3,448
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Immunotherapy for Bladder Cancer: Latest Advances and Ongoing Clinical Trials

, , ORCID Icon &

References

  • Abel M, Burkenroad A, Sun A, Lu E, Stefanoudakis D, Drakaki A. 2021. The evolving landscape of antibody–drug conjugates for urothelial carcinoma. Clin Genitourin Cancer. 19(3):183–93.
  • Abern MR, Owusu RA, Anderson MR, Rampersaud EN, Inman BA. 2013. Perioperative intravesical chemotherapy in non–muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Natl Compr Cancer Netw. 11(4):477–84.
  • Advani R, Flinn I, Popplewell L, Forero A, Bartlett NL, Ghosh N, Kline J, Roschewski M, LaCasce A, Collins GP, et al. 2018. CD47 blockade by Hu5F9-G4 and rituximab in non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 379(18):1711–21.
  • Ahmadi H, Duddalwar V, Daneshmand S. 2021. Diagnosis and staging of bladder cancer. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 35(3):531–41.
  • Al-Obaidy KI, Cheng L. 2021. Fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) gene: pathogenesis and treatment implications in urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. J Clin Pathol. 74(8):491–95.
  • Alanee S, Sana S, El-Zawahry A, Peabody J, Pearce T, Adams N, Deebajah M, Crabtree J, Delfino K, McVary K, et al. 2021. Phase I trial of intravesical Bacillus Calmette–Guérin combined with intravenous pembrolizumab in recurrent or persistent high-grade non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer after previous Bacillus Calmette–Guérin treatment. World J Urol. 39(10):3807–13.
  • Álvarez-Maestro M, Guerrero-Ramos F, Rodríguez-Faba O, Domínguez-Escrig JL, Fernández-Gómez JM. 2021. Current treatments for BCG failure in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). Actas Urológicas Españolas. 45(2):93–102.
  • Babjuk MC, Mv-C B, Compérat E, Gontero P, Liedberg F, Masson-Lecomte A, Mostafid AH, Palou J. 2022. EAU guidelines on non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (TaT1 and CIS). Presented at the EAU Annual Congress Amsterdam. Arnhem, the Netherlands. https://uroweb.org/guidelines/non-muscle-invasive-bladder-cancer- PDF
  • Balar AV, Galsky MD, Rosenberg JE, Powles T, Petrylak DP, Bellmunt J, Loriot Y, Necchi A, Hoffman-Censits J, Perez-Gracia JL, et al. 2017. Atezolizumab as first-line therapy in cisplatin-ineligible patients with locally advanced and metastatic urothelial carcinoma: a single-arm, multicentre, phase 2 trial. Lancet. 389(10064):67–76.
  • Balar AV, Kamat AM, Kulkarni GS, Uchio EM, Boormans JL, Roumiguié M, Krieger LEM, Singer EA, Bajorin DF, Grivas P, et al. 2021a. Pembrolizumab monotherapy for the treatment of high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer unresponsive to BCG (KEYNOTE-057): an open-label, single-arm, multicentre, phase 2 study. Lancet Oncol. 22(7):919–30.
  • Balar AV, McGregor BA, Rosenberg JE, Van Der Heijden MS, Park SH, Lee J-L, Harrison MR, Heath EI, Stein MN, Loriot Y, et al. 2021b. EV-201 cohort 2: enfortumab vedotin in cisplatin-ineligible patients with locally advanced or metastatic urothelial cancer who received prior PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors. J Clin Oncol. 39(6_suppl):394.
  • Beinfeld M. 2021. The effectiveness and value of nadofaragene firadenovec, oportuzumab monatox, and pembrolizumab for BCG-unresponsive non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Invasive Bladder Cancer. 27(6):8.
  • Biot C, Rentsch CA, Gsponer JR, Birkhäuser FD, Jusforgues-Saklani H, Lemaître F, Auriau C, Bachmann A, Bousso P, Demangel C, et al. 2012. Preexisting BCG-specific T cells improve intravesical immunotherapy for bladder cancer. Sci Transl Med. 4(137):137ra72.
  • Boorjian S, Dinney C, Null N. 2020. Pd12-07 07 A phase iii study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of intravesical nadofaragene firadenovec for patients with high-grade, BCG unresponsive non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: papillary disease cohort results. J Urol. 203(Supplement 4):e261–e62.
  • Bree KK, Brooks NA, Kamat AM. 2021. Current therapy and emerging intravesical agents to treat non–muscle invasive bladder cancer. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 35(3):513–29.
  • Byrd JC, Harrington B, O’Brien S, Jones JA, Schuh A, Devereux S, Chaves J, Wierda WG, Awan FT, Brown JR, et al. 2016. Acalabrutinib (ACP-196) in relapsed chronic lymphocytic leukemia. N Engl J Med. 374(4):323–32.
  • Caglic I, Panebianco V, Vargas HA, Bura V, Woo S, Pecoraro M, Cipollari S, Sala E, Barrett T. 2020. MRI of bladder cancer: local and nodal staging. J Magn Reson Imaging. 52(3):649–67.
  • Challita-Eid PM, Satpayev D, Yang P, An Z, Morrison K, Shostak Y, Raitano A, Nadell R, Liu W, Lortie DR, et al. 2016. Enfortumab vedotin antibody–drug conjugate targeting nectin-4 is a highly potent therapeutic agent in multiple preclinical cancer modelsADC cancer therapeutic targeting nectin-4. Cancer Res. 76(10):3003–13.
  • Chang S, Boorjian S, Chou R, Clark PE, Daneshmand S, Konety BR, Pruthi R, Quale DZ, Ritch CR, Seigne JD. 2016. Diagnosis and treatment of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: AUA/SUO guideline. J Urol. 196:1021.
  • Chang S, Chamie K, Hidalgo M, Kramolowsky E, Sexton W, Reddy S, Soon SP. 2022. Pllba-01 final clinical results of pivotal trial of il-15rαfc superagonist n-803 with BCG in BCG-unresponsive non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) CIS and papillary cohorts. J Urol. 207(Supplement 5):e1047.
  • Chou J, Trepka K, Sjöström M, Egusa EA, Chu CE, Zhu J, Chan E, Gibb EA, Badura ML, Contreras-Sanz A, et al.2022. TROP2 expression across molecular subtypes of urothelial carcinoma and enfortumab vedotin-resistant cells. Eur Urol Oncol. S2588931121002157. doi:10.1016/j.euo.2021.11.005.
  • Copland A, Sparrow A, Hart P, Diogo GR, Paul M, Azuma M, Reljic R. 2019. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin induces PD-L1 expression on antigen-presenting cells via autocrine and paracrine interleukin-STAT3 circuits. Sci Rep. 9(1):3655.
  • Cornelissen SWE, Veenboer PW, Wessels FJ, Meijer RP. 2020. Diagnostic accuracy of multiparametric MRI for local staging of bladder cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Urology. 145:22–29.
  • Crispen PL, Kusmartsev S. 2020. Mechanisms of immune evasion in bladder cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 69(1):3–14.
  • Deininger S, Törzsök P, Mitterberger M, Pallauf M, Oswald D, Deininger C, Lusuardi L. 2022. From interferon to checkpoint inhibition therapy—A systematic review of new immune-modulating agents in Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) refractory non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). Cancers (Basel). 14(3):694.
  • Del Giudice F, Busetto GM, Gross MS, Maggi M, Sciarra A, Salciccia S, Ferro M, Sperduti I, Flammia S, Canale V, et al. 2021. Efficacy of three BCG strains (Connaught, TICE and RIVM) with or without secondary resection (re-TUR) for intermediate/high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancers: results from a retrospective single-institution cohort analysis. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 147(10):3073–80.
  • Du P, Cao Y, Liu J, Tang X, Wang S, Xu Y, Bai Y. 2020. Mp55-01 genomic aberration of fgf/fgfr and genes related to primary resistance to fgfr inhibitor in urothelial carcinoma. J Urol. 203(Supplement 4):e837.
  • FDA. 2020a. FDA approves avelumab for urothelial carcinoma maintenance treatment. FDA. 2022 [ accessed 2022 Apr 19].
  • FDA. 2020b. Hematology/oncology (cancer) approvals & safety notifications. FDA. 2022 [ accessed 2022 Apr 18].
  • Galsky MD, Hoimes CJ, Necchi A, Shore N, Witjes JA, Steinberg G, Bedke J, Nishiyama H, Fang X, Kataria R, et al. 2021. Perioperative pembrolizumab therapy in muscle-invasive bladder cancer: phase III KEYNOTE-866 and KEYNOTE-905/EV-303. Future Oncol. 17(24):3137–50.
  • Gan K, Gao Y, Liu K, Xu B, Qin W. 2021. The clinical significance and prognostic value of HER2 expression in bladder cancer: a meta-analysis and a bioinformatic analysis. Front Oncol. 11653491. doi:10.3389/fonc.2021.653491
  • Gandhi NM, Morales A, Lamm DL. 2013. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin immunotherapy for genitourinary cancer. BJU Int. 112(3):288–97.
  • Gomes-Giacoia E, Miyake M, Goodison S, Sriharan A, Zhang G, You L, Egan JO, Rhode PR, Parker AS, Chai KX, et al. 2014. Intravesical ALT-803 and BCG treatment reduces tumor burden in a carcinogen induced bladder cancer rat model; a role for cytokine production and NK cell expansion. PLoS One. 9(6). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0096705.
  • Grivas P, Bellmunt J, Park SH, Voog E, Caserta C, Valderrama BP, Gurney H, Loriot Y, Sridhar SS, Tsuchiya N, et al. 2022. Pd10-02 avelumab first-line maintenance for advanced urothelial carcinoma: long-term follow-up results from the javelin bladder 100 trial. J Urol. 207(Supplement 5):e183.
  • Gurram S, Bellfield S, Dolan R, Walter B, Merino M, Niglio S, Bethesda AA, Agarwal P, Valera V. 2021. PD09-04 interim analysis of a phase I single-arm study of the combination of durvalumab (MEDI4736) and vicinium (Oportuzumab Monatox, VB4-845) in subjects with high-grade non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer previously treated with Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) (NCT03258593). J Urol. 206:e120–e120.
  • Han J, Gu X, Li Y, Wu Q. 2020. Mechanisms of BCG in the treatment of bladder cancer-current understanding and the prospect. Biomed Pharmacother. 129:110393.
  • Hashizume A, Umemoto S, Yokose T, Nakamura Y, Yoshihara M, Shoji K, Wada S, Miyagi Y, Kishida T, Sasada T. 2018. Enhanced expression of PD-L1 in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer after treatment with Bacillus Calmette-Guerin. Oncotarget. 9(75):34066–78.
  • Herr HW, Morales A. 2008. History of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin and bladder cancer: an immunotherapy success story. J Urol. 179(1):53–56.
  • Hu C, Shang X, Zheng T, Hu X, Zhao Y. 2022. Ipatasertib (GDC-0068) and erdafitinib co-treatment for inducing mitochondrial apoptosis through Bim upregulation in bladder cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 604:165–71.
  • Huntington ND, Legrand N, Alves NL, Jaron B, Weijer K, Plet A, Corcuff E, Mortier E, Jacques Y, Spits H, et al. 2009. IL-15 trans-presentation promotes human NK cell development and differentiation in vivo. J Exp Med. 206(1):25–34.
  • Iacovino ML, Miceli CC, De Felice M, Barone B, Pompella L, Chiancone F, Di Zazzo E, Tirino G, Della Corte CM, Imbimbo C, et al. 2022. Novel therapeutic opportunities in neoadjuvant setting in urothelial cancers: a new horizon opened by molecular classification and immune checkpoint inhibitors. Int J Mol Sci. 23(3):1133.
  • Inman BA, Longo TA, Ramalingam S, Harrison MR. 2017. Atezolizumab: a PD-L1-blocking antibody for bladder cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 23(8):1886–90.
  • Jacob JB, Jacob MK, Parajuli P. 2021. Review of immune checkpoint inhibitors in immuno-oncology. Adv Pharmacol. 91:111–39.
  • Jones N, Jewett MAS, Cuthbert W, Rasamoelisolo M, Entwistle J, MacDonald G, Glover N. 2007. 1575: a phase I/II study of vicinium™ given by intravesical administration in patients with superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: phase I final results. J Urol. 177(4S):521.
  • Julia E, Salles G. 2021. EZH2 inhibition by Tazemetostat: mechanisms of action, safety and efficacy in relapsed/refractory follicular lymphoma. Future Oncol. 17(17):2127–40.
  • Kamat AM, Li R, O’Donnell MA, Black PC, Roupret M, Catto JW, Comperat E, Ingersoll MA, Witjes WP, McConkey DJ, et al. 2018. Predicting response to intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin immunotherapy: are we there yet? A systematic review. Eur Urol. 73(5):738–48.
  • Kamat AM, Shore N, Hahn N, Alanee S, Nishiyama H, Shariat S, Nam K, Kapadia E, Frenkl T, Steinberg G. 2020. KEYNOTE-676: phase III study of BCG and pembrolizumab for persistent/recurrent high-risk NMIBC. Future Oncol. 16(10):507–16.
  • Kardoust Parizi M, Margulis V, Lotan Y, Mori K, Shariat SF. 2021. Fibroblast growth factor receptor: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prognostic value and therapeutic options in patients with urothelial bladder carcinoma. Urologic Oncol: Semin Orig Investig. 39(7):409–21.
  • Larsen ES, Joensen UN, Poulsen AM, Goletti D, Johansen IS. 2020. Bacillus Calmette–Guérin immunotherapy for bladder cancer: a review of immunological aspects, clinical effects and BCG infections. APMIS. 128(2):92–103.
  • Lebacle C, Loriot Y, Irani J. 2021. BCG-Unresponsive high-grade non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: what does the practicing urologist need to know? World J Urol. 39(11):4037–46.
  • Li R, Rose K, Poch M, Spiess P, Gilbert S, Sexton W, Zhang J. 2022. MP54-04 04 a phase II study of check point inhibitor, Durvalumab (MEDI4736) for Bacillus Calmette-Guerin unresponsive carcinoma in situ of the bladder. J Urol. Supplement 5. doi:10.1097/JU.0000000000002633.04.
  • Lotan Y, Schuckman AK, Boorjian SA, Cilwa KE, Dinney CPN. 2021. Mp16-02 phase III trial of intravesical nadofaragene firadenovec in patients with high-grade, BCG-unresponsive, non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: two year follow-up in the ta/t1 cohort. J Urol. 206(Supplement 3):e296.
  • Maheshwari PN, Arora AM, Sane MS, Jadhao VG. 2020. Safety, feasibility, and quality of holmium laser en-bloc resection of nonmuscle invasive bladder tumors – a single-center experience. Indian J Urol. 36(2):106–11.
  • Marcq G, Souhami L, Cury F, Aprikian A, Tanguay S, Vanhuyse M, Rajan R, Brimo F, Mansure JJ, Kassouf W. 2020. Mp61-08 08 a phase I/II trial of transurethral surgery followed by a combination of atezolizumab an anti-pdl-1 (mpdl3280a) with trimodal therapy in patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer. J Urol. 203(Supplement 4):e938.
  • Massard C, Gordon MS, Sharma S, Rafii S, Wainberg ZA, Luke J, Curiel TJ, Colon-Otero G, Hamid O, Sanborn RE, et al. 2016. Safety and efficacy of durvalumab (MEDI4736), an anti–programmed cell death ligand-1 immune checkpoint inhibitor, in patients with advanced urothelial bladder cancer. J Clin Oncol. 34(26):3119–25.
  • Meng MV, Gschwend JE, Shore N, Grossfeld GD, Mostafid H, Black PC. 2019. Emerging immunotherapy options for Bacillus Calmette-Guérin unresponsive nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer. J Urol. 202(6):1111–19.
  • Moe A, Liow E, Redfern A, Swarbrick N, Ferguson T, Davis ID, Hayne D. 2021. A phase I open label dose-escalation study to evaluate the tolerability, safety and immunological efficacy of sub-urothelial durvalumab injection in adults with muscle-invasive or high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (SUBDUE-1, SUB-urothelial DUrvalumab injection-1 study): clinical trial protocol. BJU Int. 128(19–17). doi:10.1111/bju.15365
  • Naik S, Leibovich BC, Miest T, Bardot S, Young PR, Boorjian SA, Gonzalgo ML, Herrera Hernandez L, Tollefson MK, Karnes J, et al. 2022. Safety and efficacy of neoadjuvant intravesical oncolytic MV-NIS in patients with urothelial carcinoma. 2022 ASCO Genitourinary Cancers Symposium, San Francisco, California.
  • Nair SS, Weil R, Dovey Z, Davis A, Tewari AK. 2020. The tumor microenvironment and immunotherapy in prostate and bladder cancer. Urol Clin North Am. 47(4):e17–e54.
  • Necchi A, Anichini A, Raggi D, Briganti A, Massa S, Lucianò R, Colecchia M, Giannatempo P, Mortarini R, Bianchi M, et al. 2018. Pembrolizumab as neoadjuvant therapy before radical cystectomy in patients with muscle-invasive urothelial bladder carcinoma (PURE-01): an open-label, single-arm, phase II study. J Clin Oncol. 36(34):3353–60.
  • Packiam VT, Lamm DL, Barocas DA, Trainer A, Fand B, Davis RL, Clark W, Kroeger M, Dumbadze I, Chamie K, et al. 2018. An open label, single-arm, phase II multicenter study of the safety and efficacy of CG0070 oncolytic vector regimen in patients with BCG-unresponsive non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: interim results. Urol Oncol. 36(10):440–47.
  • Patel VG, Oh WK, Galsky MD. 2020. Treatment of muscle-invasive and advanced bladder cancer in 2020. CA Cancer J Clin. 70(5):404–23.
  • Pettenati C, Ingersoll MA. 2018. Mechanisms of BCG immunotherapy and its outlook for bladder cancer. Nat Rev Urol. 15(10):615–25.
  • Pfail JL, Katims AB, Alerasool P, Sfakianos JP. 2021. Immunotherapy in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: current status and future directions. World J Urol. 39(5):1319–29.
  • Pili R, Kauffman E, Rodriguez R. 2014. 82 - cancer of the kidney. Abeloff’s Clin Oncol (5th Ed). 1416–44.e5. ISBN 978-1-4557-2865-7.
  • Pj V, Jakubowski CD, Niaz MJ, Lee A, Thomas C, Hackett AL, Patel P, Rashid N, Tagawa ST. 2018. Antibody-Drug conjugates in bladder cancer. Bladder Cancer. 4(3):247–59.
  • Powles T, Park SH, Voog E, Caserta C, Valderrama BP, Gurney H, Kalofonos H, Radulović S, Demey W, Ullén A, et al. 2020. Avelumab maintenance therapy for advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 383(13):1218–30.
  • Rentsch CA, Bosshard P, Mayor G, Rieken M, Püschel H, Wirth G, Cathomas R, Parzmair GP, Grode L, Eisele B, et al. 2020. Results of the phase I open label clinical trial SAKK 06/14 assessing safety of intravesical instillation of VPM1002BC, a recombinant mycobacterium Bacillus Calmette Guérin (BCG), in patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer and previous failure of conventional BCG therapy. OncoImmunology. 9(1):1748981.
  • Rentsch CA, Thalmann GN, Lucca I, Kwiatkowski M, Wirth GJ, Strebel RT, Engeler D, Pedrazzini A, Hüttenbrink C, Schultze-Seemann W, et al. 2022. A phase 1/2 single-arm clinical trial of recombinant Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) VPM1002BC immunotherapy in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer recurrence after conventional BCG therapy: SAKK 06/14. European Urol Oncol. S2588931121002224:2 10.1016/j.euo.2021.12.006
  • Richters A, Aben KKH, Lalm K. 2020. The global burden of urinary bladder cancer: an update. World J Urol. 38(8):1895–904.
  • Rosenberg JE, Flaig TW, Friedlander TW, Milowsky MI, Srinivas S, Petrylak DP, Merchan JR, Bilen MA, Carret A-S, Yuan N, et al. 2020. Study EV-103: preliminary durability results of enfortumab vedotin plus pembrolizumab for locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 38(Supplement 6): 441.
  • Rosser CJ, Tikhonenkov S, Nix JW, Chan OTM, Ianculescu I, Reddy S, Soon-Shiong P. 2021. Safety, tolerability, and long-term clinical outcomes of an IL-15 analogue (N-803) admixed with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) for the treatment of bladder cancer. OncoImmunology. 10(1):1912885.
  • Schuckman AK, Lotan Y, Boorjian SA, Cilwa KE, Dinney CPN. 2021. Mp16-01 efficacy of intravesical nadofaragene firadenovec for patients with carcinoma in situ (CIS), BCG-unresponsive non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC): longer-term follow-up from the phase III trial. J Urol. 206(Supplement 3):e296.
  • Shore N, Kulkarni GS, Franks M, Dickstein R, Wolk FN, Cowan B, Dunshee C, Belkoff L, Dillon RL, Cizeau J, et al. 2019. Society of Urologic Oncology - PHASE 3. Results of vicinium in bcg-unresponsive non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NIMBC). Society of Urologic Oncology, 20th Annual Scientific Meeting, Washington, DC.
  • Shore N, Odn M, Kn T, Jewett MAS, Kulkarni GS, Dickstein R, Wolk F, Dunshee C, Belkoff L, Dillon RL, et al. 2020. Pd03-02 phase 3 results of vicinium in BCG-unresponsive non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. J Urol. 203(Supplement 4):e72.
  • Singh AK, Praharaj M, Lombardo KA, Yoshida T, Matoso A, Baras AS, Zhao L, Srikrishna G, Huang J, Prasad P, et al. 2022. Re-Engineered BCG overexpressing cyclic di-AMP augments trained immunity and exhibits improved efficacy against bladder cancer. Nat Commun. 13(1):878.
  • Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, Bray F. 2021. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 71(3):209–49.
  • Svatek RS, Tangen C, Delacroix S, Lowrance W, Lerner SP. 2018. Background and update for S1602 “A phase III randomized trial to evaluate the influence of BCG strain differences and T cell priming with intradermal BCG before intravesical therapy for BCG-naïve high-grade non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer”. Eur Urol Focus. 4(4):522–24.
  • Tagawa ST, Balar AV, Petrylak DP, Kalebasty AR, Loriot Y, Fléchon A, Jain RK, Agarwal N, Bupathi M, Barthelemy P, et al. 2021. TROPHY-U-01: a phase II open-label study of sacituzumab govitecan in patients with metastatic urothelial carcinoma progressing after platinum-based chemotherapy and checkpoint inhibitors. J Clin Oncol. 39(22):2474–85.
  • Vegt PD, Witjes JA, Witjes WP, Doesburg WH, Debruyne FM, van der Meijden AP, Crawford ED. 1995. A randomized study of intravesical mitomycin C, Bacillus Calmette-Guerin Tice and Bacillus Calmette-Guerin RIVM treatment in pTa-pT1 papillary carcinoma and carcinoma in situ of the bladder. J Urol. 153(3 Pt 2):929–33.
  • Vulsteke C, Grivas P, Tagawa ST, Bellmunt J, De Santis M, Duran I, Goebell P-J, Necchi A, Sridhar SS, Sternberg CN, et al. 2022. TROPiCS-04: study of Sacituzumab Govitecan (SG) in patients (pts) with locally advanced (LA) unresectable or metastatic urothelial cancer (mUC) that has progressed after prior platinum (PLT) and checkpoint inhibitor (CPI) therapy. 2022 ASCO Genitourinary Cancers Symposium, San Francisco, California.
  • Warrick JI, Knowles MA, Yves A, van der Kwast T, Grignon DJ, Kristiansen G, Egevad L, Hartmann A, Cheng L. 2020. Report from the International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) consultation conference on molecular pathology of urogenital cancers. II. Molecular pathology of bladder cancer: progress and challenges. Am J Surg Pathol. 44(7):e30–e46.
  • Witjes JA, Dalbagni G, Karnes RJ, Shariat S, Joniau S, Palou J, Serretta V, Larré S, di Stasi S, Colombo R, et al. 2016. The efficacy of BCG TICE and BCG Connaught in a cohort of 2,099 patients with T1G3 non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Urol Oncol. 34(11):484.e19.
  • Zou C, Ramakumar S, Qian L, Zou C, Zhang R, Wang J, Grossman HB, Lotan R, Liebert M. 2005. Effect of retinoic acid and interferon α-2a on transitional cell carcinoma of bladder. J Urol. 173(1):247–51.