal structure and reliability of the internalized stigma of mental illness scale (ISMI-29) and brief versions (ISMI-10, ISMI-9) among Americans with depression. Stigma Health. 2017;2(3):159–174.
   Google Scholar
• Hammer JH, Vogel DL. Development of the Help-Seeker stereotype scale. Stigma Health. 2017;2(2):121–136.
   Google Scholar
• Chines Ministry of Health. The general office of the ministry of health issued a survey and evaluation plan for mental health work indicators. 2010. [cited 2021 24th of April]. Available from: http://www.gov.cn/gzdt/2010-03/08/content_1550552.htm
   Google Scholar
• Wang J, He Y, Jiang Q, et al. Mental health literacy among residents in Shanghai. Shanghai Arch Psychiatry. 2013;25(4):224–235.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• World Health Organization [WHO]. Process of translation and adaptation of instruments. 2021. [cited 2021 24th of April]. Available from: https://www.who.int/substance_abuse/research_tools/translation/en/
   Google Scholar
• Hsieh H-F, Shannon SE. Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qual Health Res. 2005;15(9):1277–1288.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark LH, Hudson JL, Haider T. Anxiety specific mental health stigma and help-seeking in adolescent males. J Child Fam Stud. 2020;29(7):1970–1912.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramaeker J, Petrie TA. Man up!: exploring intersections of sport participation, masculinity, psychological distress, and help-seeking attitudes and intentions. Psychol Men Masculinities. 2019;20(4):515–527.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watsford C, Rickwood D. Young people’s expectations, preferences, and experiences of therapy: effects on clinical outcome, service use, and help-seeking intentions. Clin Psychol. 2014;18(1):43–51.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Krenawi A, Graham JR, Al-Bedah EA, et al. Cross-national comparison of Middle Eastern university students: help-seeking behaviors, attitudes toward helping professionals, and cultural beliefs about mental health problems. Commun Ment Health J. 2009;45(1):26–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nearchou FA, Bird N, Costello A, et al. Personal and perceived public mental-health stigma as predictors of help-seeking intentions in adolescents. J Adolescence. 2018;66:83–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suka M, Yamauchi T, Sugimori H. Help-seeking intentions for early signs of mental illness and their associated factors: comparison across four kinds of health problems. BMC Public Health. 2016;16(1):1–13.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lian Z, Wallace BC, Fullilove RE. Mental health help-seeking intentions among Chinese international students in the US higher education system: the role of coping self-efficacy, social support, and stigma for seeking psychological help. Asian Am J Psychol. 2020;11(3):147–157.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cauberghe V, Van Wesenbeeck I, De Jans S, et al. How adolescents use social media to cope with feelings of loneliness and anxiety during COVID-19 lockdown. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2021;24(4):250–257.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shechtman Z, Vogel DL, Strass HA, et al. Stigma in help-seeking: the case of adolescents. Br J Guidance Counselling. 2018;46(1):104–119.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saint Arnault D, Woo S. Testing the influence of cultural determinants on help-seeking theory. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 2018;88(6):650–660.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mojaverian T, Hashimoto T, Kim HS. Cultural differences in professional help seeking: a comparison of Japan and the US. Front Psychol. 2013;3:615.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynch L, Long M, Moorhead A. Young men, help-seeking, and mental health services: exploring barriers and solutions. Am J Mens Health. 2018;12(1):138–149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alhomaizi D, Alsaidi S, Moalie A, et al. An exploration of the help-seeking behaviors of Arab-Muslims in the US: a socio-ecological approach. J Muslim Mental Health. 2018;12(1):19–48.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waid J, Kelly M. Supporting family engagement with child and adolescent mental health services: a scoping review. Health Soc Care Commun. 2020;28(5):1333–1342.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stunden C, Zasada J, VanHeerwaarden N, et al. Help-seeking behaviors of transition-aged youth for mental health concerns: qualitative study. J Med Internet Res. 2020;22(10):e18514.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pretorius C, et al. Searching for mental health: a mixed-methods study of young people’s online help-seeking. Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 2020. CHI 2020, April 25–30, 2020, Honolulu, HI, USA.
   Google Scholar
• Khanna MS, Carper M. Digital mental health interventions for child and adolescent anxiety. Cognit Behav Pract. In press.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Dea B, Calear AL, Perry Y. Is e-health the answer to gaps in adolescent mental health service provision? Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2015;28(4):336–342.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts N, Hu T, Axas N, et al. Child and adolescent emergency and urgent mental health delivery through telepsychiatry: 12-month prospective study. Telemed e-Health. 2017;23(10):842–846.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kauer SD, Mangan C, Sanci L. Do online mental health services improve help-seeking for young people? A systematic review. J Med Internet Res. 2014;16(3):e66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou X, Snoswell CL, Harding LE, et al. The role of telehealth in reducing the mental health burden from COVID-19. Telemed J E Health. 2020;26(4):377–379.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar