REFERENCES
- Hobbs H E, Sorsby A, Freedman A. Retinopathy following chloroquine therapy. Lancet 1959; 2: 478–480
- Shearer R V, Dubois E L. Ocular changes induced by long term hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil) therapy. AM J Ophthalmol 1967; 64: 245–252
- Levy G D, Munz S J, Paschal J, Cohen H B, Pince K J, Peterson T. Incidence of hydroxychloroquine retinopathy in 1,207 patients in a large multicenter outpatient practice. Arthritis & Rheumatism Aug, 1997; 40(8)1482–6
- Kalia S, Dutz J P. New concepts in antimalarial use and mode of action in dermatology. Dermatologic Therapy 2007; 20(4)160–174
- Klinger G, Morad Y, Westall C A, Laskin C, Spitzer K A, Koren G, et al. Ocular toxicity and antenatal exposure to chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine for rheumatic diseases. Lancet Sep 8, 2001; 358(9284)813–4
- Yam J C, Kwok A K. Ocular toxicity of hydroxychloroquine. Hong Kong Medical Journal Aug, 2006; 12(4)294–304
- Jones S K. Ocular toxicity and hydroxychloroquine: Guidelines for screening. Br J Dermatol. Jan, 1999; 140(1)3–7
- Easterbrook M. The ocular safety of hydroxychloroquine. Seminars in Arthritis & Rheumatism Oct, 1993; 23(2 Suppl 1)62–7
- Bernstein H N. Ocular safety of hydroxychloroquine. Ann Ophthalmol 1991; 23: 292–6
- Marmor M F, Carr R E, Easterbrook M, Farjo A A, Mieler W F. American Academy of Ophthalmology. Recommendations on screening for chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine retinopathy: A report by the american academy of ophthalmology. Ophthalmology Jul, 2002; 109(7)1377–82
- Lai T Y, Chan W M, Li H, Lai R Y, Lam D S. Multifocal electroretinographic changes in patients receiving hydroxychloroquine therapy. Am J Ophthalmol Nov, 2005; 140(5)794–807
- Rodriguez-Padilla J A, Hedges T R, 3rd, Monson B, Srinivasan V, Wojtkowski M, Reichel E, et al. High-speed ultra-high-resolution optical coherence tomography findings in hydroxychloroquine retinopathy. Arch Ophthalmol Jun, 2007; 125(6)775–80
- Elder M, Rahman A M, McLay J. Early paracentral visual field loss in patients taking hydroxychloroquine. Arch Ophthalmol Dec, 2006; 124(12)1729–33
- Grierson D J. Hydroxychloroquine and visual screening in a rheumatology outpatient clinic. Ann Rheum Dis. Mar, 1997; 56(3)188–90
- Johnson M W, Vine A K. Hydroxychloroquine therapy in massive total doses without retinal toxicity. Am J Ophthalmol Aug 15, 1987; 104(2)139–44
- Thorne J E, Maguire A M. Retinopathy after long term, standard doses of hydroxychloroquine. British Journal of Ophthalmology 1999; 83: 1201–1202
- Mavrikakis M, Papazoglou S, Sfikakis P P, Vaiopoulos G, Rougas K. Retinal toxicity in long term hydroxychloroquine treatment. Ann Rheum Dis Mar, 1996; 55(3)187–9
- Mavrikakis I, Sfikakis P P, Mavrikakis E, et al. The incidence of irreversible retinal toxicity in patients treated with hydroxychloroquine: A reappraisal. Ophthalmology 2003; 110: 1321–1326
- Lyons J S, Severns M L. Detection of early hydroxychloroquine retinal toxicity enhanced by ring ratio analysis of multifocal electroretinography. Am J Ophthalmol May, 2007; 143(5)801–9
- Maturi R K, Yu M, Weleber R G. Multifocal electroretinographic evaluation of long-term hydroxychloroquine users. Arch Ophthalmol Jul, 2004; 122(7)973–81
- Falcone P M, Paolini L, Lou P L. Hydroxychloroquine toxicity despite normal dose therapy. Ann Ophthalmol. Oct, 1993; 25(10)385–8
- Shroyer N F, Lewis R A, Lupski J R. Analysis of the ABCR(ABCA4) gene in 4-aminoquinoline retinopathy. American Journal of Opthalmology 2001; 131: 761–766
- American Academy of Ophthalmology, Preferred practice pattern
- Easterbrook M. Detection and prevention of maculopathy associated with antimalarial agents. Int Ophthalmol Clin 1999; 39: 49–57
- Bienfang D C. Screening for hydroxychloroquine toxicity. Arch Ophthalmol Nov, 2007; 125(11)1585, author reply 1585
- Almony A, Garg S, Peters R K, Mamet R, Tsong J, Shibuya B, et al. Threshold amsler grid as a screening tool for asymptomatic patients on hydroxychloroquine therapy. Br J Ophthalmol May, 2005; 89(5)569–74
- Razeghinejad M R, Torkaman F, Amini H. Blue-yellow perimetry can be an early detector of hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine retinopathy. Med Hypotheses 2005; 65(3)629–30
- Bienfang D, Coblyn J S, Liang M H, Corzillius M. Hydroxychloroquine retinopathy despite regular ophthalmologic evaluation: A consecutive series. J Rheumatol 2000; 27: 2703–6
- Gilbert M E, Savino P J. Missing the bull's eye. Surv Ophthalmol Jul-Aug, 2007; 52(4)440–2
- Marmor M F. The dilemma of hydroxychloroquine screening: New information from the multifocal ERG. Am J Ophthalmol. Nov, 2005; 140(5)894–5
- Teoh S C, Lim J, Koh A, Lim T, Fu E. Abnormalities on the multifocal electroretinogram may precede clinical signs of hydroxychloroquine retino-toxicity. Eye Jan, 2006; 20(1)129–32
- Mavrikakis I, Mavrikakis E. Are evidence-based guidelines being followed for the monitoring of ocular toxicity of hydroxychloroquine? A nationwide survey of practice amongst consultant rheumatologists and implications for clinical governance. comment on the article by samanta et al. Rheumatology Aug, 2004; 43(8)1057–8, author reply 1059
- Sanofi-Aventis. Plaquenil: Prescribing Information Including Black Box Warning. Sanofi-Aventis. 2006
- American College of Rheumatology Ad Hoc Committee on Clinical Guidelines. Guidelines for monitoring drug therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1996; 39: 723–31
- Block J A. Hydroxychloroquine and retinal safety. Lancet Mar 14, 1998; 351(9105)771
- Blyth C, Lane C. Hydroxychloroquine retinopathy: Is screening necessary?[see comment]. BMJ Mar 7, 1998; 316(7133)716–7
- Spalton D J. Retinopathy and antimalarial drugs—The British experience. Lupus Jun, 1996; 5(Suppl 1)S70–2
- Royal College of Ophthalmology. Ocular Toxicity and Hydroxychloroquine: Guidelines for Screening. 2004
- Silman A, Shipley M. Ophthalmologic monitoring for hydroxychloroquine toxicity: A scientific review of available data. Pr J Rheumatol 1997; 36(5)599–601
- Coyle J T. Hydroxychloroquine retinopathy. Ophthalmology. Feb, 2001; 108(2)243–4
- Lee A G. Hydroxychloroquine screening. Br J Ophthalmol May, 2005; 89(5)521–2
- Alarcon G S. How frequently and how soon should we screen our patients for the presence of antimalarial retinopathy?. Arthritis & Rheumatism Feb, 2002; 46(2)561
- Easterbrook M. Hydroxychloroquine retinopathy. Ophthalmology. Dec, 2001; 108(12)2158–9
- Cimaz R, Brucato A, Meregalli E, Muscara M, Sergi P. Electroretinograms of children born to mothers treated with hydroxychloroquine during pregnancy and breast-feeding: Comment on the article by Costedoat-Chalumeau et al. Arthritis & Rheumatism Sep, 2004; 50(9)3056–7, author reply 3057–8
- Motta M, Tincani A, Faden D, Zinzini E, Chirico G. Antimalarial agents in pregnancy. Lancet Feb 9, 2002; 359(9305)524–5
- Wei L C, Chen S N, Ho C L, Kuo Y H, Ho J D. Progression of hydroxychloroquine retinopathy after discontinuation of therapy: Case report. Chang Gung Med J May, 2001; 24(5)329–34
- Brinkley J R, Jr, Dubois E L, Ryan S J. Long-term course of chloroquine retinopathy after cessation of medication. Am J Ophthalmol Jul, 1979; 88(1)1–11
- Raines M F, Bhargava S K, Rosen E S. The blood-retinal barrier in chloroquine retinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. Aug, 1989; 30(8)1726–31
- Reed H, Karlinsky W. Delyed onset of chloroquine retinopathy. Can Med Assoc J. 1967; 97: 1408–11