Rheumatoid arthritis: ‘melting pot’ of T helper subsets

References

• Casey G. Arthritis: joints inflamed. Nurs N Z 2015;21(5):20–24.
   Google Scholar
• Waaler E. On the occurence of a factor in human serum activating the agglutination of specific sheep blood corpuscles. 1939. APMIS 2007;115(5):422–438.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roosnek E, Lanzavecchia A. Efficient and selective presentation of antigen-antibody complexes by rheumatoid factor B cells. J Exp Med 1991;173(2):487–489. doi: 10.1084/jem.173.2.487.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nemazee DA. Immune complexes can trigger specific, T cell-dependent, autoanti-IgG antibody production in mice. J Exp Med 1985;161(1):242–256. doi: 10.1084/jem.161.1.242.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nienhuis RLF, Mandema E, Smids C. A new serum factor in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: the antiperinuclear factor. Ann Rheum Dis 1964;23(4):302–305. doi: 10.1136/ard.23.4.302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young BJJ, Clark CJM, Hamblin TJ, et al. Anti-keratin antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis. Br Med J 1979;2(6182):97–99. doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.6182.97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crockson RA, Crockson AP, McConkey B. Rheumatoid arthritis: relation of serum C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rates to radiographic changes. Br Med J 1977;1:195–197. doi: 10.1136/bmj.1.6055.195.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schellekens GA, de Jong BAW, van der Hoogen FHJ, et al. Citrulline is an essential constituent of antigenic determinants recognized by rheumatoid arthritis. J Clin Invest 1998;101(1):273–281. doi: 10.1172/JCI1316.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heijde van der DMFM. Judging disease activity in clinical practice in rheumatoid arthritis: first step in the development. Ann Rheum Dis 1990;49:916–920.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Van Riel PLCM, Schumacher HR. How does one assess early rheumatoid arthritis in daily clinical practice? Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2001;15(1):67–76. doi: 10.1053/berh.2000.0126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lubberts E, Joosten LAB, van de Loo FAJ, et al. Overexpression of IL-17 in the knee joint of collagen type II immunized mice promotes collagen arthritis and aggravates joint destruction. Inflamm Res 2002;51(2):102–104. doi: 10.1007/BF02684010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eissa M, El Shafey A, Hammad M. Comparison between different disease activity scores in rheumatoid arthritis: an Egyptian multicenter study. Clin Rheumatol 2017;36(10):2217–2224. doi: 10.1007/s10067-017-3674-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inoue E, Yamanaka H, Hara M, et al. Comparison of Disease Activity Score (DAS)28- erythrocyte sedimentation rate and DAS28- C-reactive protein threshold values. Ann Rheum Dis 2007;66(3):407–409. doi: 10.1136/ard.2006.054205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Son KM, Kim SY, Lee SH, et al. Comparison of the disease activity score using the erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein levels in Koreans with rheumatoid arthritis. Int J Rheum Dis 2016;19(12):1278–1283. doi: 10.1111/1756-185X.12698.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aletaha D, Nell VP, Stamm T, et al. Acute phase reactants add little to composite disease activity indices for rheumatoid arthritis: validation of a clinical activity score. Arthritis Res Ther 2005;7(4):R796–806.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smolen JS, Breedveld FC, Schiff MH, et al. A simplified disease activity index for rheumatoid arthritis for use in clinical practice. Rheumatology 2003;42(2):244–257. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/keg072.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aho K, Heliovaara M, Maatela J, et al. Rheumatoid factors antedating clinical rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 1991;18(9):1282–1284.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rantapää-Dahlqvist S, de Jong BAW, Berglin E, et al. Antibodies against cyclic citrullinated peptide and IgA rheumatoid factor predict the development of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2003;48(10):2741–2749. doi: 10.1002/art.11223.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nielen MMJ, van Schaardenburg D, Reesink HW, et al. Specific autoantibodies precede the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis: a study of serial measurements in blood donors. Arthritis Rheum 2004;50(2):380–386. doi: 10.1002/art.20018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willis VC, Demoruelle MK, Derber LA, et al. Sputum autoantibodies in patients with established rheumatoid arthritis and subjects at risk of future clinically apparent disease. Arthritis Rheum 2013;65:2545–2554.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reynisdottir G, Karimi R, Joshua V, et al. Structural changes and antibody enrichment in the lungs are early features of anti-citrullinated protein antibody-positive rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2014;66(1):31–39. doi: 10.1002/art.38201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okamoto Y, Parish M, Kongpachith S, et al. IgA plasmablasts are elevated in subjects at risk for future rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2016;68:2372–2383. doi: 10.1002/art.39771.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kokkonen H, Mullazehi M, Berglin E, et al. Antibodies of IgG, IgA and IgM isotypes against cyclic citrullinated peptide precede the development of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2011;13(1):R13. doi: 10.1186/ar3237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deane KD, Demoruelle MK, Kelmenson LB, et al. Genetic and environmental risk factors for rheumatoid arthritis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2017;31(1):3–18. doi: 10.1016/j.berh.2017.08.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stolt P, Yahya A, Bengtsson C, et al. Silica exposure among male current smokers is associated with a high risk of developing ACPA-positive rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69(6):1072–1076. doi: 10.1136/ard.2009.114694.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Padyukov L, Silva C, Stolt P, et al. A gene-environment interaction between smoking and shared epitope genes in HLA-DR provides a high risk of seropositive rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2004;50(10):3085–3092. doi: 10.1002/art.20553.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Krishnamurthy A, Joshua V, Haj Hensvold A, et al. Identification of a novel chemokine-dependent molecular mechanism underlying Rheumatoid arthritis-associated autoantibody-mediated bone loss. Ann Rheum Dis 2016;75(4):721–729. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2015-208093.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wigerblad G, Bas DB, Fernades-Cerqueira C, et al. Autoantibodies to citrullinated proteins induce joint pain independent of inflammation via a chemokine-dependent mechanism. Ann Rheum Dis 2016;75(4):730–738.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothe L, Collin-Osdoby P, Chen Y, et al. Human osteoclasts and osteoclast-like cells synthesize and release high basal and inflammatory stimulated levels of the potent chemokine interleukin-8. Endocrinology 1998;139:4353–4363.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rose NR. Autoimmunity, autoimmune diseases. In: Vohr H-W, editor. Encyclopedia of immunotoxicology. Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer; 2016. pp 99–103. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-54596-2_146.
   Google Scholar
• Chen J, Li J, Gao H, et al. Comprehensive evaluation of different T-helper cell subsets differentiation and function in rheumatoid arthritis. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012;2012:535361. doi: 10.1155/2012/535361.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kara EE, Comerford I, Fenix KA, et al. Tailored immune responses: novel effector helper T cell subsets in protective immunity. PLoS Pathog 2014;10(2):e1003905.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dayer J-M. Interleukin 1 or tumor necrosis factor-(alpha): which is the real target in rheumatoid arthritis? J Rheumatol 2002;65:10–15.
   Google Scholar
• Miltenburg AMM, van Laar JM, de Kuiper R, et al. T cells cloned from human rheumatoid synovial membrane functionally represent the Th1 subset. Scand J Immunol 1992;35(5):603–610. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.1992.tb03260.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pandya JM, Lundell A-C, Hallström M, et al. Circulating T helper and T regulatory subsets in untreated early rheumatoid arthritis and healthy control subjects. J Leukoc Biol 2016;100(4):823–833. doi: 10.1189/jlb.5A0116-025R.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuncel J, Haag S, Holmdahl R. MHC class II alleles associated with Th1 rather than Th17 type immunity drive the onset of early arthritis in a rat model of rheumatoid arthritis. Eur J Immunol 2017;47(3):563–574. doi: 10.1002/eji.201646760.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang J, Fathman JW, Lugo-Villarino G, et al. Transcription factor T-bet regulates inflammatory arthritis through its function in dendritic cells. J Clin Invest 2006;116:414–421.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dinarello CA. IL-18: a TH1-inducing, proinflammatory cytokine and new member of the IL-1 family. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999;103(1):11–24. doi: 10.1016/S0091-6749(99)70518-X.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooley ID, Read KA, Oestreich KJ. Trans-presentation of IL-15 modulates STAT5activation and Bcl-6 expression in TH1 cells. Sci Rep 2015;5:1–9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrovic-Rackov L, Pejnovic N. Clinical significance of IL-18, IL-15, IL-12 and TNF-α measurement in rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Rheumatol 2006;25(4):448–452. doi: 10.1007/s10067-005-0106-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Germann T, Szeliga J, Hess H, et al. Administration of interleukin 12 in combination with type II collagen induces severe arthritis in DBA/1 mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995;92(11):4823–4827. doi: 10.1073/pnas.92.11.4823.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joosten LA, Lubberts E, Helsen MM, van den Berg WB. Dual role of IL-12 in early and late stages of murine collagen type II arthritis. J Immunol 1997;159(8):4094–4102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee SH, Kwon JY, Kim SY, et al. Interferon-gamma regulates inflammatory cell death by targeting necroptosis in experimental autoimmune arthritis. Sci Rep 2017;7(1):10133.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hart PH, Vitti GF, Burgess DR, et al. Potential antiinflammatory effects of interleukin 4: suppression of human monocyte tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 1, and prostaglandin E2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1989;86(10):3803–3807. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.10.3803.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• te Velde AA, Huijbens RJ, Heije K, et al. Interleukin-4 (IL-4) inhibits secretion of IL-1 beta, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and IL-6 by human monocytes. Blood 1990;76(7):1392–1397. doi: 10.1111/j.1945-5100.2002.tb00892.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeKruyff RH, Fang Y, Wolf SF, Umetsu DT. IL-12 inhibits IL-4 synthesis in keyhole limpet hemocyanin-primed CD4+ T cells through an effect on antigen-presenting cells. J Immunol 1995;154(6):2578–2587.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miossec P, Chomarat P, Dechanet J, et al. Interleukin‐4 inhibits bone resorption through an effect on osteoclasts and proinflammatory cytokines in an ex vivo model of bone resorption in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1994;37(12):1715–1722. doi: 10.1002/art.1780371202.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Horsfall AC, Butler DM, Marinova L, et al. Suppression of collagen-induced arthritis by continuous administration of IL-4. J Immunol 1997;159(11):5687–5696.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joosten LA, Lubberts E, Helsen MM, et al. Protection against cartilage and bone destruction by systemic interleukin-4 treatment in established murine type II collagen-induced arthritis. Arthritis Res 1999;1(1):81–91.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Joosten LA, Lubberts E, Durez P, et al. Role of interleukin-4 and interleukin-10 in murine collagen-induced arthritis: protective effect of interleukin-4 and interleukin-10 treatment on cartilage destruction. Arthritis Rheum 1997;40(2):249–260. doi: 10.1002/art.1780400209.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Viatte S, Plant D, Raychaudhuri S. Genetics and epigenetics of rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2013;9(3):141–153. doi: 10.1038/nrrheum.2012.237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huizinga TWJ, Amos CI, van der Helm-van Mil AH, et al. Refining the complex rheumatoid arthritis phenotype based on specificity of the HLA-DRB1 shared epitope for antibodies to citrullinated proteins. Arthritis Rheum 2005;52(11):3433–3438. doi: 10.1002/art.21385.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scally SW, Petersen J, Law SC, et al. A molecular basis for the association of the HLA-DRB1 locus, citrullination, and rheumatoid arthritis. J Exp Med 2013;210(12):2569–2582. doi: 10.1084/jem.20131241.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amara K, Steen J, Murray F, et al. Monoclonal IgG antibodies generated from joint-derived B cells of RA patients have a strong bias toward citrullinated autoantigen recognition. J Exp Med 2013;210(3):445–455. doi: 10.1084/jem.20121486.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu DR, McDavid AN, Kongpachith S, et al. T cell-dependent affinity maturation and innate immune pathways differentially drive autoreactive b cell responses in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2018;70(11):1732–1744. doi: 10.1002/art.40578.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katsikis PD, Chu C-Q, Brennan FM, Maini RN, Feldmann M. Immunoregulatory role of interleukin 10 in rheumatoid arthritis. J Wind Eng Ind Aerodyn 1999;304:51–67.
   Google Scholar
• Bessis N, Boissier M-C, Ferrara P, et al. Attenuation of collagen-induced arthritis in mice by treatment with vector cells engineered to secrete interleukin-13. Eur J Immunol 1996;26(10):2399–2403. doi: 10.1002/eji.1830261020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siloşi I, Boldeanu MV, Cojocaru M, et al. The relationship of cytokines IL-13 and IL-17 with autoantibodies profile in early rheumatoid arthritis. J Immunol Res 2016;2016:3109135. doi: 10.1155/2016/3109135.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• van Hamburg JP, Mus A-M, de Bruijn MJW, et al. GATA-3 protects against severe joint inflammation and bone erosion and reduces differentiation of Th17 cells during experimental arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2009;60(3):750–759. doi: 10.1002/art.24329.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• He C, Feng P, Su H, et al. Disrupted Th1/Th2 balance in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2017;10:1233–1242.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong E, di Cesare PE, Haudenschild DR. Role of c-maf in chondrocyte differentiation: a review. Cartilage 2011;2(1):27–35. doi: 10.1177/1947603510377464.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fossiez F, Djossou O, Chomarat P, et al. T cell interleukin-17 induces stromal cells to produce proinflammatory and hematopoietic cytokines. J Exp Med 1996;183(6):2593–2603.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jovanovic DV, Battista JAD, Martel-Pelletier J, et al. IL-17 stimulates the production and expression of proinflammatory cytokines, IL-β and TNF-α, by human macrophages. J Immunol 1998;160(7):3513–3521.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lubberts E, Joosten LAB, Oppers B, et al. IL-1-independent role of IL-17 in synovial inflammation and joint destruction during collagen-induced arthritis. J Immunol 2001;167(2):1004–1013. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.2.1004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz Y, Nadiv O, Beer Y. Interleukin-17 enhances tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced synthesis of interleukins 1, 6, and 8 in skin and synovial fibroblasts. Arthristis Rheum 2001;44(9):2176–2184. doi: 10.1002/1529-0131(200109)44:9<2176::AID-ART371>3.0.CO;2-4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chabaud M, Fossiez F, Taupin JL, Miossec P. Enhancing effect of IL-17 on IL-1-induced IL-6 and leukemia inhibitory factor production by rheumatoid arthritis synoviocytes and its regulation by Th2 cytokines. J Immunol 1998;161:409–414.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koenders MI, Lubberts E, Oppers-Walgreen B, et al. Induction of cartilage damage by overexpression of T cell interleukin-17A in experimental arthritis in mice deficient in interleukin-1. Arthritis Rheum 2005;52(3):975–983. doi: 10.1002/art.20885.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lubberts E, Schwarzenberger P, Huang W, et al. Requirement of IL-17 receptor signaling in radiation-resistant cells in the joint for full progression of destructive synovitis. J Immunol 2005;175(5):3360–3368. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.5.3360.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirkham BW, Lassere MN, Edmonds JP, et al. Synovial membrane cytokine expression is predictive of joint damage progression in rheumatoid arthritis: a two-year prospective study (the DAMAGE study cohort). Arthritis Rheum 2006;54(4):1122–1131. doi: 10.1002/art.21749.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeGrand A, Fermor B, Fink C, et al. Interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and interleukin-17 synergistically up-regulate nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 production in explants of human osteoarthritic knee menisci. Arthritis Rheum 2001;44:2078–2083.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakae S, Saijo S, Horai R, et al. IL-17 production from activated T cells is required for the spontaneous development of destructive arthritis in mice deficient in IL-1 receptor antagonist. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003;100(10):5986–5990. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1035999100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakae S, Nambu A, Sudo K, Iwakura Y. Suppression of Immune Induction of Collagen-Induced Arthritis in IL-17-Deficient Mice. J Immunol 2003;171(11):6173–6177. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.11.6173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lubberts E, Koenders MI, Oppers-Walgreen B, et al. Treatment with a neutralizing anti-murine interleukin-17 antibody after the onset of collagen-induced arthritis reduces joint inflammation, cartilage destruction, and bone erosion. Arthritis Rheum 2004;50(2):650–659. doi: 10.1002/art.20001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Genovese MC, Durez P, Richards HB, et al. Efficacy and safety of secukinumab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a phase II, dose-finding, double-blind, randomised, placebo controlled study. Ann Rheum Dis 2013;72(6):863–869. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-201601.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanco FJ, Möricke R, Dokoupilova E, et al. Secukinumab in active rheumatoid arthritis: a phase III randomized, double-blind, active comparator- and placebo-controlled study. Arthritis Rheumatol 2017;69(6):1144–1153. doi: 10.1002/art.40070.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Genovese MC, Greenwald M, Cho CS, et al. A phase II randomized study of subcutaneous ixekizumab, an anti-interleukin-17 monoclonal antibody, in rheumatoid arthritis patients who were naive to biologic agents or had an inadequate response to tumor necrosis factor inhibitors. Arthritis Rheumatol 2014;66(7):1693–1704. doi: 10.1002/art.38617.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nirula A, Nilsen J, Klekotka P, et al. Effect of IL-17 receptor A blockade with brodalumab in inflammatory diseases. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2016;55(suppl 2):ii43–ii55. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/kew346.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Xue X, Soroosh P, De Leon-Tabaldo A, et al. Pharmacologic modulation of RORγt translates to efficacy in preclinical and translational models of psoriasis and inflammatory arthritis. Sci Rep 2016;6:1–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGeachy MJ, Chen Y, Tato CM, et al. The interleukin 23 receptor is essential for the terminal differentiation of interleukin 17-producing effector T helper cells in vivo. Nat Immunol 2009;10(3):314–324. doi: 10.1038/ni.1698.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Croxford AL, Mair F, Becher B. IL-23: one cytokine in control of autoimmunity. Eur J Immunol 2012;42(9):2263–2273. doi: 10.1002/eji.201242598.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cua DJ, Sherlock J, Chen Y, et al. Interleukin-23 rather than interleukin-12 is the critical cytokine for autoimmune inflammation of the brain. Nature 2003;421(6924):744–748. doi: 10.1038/nature01355.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy CA, Langrish CL, Chen Y, et al. Divergent pro- and antiinflammatory roles for IL-23 and IL-12 in joint autoimmune inflammation. J Exp Med 2003;198(12):1951–1957. doi: 10.1084/jem.20030896.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corneth OBJ, Mus AM, Asmawidjaja PS, et al. Absence of interleukin-17 receptor a signaling prevents autoimmune inflammation of the joint and leads to a Th2-like phenotype in collagen-induced arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2014;66(2):340–349. doi: 10.1002/art.38229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pisitkun P, Claudio E, Ren N, et al. The adaptor protein CIKS/Act1 is necessary to induce collagen-induced arthritis pathology and it contributes to collagen-specific antibody production. Arthritis Rheum 2011;62:3334–3344. doi: 10.1002/art.27653.
   Google Scholar
• Xing R, Yang L, Jin Y, et al. Interleukin-21 induces proliferation and proinflammatory cytokine profile of fibroblast-like synoviocytes of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Scand J Immunol 2016;83(1):64–71. doi: 10.1111/sji.12396.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li J, Shen W, Kong K, Liu Z. Interleukin-21 induces T-cell activation and proinflammatory cytokine secretion in rheumatoid arthritis. Scand J Immunol 2006;64(5):515–522. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2006.01795.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niu X, He D, Zhang X, et al. IL-21 regulates Th17 cells in rheumatoid arthritis. Hum Immunol 2010;71(4):334–341. doi: 10.1016/j.humimm.2010.01.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan ME, Sutmuller RPM, Witteveen HJ, et al. CD25+ cell depletion hastens the onset of severe disease in collagen-induced arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2003;48(5):1452–1460. doi: 10.1002/art.11063.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morgan ME, Flierman R, van Duivenvoorde LM, et al. Effective treatment of collagen-induced arthritis by adoptive transfer of CD25+ regulatory T cells. Arthritis Rheum 2005;52(7):2212–2221. doi: 10.1002/art.21195.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Biton J, Boissier M-C, Bessis N, et al. Interplay between TNF and Regulatory T Cells in a TNF-Driven Murine Model of Arthritis. J Immunol 2011;187(4):1527. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1190030.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Möttönen M, et al. CD4 + CD25 + T cells with the phenotypic and functional characteristics of regulatory T cells are enriched in the synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Immunol 2005;140:360–367.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valencia X, Stephens G, Goldbach-Mansky R, et al. TNF downmodulates the function of human CD4 + CD25hi T-regulatory cells. Blood 2006;108(1):253–262. doi: 10.1182/blood-2005-11-4567.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flores-Borja F, Jury EC, Mauri C, Ehrenstein MR. Defects in CTLA-4 are associated with abnormal regulatory T cell function in rheumatoid arthritis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008;105(49):19396–19401. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0806855105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beebe AM, Cua DJ, de Waal Malefyt R. The role of interleukin-10 in autoimmune disease: systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and multiple sclerosis (MS). Prog Cryst Growth Charact Mater 1990;20:263–284.
   Google Scholar
• Hernández-Bello J, Oregón-Romero E, Vázquez-Villamar M, et al. Aberrant expression of interleukin-10 in rheumatoid arthritis: relationship with IL10 haplotypes and autoantibodies. Cytokine 2017;95:88–96. doi: 10.1016/j.cyto.2017.02.022.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dantas AT, Marques CDL, da Rocha Junior LF, et al. Increased serum interleukin-9 levels in rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus: pathogenic role or just an epiphenomenon? Dis Markers 2015;2015:519638. doi: 10.1155/2015/519638.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes-Austin JM, Deane KD, Derber LA, et al. Multiple cytokines and chemokines are associated with rheumatoid arthritis-related autoimmunity in first-degree relatives without rheumatoid arthritis: Studies of the Aetiology of Rheumatoid Arthritis (SERA). Ann Rheum Dis 2014;72:901–907. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-201505.
   Google Scholar
• Kundu-Raychaudhuri S, Abria C, Raychaudhuri SP. IL-9, a local growth factor for synovial T cells in inflammatory arthritis. Cytokine 2016;79:45–51. doi: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.12.020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciccia F, Guggino G, Rizzo A, et al. Potential involvement of IL-9 and Th9 cells in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2015;54:2264–2272. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/kev252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• López-Isac E, Martín J-E, Assassi S, et al. Brief report: IRF4 newly identified as a common susceptibility locus for systemic sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis in a cross-disease meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies. Arthritis Rheumatol 2016;68(9):2338–2344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwok SK, Cho ML, Park MK, et al. Interleukin-21 promotes osteoclastogenesis in humans with rheumatoid arthritis and in mice with collagen-induced arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2012;64(3):740–751. doi: 10.1002/art.33390.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Seidel HM, Lamb P, Rosen J. Pharmaceutical intervention in the JAK/STAT signaling pathway. Oncogene 2000;19(21):2645–2656. doi: 10.1038/sj.onc.1203550.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Sullivan LA, Liongue C, Lewis RS, et al. Cytokine receptor signaling through the Jak-Stat-Socs pathway in disease. Mol Immunol 2007;44(10):2497–2506. doi: 10.1016/j.molimm.2006.11.025.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz DM, Kanno Y, Villarino A, et al. JAK inhibition as a therapeutic strategy for immune and inflammatory diseases. Nat Rev Drug Disc 2017;16(12):843–862. doi: 10.1038/nrd.2017.201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meraz MA, White JM, Sheehan KC, et al. Targeted disruption of the Stat1 gene in mice reveals unexpected physiologic specificity in the JAK-STAT signaling pathway. Cell 1996;84(3):431–442. doi: 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81288-X.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Afkarian M, Sedy JR, Yang J, et al. T-bet is a STATI-induced regulator for IL-12R expression in naïve CD4+ T cells. Nat Immunol 2002;3(6):549–557. doi: 10.1038/ni794.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ivashkiv LB, Hu X. Signaling by STATs. Arthritis Res Ther 2004;6(4):159–168. doi: 10.1186/ar1197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yokota A, Narazaki M, Shima Y, et al. Preferential and persistent activation of the STAT1 pathway in rheumatoid synovial fluid cells. J Rheumatol 2001;28(9):1952–1959.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Pouw Kraan TC, van Gaalen FA, Kasperkovitz PV, et al. Rheumatoid arthritis is a heterogeneous disease: evidence for differences in the activation of the STAT-1 pathway between rheumatoid tissues. Arthritis Rheum 2003;48(8):2132–2145. doi: 10.1002/art.11096.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kasperkovitz PV, Verbeet NL, Smeets TJ, et al. Activation of the STAT1 pathway in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2004;63(3):233–239. doi: 10.1136/ard.2003.013276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Hooge AS, van de Loo FA, Koenders MI, et al. Local activation of STAT-1 and STAT-3 in the inflamed synovium during zymosan-induced arthritis: exacerbation of joint inflammation in STAT-1 gene-knockout mice. Arthritis Rheum 2004;50(6):2014–2023. doi: 10.1002/art.20302.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shi M, Lin TH, Appell KC, Berg LJ. Janus-kinase-3-dependent signals induce chromatin remodeling at the Ifng locus during T helper 1 cell differentiation. Immunity 2008;28(6):763–773. doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2008.04.016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishimoto N, Yoshizaki K, Miyasaka N, et al. Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with humanized anti-interleukin-6 receptor antibody: a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum 2004;50(6):1761–1769. doi: 10.1002/art.20303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy DE, Lee C. What does Stat3 do? J Clin Invest 2002;109(9):1143–1148. doi: 10.1172/JCI0215650.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rébé C, Végran F, Berger H, Ghiringhelli F. STAT3 activation: a key factor in tumor immunoescape. Landes Biosci 2013;2(1):e23010. doi: 10.4161/jkst.23010.
   Google Scholar
• Yang XO, Panopoulos AD, Nurieva R, et al. STAT3 regulates cytokine-mediated generation of inflammatory helper T cells. J Biol Chem 2007;282(13):9358–9363. doi: 10.1074/jbc.C600321200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stritesky GL, Muthukrishnan R, Sehra S, et al. The transcription factor STAT3 is required for T helper 2 cell development. Immunity 2011;34(1):39–49. doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2010.12.013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang F, Sengupta TK, Zhong Z, Ivashkiv LB. Regulation of the balance of cytokine production and the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) transcription factor activity by cytokines and inflammatory synovial fluids. J Exp Med 1995;182(6):1825–1831. doi: 10.1084/jem.182.6.1825.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ernst M, Inglese M, Waring P, et al. Defective gp130-mediated signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling results in degenerative joint disease, gastrointestinal ulceration, and failure of uterine implantation. J Exp Med 2001;194(2):189–203. doi: 10.1084/jem.194.2.189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shouda T, Yoshida T, Hanada T, et al. Induction of the cytokine signal regulator SOCS3/CIS3 as a therapeutic strategy for treating inflammatory arthritis. J Clin Invest 2001;108(12):1781–1788. doi: 10.1172/JCI13568.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laurence A, Tato CM, Davidson TS, et al. Interleukin-2 signaling via STAT5 constrains T helper 17 cell generation. Immunity 2007;26(3):371–381. doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2007.02.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owen DL, Farrar MA. STAT5 and CD4+ T cell immunity. F1000Res 2017;6:32. doi: 10.12688/f1000research.9838.1.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Frucht DM, Aringer M, Galon J, et al. Stat4 is expressed in activated peripheral blood monocytes, dendritic cells, and macrophages at sites of Th1-mediated inflammation. J Immunol 2000;164(9):4659–4664. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.9.4659.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan MH, Sun YL, Hoey T, Grusby MJ. Impaired IL-12 responses and enhanced development of Th2 cells in Stat4-deficient mice. Nature 1996;382(6587):174–177. doi: 10.1038/382174a0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan MH, Schindler U, Smiley ST, Grusby MJ. Stat6 is required for mediating responses to IL-4 and for the development of Th2 cells. Immunity 1996;4(3):313–319. doi: 10.1016/S1074-7613(00)80439-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee DU, Rao A. Molecular analysis of a locus control region in the T helper 2 cytokine gene cluster: a target for STAT6 but not GATA3. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004;101(45):16010–16015. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0407031101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finnegan A, Grusby MJ, Kaplan CD, et al. IL-4 and IL-12 regulate proteoglycan-induced arthritis through Stat-dependent mechanisms. J Immunol 2002;169(6):3345–3352. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.6.3345.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawalec P, Mikrut A, Winiewska N, Pilc A. The effectiveness of tofacitinib, a novel Janus kinase inhibitor, in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Rheumatol 2013;32(10):1415–1424. doi: 10.1007/s10067-013-2329-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fragoulis GE, McInnes IB, Siebert S. JAK-inhibitors. New players in the field of immune-mediated diseases, beyond rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2019;58(suppl 1):i43–i54. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/key276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malemud CJ. The role of the JAK/STAT signal pathway in rheumatoid arthritis. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis 2018;10(5–6):117–127. doi: 10.1177/1759720X18776224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mesa RA. Ruxolitinib, a selective JAK1 and JAK2 inhibitor for the treatment of myeloproliferative neoplasms and psoriasis. IDrugs 2010;13(6):394–403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gadina M. Janus kinases: an ideal target for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc 2013;16(1):S70–S72. doi: 10.1038/jidsymp.2013.29.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Van Vollenhoven RF. Small molecular compounds in development for rheumatoid arthritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2013;25(3):391–397. doi: 10.1097/BOR.0b013e32835fd828.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahajan S, Hogan JK, Shlyakhter D, et al. VX-509 (decernotinib) is a potent and selective janus kinase 3 inhibitor that attenuates inflammation in animal models of autoimmune disease. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015;353(2):405–414. doi: 10.1124/jpet.114.221176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanhoutte F, Mazur M, Voloshyn O, et al. Efficacy, safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of filgotinib, a selective JAK-1 inhibitor, after short-term treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: results of two randomized phase IIa trials. Arthritis Rheumatol 2017;69(10):1949–1959. doi: 10.1002/art.40186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Firestein GS. Evolving concepts of rheumatoid arthritis. Nature 2003;423(6937):356–361. doi: 10.1038/nature01661.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holló K, Glant TT, Garzó M, et al. Complex pattern of Th1 and Th2 activation with a preferential increase of autoreactive Th1 cells in BALB/c mice with proteoglycan (aggrecan)-induced arthritis. Clin Exp Immunol 2000;120(1):167–173. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2000.01174.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Roon JAG, Van Roy JLAM, Duits A, et al. Proinflammatory cytokine production and cartilage damage due to rheumatoid synovial T helper-1 activation is inhibited by interleukin-4. Ann Rheum Dis 1995;54(10):836–840. doi: 10.1136/ard.54.10.836.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Der Graaff WL, Prins APA, Dijkmans BAC, Van Lier RAW. Prognostic value of Th1/Th2 ratio in rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet 1998;351(9120):1931.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinblatt ME. Methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis: a quarter century of development. Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc 2013;124:16–25.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bastida C, Ruíz V, Pascal M, et al. Is there potential for therapeutic drug monitoring of biologic agents in rheumatoid arthritis? Br J Clin Pharmacol 2017;83(5):962–975. doi: 10.1111/bcp.13192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herman S, Zurgil N, Langevitz P, et al. Methotrexate selectively modulates TH1/TH2 balance in active rheumatoid arthritis patients. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2008;26:317–323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim CH, Chen HH, Chen YH, et al. The risk of tuberculosis disease in rheumatoid arthritis patients on biologics and targeted therapy: a 15-year real world experience in Taiwan. PLoS One 2017;12(6):e0178035. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178035.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yap HY, Tee SZ, Wong MM, et al. Pathogenic role of immune cells in rheumatoid arthritis: implications in clinical treatment and biomarker development. Cells 2018;7(10):E61. doi: 10.3390/cells7100161.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curtis JR, Singh JA. Use of biologics in rheumatoid arthritis: current and emerging paradigms of care. Clin Ther 2011;33(6):679–707. doi: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2011.05.044.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herman S, Zurgil N, Machlav S, et al. Distinct effects of anti-tumor necrosis factor combined therapy on TH1/TH2 balance in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2011;18(7):1077–1082. doi: 10.1128/CVI.00061-11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lina C, Conghua W, Nan L, Ping Z. Combined treatment of etanercept and MTX reverses Th1/Th2, Th17/Treg imbalance in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Clin Immunol 2011;31(4):596–605. doi: 10.1007/s10875-011-9542-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mok CC. Rituximab for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: an update. Drug Des Devel Ther 2013;8:87–100. doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S41645.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pham TNQ, Rahman P, Richardson VJ. Divergent effects of infliximab and anakinra therapies on macrophage phenotype from patients with refractory rheumatoid arthritis. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2010;23(2):491–501. doi: 10.1177/039463201002300211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haque M, Fino K, Lei F, et al. Utilizing regulatory T cells against rheumatoid arthritis. Front Oncol 2014;4:209. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00209.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang W, Shao S, Jiao Z, et al. The Th17/Treg imbalance and cytokine environment in peripheral blood of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatol Int 2012;32(4):887–893. doi: 10.1007/s00296-010-1710-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu X, Wang C, Luo J, et al. Combination with methotrexate and cyclophosphamide attenuated maturation of dendritic cells: inducing Treg skewing and Th17 suppression in vivo. Clin Dev Immunol 2013;2013:238035. doi: 10.1155/2013/238035.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Silva J, Mariz HA, Rocha LF Jr, et al. Hydroxychloroquine decreases Th17-related cytokines in systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis patients. Clinics 2013;68(6):766–771. doi: 10.6061/clinics/2013(06)07.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujimoto M, Serada S, Mihara M, et al. Interleukin-6 blockade suppresses autoimmune arthritis in mice by the inhibition of inflammatory Th17 responses. Arthritis Rheum 2008;58(12):3710–3719. doi: 10.1002/art.24126.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fischer JAA, Hueber AJ, Wilson S, et al. Combined inhibition of tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin-17 as a therapeutic opportunity in rheumatoid arthritis: development and characterization of a novel bispecific antibody. Arthritis Rheumatol 2015;67(1):51–62. doi: 10.1002/art.38896.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper S. Sarilumab for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Immunotherapy 2016;8(3):249–250. doi: 10.2217/imt.15.127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pieper J, Herrath J, Raghavan S, et al. CTLA4-Ig (abatacept) therapy modulates T cell effector functions in autoantibody-positive rheumatoid arthritis patients. BMC Immunol 2013;14:34. doi: 10.1186/1471-2172-14-34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Picchianti Diamanti A, Rosado MM, Scarsella M, et al. Abatacept (cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4-immunoglobulin) improves B cell function and regulatory T cell inhibitory capacity in rheumatoid arthritis patients non-responding to anti-tumour necrosis factor-α agents. Clin Exp Immunol 2014;177(3):630–640. doi: 10.1111/cei.12367.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Baarsen LGM, Lebre MC, van der Coelen D, et al. Heterogeneous expression pattern of interleukin 17A (IL-17A), IL-17F and their receptors in synovium of rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis and osteoarthritis: possible explanation for nonresponse to anti-IL-17 therapy? Arthritis Res Ther 2014;16(4):426. doi: 10.1186/s13075-014-0426-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelchtermans H, De Klerck B, Mitera T, et al. Defective CD4 + CD25+ regulatory T cell functioning in collagen-induced arthritis: an important factor in pathogenesis, counter-regulated by endogenous IFN. Arthritis Res Ther 2005;16(4):R402–R415. doi: 10.1186/ar1500.
   Google Scholar
• Page CE, Smale S, Carty SM, et al. Interferon-γ inhibits interleukin-1β-induced matrix metalloproteinase production by synovial fibroblasts and protects articular cartilage in early arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2010;12(2):R49. doi: 10.1186/ar2960.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan C, Valdez JC, Chandrasekaran R, et al. Th1 and Th2 cytokines regulate proteoglycan-specific autoantibody isotypes and arthritis. Arthritis Res 2002;4(1):54–58. doi: 10.1186/ar383.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Langrish CL, Chen Y, Blumenschein WM, et al. IL-23 drives a pathogenic T cell population that induces autoimmune inflammation. J Exp Med 2005;201(2):233–240. doi: 10.1084/jem.20041257.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lubberts E. The IL-23-IL-17 axis in inflammatory arthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2015;11(7):415–429. doi: 10.1038/nrrheum.2015.53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nistala K, Adams S, Cambrook H, et al. Th17 plasticity in human autoimmune arthritis is driven by the inflammatory environment. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010;107(33):14715–14756. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1003852107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bazzazi H, Aghaei M, Memarian A, et al. Th1-Th17 ratio as a new insight in rheumatoid arthritis disease. Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol 2018;17(1):68–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Komatsu N, Okamoto K, Sawa S, et al. Pathogenic conversion of Foxp3 + T cells into TH17 cells in autoimmune arthritis. Nat Med 2014;20(1):62–68. doi: 10.1038/nm.3432.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saito M. Pathogenic conversion of forkhead box protein 3-positive T cells into T helper 17 cells: is this also the case for multiple sclerosis? Clin Exp Neuroimmunol 2014;5(2):112–113. doi: 10.1111/cen3.12114.
   Google Scholar
• Wang T, Sun X, Zhao J, et al. Regulatory T cells in rheumatoid arthritis showed increased plasticity toward Th17 but retained suppressive function in peripheral blood. Ann Rheum Dis 2015;74(6):1293–1301. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-204228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schminke B, Trautmann S, Mai B, et al. Interleukin 17 inhibits progenitor cells in rheumatoid arthritis cartilage. Eur J Immunol 2016;46(2):440–445. doi: 10.1002/eji.201545910.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moran EM, Mullan R, McCormick J, et al. Human rheumatoid arthritis tissue production of IL-17A drives matrix and cartilage degradation: synergy with tumour necrosis factor-α, Oncostatin M and response to biologic therapies. Arthritis Res Ther 2009;11(4):R113. doi: 10.1186/ar2772.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kosmaczewska A, Ciszak L, Swierkot J, et al. Exogenous IL-2 controls the balance in Th1, Th17, and Treg cell distribution in patients with progressive rheumatoid arthritis treated with TNF-alpha inhibitors. Inflammation 2015;38(2):765–774. doi: 10.1007/s10753-014-9987-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joosten LAB, van De Loo FA, Lubberts E, et al. An IFN-gamma-independent proinflammatory role of IL-18 in murine streptococcal cell wall arthritis. J Immunol 2000;165(11):6553–6558. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.11.6553.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McInnes IB, Schett G. Cytokines in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Rev Immunol 2007;7(6):429–442. doi: 10.1038/nri2094.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu D, Cao T, Wang N, et al. IL-25 attenuates rheumatoid arthritis through suppression of Th17 immune responses in an IL-13-dependent manner. Sci Rep 2016;6:36002. doi: 10.1038/srep36002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajaiah R, Puttabyatappa M, Polumuri SK, Moudgil KD. Interleukin-27 and interferon-γ are involved in regulation of autoimmune arthritis. J Biol Chem 2011;286(4):2817–2825. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-56422-7_39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scher JU, Sczesnak A, Longman RS, et al. Expansion of intestinal Prevotella copri correlates with enhanced susceptibility to arthritis. Elife 2013;2:e01202. doi: 10.7554/eLife.01202.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khanna S, Jaiswal KS, Gupta B. Managing rheumatoid arthritis with dietary interventions. Front Nutr 2017;4:52. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2017.00052.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwok S-K, Park MK, Cho ML, et al. Retinoic acid attenuates rheumatoid inflammation in mice. J Immunol 2012;189(2):1062–1071. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102706.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piet van Hamburg J, Asmawidjaja PS, Davelaar N, et al. Vitamin D suppresses the pathogenic behaviour of primary Th17 cells from patients with early rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2011;70:A47. doi: 10.1136/ard.2010.148981.12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Hamburg JP, Asmawidjaja PS, Davelaar N, et al. TNF blockade requires 1,25(OH)2D3to control human Th17-mediated synovial inflammation. Ann Rheum Dis 2012;71(4):606–612. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2011-200424.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buckland J. Rheumatoid arthritis: control of TH17 cell activity in RA by a combination of vitamin D receptor signaling and TNF-blockade. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2012;8(3):124–124. doi: 10.1038/nrrheum.2012.3.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar