Calcium Antagonists and Renal Failure Progression

REFERENCES

• Brown MJ, Palmer CR, Castaigne A, de Leeuw PW, Mancia G, Rosenthal T, et al. Morbidity and mortality in patients randomised to double-blind treatment with a long-acting calcium-channel blocker or diuretic in the International Nifedipine GITS Study: Intervention as a Goal in Hypertension Treatment (INSIGHT). Lancet. 2000; 356: 366–372
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs. diuretic: The Antihypertensive and Lipid Lowering treatment to prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). JAMA 2002; 288: 2981–2997
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pepine CJ, Handberg EM, Cooper-DeHoff RM, Marks RG, Kowey P, Messerli FH, et al. A calcium antagonist versus a non-calcium antagonist hypertension treatment strategy for patients with coronary artery disease. The International Verapamil–Trandolapril Study (INVEST), a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2003; 290: 2805–2816
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staessen JA, Fagard R, Thijs L, Celis H, Arabidze GG, Birkenhager WH, et al. Randomised double-blind comparison of placebo and active treatment for older patients with isolated systolic hypertension. The Systolic Hypertension in Europe (Syst-Eur) Trial Investigators. Lancet. 1997; 350: 757–764
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansson L, Lindholm LH, Ekbom T, Dahlof B, Lanke J, Schersten B, et al. Randomised trial of old and new antihypertensive drugs in elderly patients: Cardiovascular mortality and morbidity the Swedish trial in old patients with hypertension-2 study. Lancet. 1999; 354: 1751–1756
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansson L, Hedner T, Lund-Johansen P, Kjeldsen SE, Lindholm LH, Syvertsen JO, et al. Randomised trial of effects of calcium antagonists compared with diuretics and beta-blockers on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertension: The Nordic Diltiazem (NORDIL) study. Lancet. 2000; 356: 359–365
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu L, Wang JG, Gong L, Liu G, Staessen JA. Comparison of active treatment and placebo in older Chinese patients with isolated systolic hypertension. J Hypertens. 1998; 16: 1823–1829
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gong L, Zhang W, Zhu Y, Zhu J, Kong D, Page V, et al. Shanghai trial of nifedipine in the elderly (STONE). J Hypertens. 1996; 14: 1237–1245
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meredith PA, Eliott HL. Dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers: Basic pharmacological similarities but fundamental therapeutic differences. J Hypertens. 2004; 22: 1641–1648
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herbette LG, Gaviraghi G, Tulenko T, Mason RP. Molecular interaction between lacidipine and biological membranes. J Hypertens Suppl. 1993; 11: S13–S19
   Google Scholar
• Klag MJ, Whelton PK, Randall BL, Neaton JD, Brancati FL, Ford CE, Shulman NB, Stamler J. Blood pressure and end-stage renal disease in men. N Engl J Med. 1996; 334: 13–18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruilope LM, Campo C, Rodriguez-Artalejo F, Lahera V, Garcia-Robles R, Rodicio JL. Blood pressure and renal function: Therapeutic implications. J Hypertens. 1996; 14: 1259–1263
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mandhavan S, Stockwell D, Cohen H, Alderman MH. Renal function during antihypertensive treatment. Lancet. 1995; 345: 749–751
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sweeney C, Shultz P, Raij L. Interactions of the endothelium and mesangium in glomerular injury. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1990; 1: S13–S20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raij L, Keane W. Glomerular mesangium: Its function and relationship to angiotensin II. Am J Med. 1985; 79(Suppl. 36)24–30
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sugiura T, Imai E, Moriyama T, Horio M, Hori M. Calcium channel blockers inhibit proliferation and matrix production in rat mesangial cells: Possible mechanism of suppression of AP-1 and CREB activities. Nephron. 2000; 85: 71–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ono T, Liu N, Kusano H, Nogaki F, Makino T, Muso E, Sasayama S. Broad antiproliferative effects of benidipine on cultured human mesangial cells in cell cycle phases. Am J Nephrol. 2002; 22: 581–586
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roth M, Keul R, Emmons LR, Horl WH, Block LH. Manidipine regulates the transcription of cytokine genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1992; 89: 4071–4075
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayashi M, Yamaji Y, Nakazato Y, Saruta T. The effects of calcium channel blockers on nuclear factor kappa B activation in the mesangial cells. Hypertens Res. 2000; 23: 521–525
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fukuo K, Yang J, Yasuda O, Mogi M, Suhara T, Sato N, Suzuki T, Morimoto S, Ogihara T. Nifedipine indirectly upregulates superoxide dismutase expression in endothelial cells via vascular smooth muscle cell-dependent pathways. Circulation. 2002; 106: 356–361
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen L, Haught WH, Yang B, Saldeen TG, Parathasarathy S, Mehta JL. Preservation of endogenous antioxidant activity and inhibition of lipid peroxidation as common mechanisms of anti-atherosclerotic effects of vitamin E, lovastatin and amlodipine. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997; 30: 569–575
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lander HR. An essential role for free radicals and derived species in signal transduction. FASEB J. 1997; 11: 118–124
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Amsterdam FTM, Roveri A, Maiorino M, Ratti E, Ursini F. Lacidipine: A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with antioxidant activity. Free Rad Biol Med. 1992; 12: 183–187
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cominacini L, Garbin U, Fratta Pasini A, Paulon T, Davoli A, Campagnola M, et al. Lacidipine inhibits the activation of the transcription factor Nf-kappaB and the expression of adhesion molecules induced by pro-oxidant signals on endothelial cells. J Hypertens. 1997; 15: 1633–1639
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epstein M. Calcium antagonists and renal protection: Emerging perspectives. J Hypertens. 1998; 18(Suppl. 4)S17–S25
   Google Scholar
• Brooks DP. Endothelin: The ‘prime suspect’ in kidney disease. News Physiol Sci. 1997; 12: 83–89
   Google Scholar
• Fujita K, Matsumura Y, Miyazaki Y, Hashimoto N, Takaoka M, Morimoto S. ETA receptor-mediated role of endothelin in the kidney of DOCA-salt hypertensive rats. Life Sci. 1995; 58: PL1–PL7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hocher B, Rohmeiss P, Zart R, Diekmann F, Vogt V, Metz D, et al. Function and expression of endothelin receptor subtypes in the kidneys of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Cardiovasc Res. 1996; 31: 499–510
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurbanov K, Rubinstein I, Hoffman A, Abassi Z, Better OS, Winaver J. Differential regulation of renal regional blood flow by endothelin-1. Am J Physiol. 1996; 271: F1166–F1172
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsuchiya K, Naruse M, Sanaka T, Naruse K, Nitta K, Demura H, Sugino N. Effects of endothelin on renal regional blood flow in dogs. Eur J Pharmacol. 1989; 166: 541–543
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cowley AW, Jr. Role of the renal medulla in volume and arterial pressure regulation. Am J Physiol. 1997; 273: R1–R15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergström G, Evans RG. Effects of renal medullary infusion of a vasopressin V1 agonist on renal antihypertensive mechanisms in rabbits. Am J Physiol. 1998; 275: R76–R85
   Google Scholar
• Lerman A, Edwards BS, Hallett JW, Heublein DM, Sandberg SM, Burnett JC. Circulating and tissue endothelin immunoreactivity in advanced atherosclerosis. N Engl J Med. 1991; 325: 997–1001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiffrin EL, Thibault G. Plasma endothelin in human essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 1991; 4: 303–308
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reams GP, Bauer JH. Acute and chronic effects of calcium antagonists on the essential hypertensive kidney. Calcium Antagonists and the Kidney, M Epstein, R Loutzenhiser. Hanley & Belfus, Philadelphia 1990; 247–256
   Google Scholar
• Kon V, Fogo A, Ichikawa I. Bradykinin causes selective efferent arteriolar dilation during angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibition. Kidney Int. 1993; 44: 545–550
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ichikawa I. Will angiotensin II receptor antagonists be renoprotective in humans?. Kidney Int. 1996; 50: 684–692
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carmines PK, Navar LG. Disparate effects of Ca channel blockers on afferent and efferent arteriolar responses to ANG II. Am J Physiol. 1989; 256: F1015–F1020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loutzenhiser R, Epstein M. Renal hemodynamic effects of calcium antagonists. Calcium Antagonists and the Kidney, M Epstein, R Loutzenhiser. Hanley & Belfus, Philadelphia 1990; 33–74
   Google Scholar
• Fleming JT, Parekh N, Steinhausen M. Calcium antagonists preferentially dilate preglomerular vessels of hydronephrotic kidney. Am J Physiol. 1987; 253: F1157–F1163
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dworkin LD. Effects of calcium channel blockers on glomerular injury on experimental glomerular injury. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1990; 1: S21–S27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanno Y, Suzuki H, Okada H, Saruta T. Renal protective effects of amlodipine on partially nephrectomized spontaneously hypertensive rats fed a high-salt diet. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1994; 23: 480–484
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagahama T, Hayashi K, Fujiwara K, Ozawa Y, Saruta T. Characterization of the renal action of pranidipine in the rat. Arzneimittel-Forsch. 2000; 50: 248–253
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson S. Renal hemodynamic effects of calcium antagonists in rats with reduced renal mass. Hypertension. 1991; 17: 288–295
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bidani AK, Schwartz MM, Lewis EJ. Renal autoregulation and vulnerability to hypertensive injury in remnant kidney. Am J Physiol. 1987; 252: F1003–F1010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffin KA, Picken M, Bidani AK. Method of renal mass reduction is a critical determinant of subsequent hypertension and glomerular injury. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1994; 4: 2023–2031
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffin KA, Picken MM, Bidani AK. Deleterious effects of calcium channel blockers on pressures transmission and glomerular injury in rat remnant kidneys. J Clin Invest. 1995; 96: 793–800
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffin KA, Picken MM, Bakris GL, Bidani AK. Class differences in the effects of calcium channel blockers in the rat remnant kidney model. Kidney Int. 1999; 55: 1849–1860
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heller J, Horacek V. The effect of two different calcium antagonists on the glomerular haemodynamics in dogs. Eur J Physiol. 1990; 415: 751–755
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dietz JR, Davis JO, Freeman RH, Villarreal D, Echtenkamp SF. Effects of intrarenal infusion of calcium entry blockers in anesthetized dogs. Hypertension. 1983; 5: 482–488
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abe Y, Komori T, Miura K, Takada T, Imanishi M, Okahara T, Yamamoto K. Effects of the calcium antagonist nicardipine on renal function and renin release in dogs. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1983; 5: 254–259
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roy M, Guthrie GP, Holladay FP, Kotchen TA. Effects of verapamil on renin and aldosterone in the dog and rat. Am J Physiol. 1983; 245: E410–E416
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smith SA, Rafiqi EI, Gardener EG, Young MA, Little WA. Renal effects of nicardipine in essential hypertension: Differences between acute and chronic therapy. J Hypertens. 1987; 5: 693–697
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johns EJ. The influence of diltiazem and nifedipine on renal function in the rat. Br J Pharmacol. 1985; 84: 707–713
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimura G, Deguchi F, Kojima S, Ashida T, Yoshimi H, Abe H, Kawano Y, Yoshida K, Kawamura M, Imanishi M. Effect of a calciumentry blocker, nicardipine, on intrarenal hemodynamics in essential hypertension. Am J Kidney Dis. 1991; 18: 47–54
   Google Scholar
• Arima S, Ito S, Omata K, Tsunoda K, Yaoita H, Abe K. Diverse effects of calcium antagonists on glomerular hemodynamics. Kidney Int. 1996; 55(Suppl)S132–S134
   Google Scholar
• Hayashi K, Ozawa Y, Fujiwara K, Wakino S, Kumagai H, Saruta T. Role of actions of calcium antagonists on efferent arterioles—with special references to glomerular hypertension. Am J Nephrol. 2003; 23: 229–244
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takabatake T, Ohta H, Sasaki T, Satoh S, Ohta K, Ise T, Kobayashi K. Renal effects of manidipine hydrochloride: A new calcium antagonist in hypertensive patients. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1993; 45: 321–325
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allison N, Dubb J, Alexander P, Bodenheimer S, Familiar R, Blumberg A, Stote R. Effect of nilvadipine on renal function in normal man (abstract). Fed Proc. 1985; 44: 1638
   Google Scholar
• Yokoyama T, Masuda Y, Sakai T, Tanaka S, Tomita K. Effects of NZ-105, a new calcium antagonist, on renal function in anesthetized spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1992; 19: 851–856
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tojo A, Kimura K, Matsuoka H, Sugimoto T. Effects of manidipine hydrochloride on the renal microcirculation in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1992; 20: 895–899
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arima S, Ito S, Omata K, Tsunoda K, Yaoita H, Abe K. Diverse effects of calcium antagonists on glomerular hemodynamics. Kidney Int. 1996; 55(Suppl)S132–S134
   Google Scholar
• Morikawa T, Okumura M, Konishi Y, Okada N, Imanishi M. Effects of benidipine on glomerular hemodynamics and proteinuria in patients with nondiabetic nephropathy. Hypertens Res. 2002; 25: 571–576
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayashi K, Nagahama T, Oka K, Epstein M, Saruta T. Disparate effects of calcium antagonists on renal microcirculation. Hypertens Res. 1996; 19: 31–36
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Saruta T, Kanno Y, Hayashi K, Konishi K. Antihypertensive agents and renal protection: Calcium channel blockers. Kidney Int. 1996; 55(Suppl. 49)S52–S56
   Google Scholar
• Ozawa Y, Hayashi K, Nagahama T, Fujiwara K, Wakino S, Saruta T. Renal afferent and efferent arteriolar dilation by nilvadipine: Studies in the isolated perfused hydronephrotic kidney. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1999; 33: 243–247
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozawa Y, Hayashi K, Nagahama T, Fujiwara K, Saruta T. Effect of T-type selective calcium antagonist on renal microcirculation: Studies in the isolated perfused hydronephrotic kidney. Hypertension. 2001; 38: 343–347
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabbatini M, Leonardi A, Testa R, Vitaioli L, Amenta F. Effect of calcium antagonists on glomerular arterioles in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hypertension. 2000; 35: 775–779
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozawa Y, Hayashi K, Oka K, Nagahama T, Saruta T. Divergent action of calcium antagonists on the efferent arteriole (abstract). J Hypertens. 1998; 16(Suppl. 2)S27
   Google Scholar
• Hansen PB, Jensen BL, Andreasen D, Skøtt O. Differential expression of T- and L-type voltage- dependent calcium channels in renal resistance vessels. Circ Res. 2001; 89: 630–638
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakamura Y, Ono H, Frohlich ED. Differential effects of T- and L-type calcium antagonists on glomerular dynamics in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hypertension. 1999; 34: 273–278
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masumiya H, Tanaka Y, Tanaka H, Shigenobu K. Inhibition of T-type and L- and T- type Ca2+ currents by aranidipine, a novel dihydropyridine Ca2+ antagonist. Pharmacology. 2000; 61: 57–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masumiya H, Shijuku T, Tanaka H, Shigenobu K. Inhibition of myocardial L- and T-type Ca2+ currents by efonidipine: Possible mechanism for chronotropic effect. Eur J Pharmacol. 1998; 349: 351–357
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagahama T, Hayashi K, Ozawa Y, Takenaka T, Saruta T. Role of protein kinase C in angiotensin II-induced constriction of renal microvasculature. Kidney Int. 2000; 57: 215–223
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner C, Krämer KB, Hinder M, Kieninger M, Kurtz A. T-type and L-type calcium channel blockers exert opposite effects on rennin secretion and renin gene expression in conscious rats. Br J Pharmacol. 1998; 124: 579–585
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris DC, Hammond WS, Burke TJ, Schrier RW. Verapamil protects against progression of experimental chronic renal disease. Kidney Int. 1987; 31: 41–46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dworkin LD, Feiner HD, Parker M, Tolbert E. Effects of nifedipine and enalapril on glomerular structure and function in uninephrectomized SHR. Kidney Int. 1991; 9: 1112–1117
   Google Scholar
• Griffin KA, Picken MM, Bakris GL, Bidani AK. Class differences in the effects of calcium channel blockers in the rat remnant kidney model. Kidney Int. 1999; 55: 1849–1860
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wenzel UO, Troschau G, Schoeppe W, Helmchen U, Schwietzer G. Adverse effect of the calcium channel blocker nitrendipine on nephrosclerosis in rats with renovascular hypertension. Hypertension. 1992; 20: 233–241
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pelayo JC, Westoo JY. Impaired autoregulation of glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure in the rat remnant nephron. J Clin Invest. 1991; 88: 101–105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarif N, Bakris GL. Preservation of renal function: The spectrum of effects by calcium-channel blockers. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1997; 12: 2244–2250
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takakura S, Furuichi Y, Yamamoto T, Ogawa T, Satoh H, Mori J. Effects of nilvadipine on the development of neurological deficits in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Stroke. 1994; 25: 677–682
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shudo C, Masuda Y, Sugita H, Tamura T, Furukawa S, Hayashi K, Hirata H, et al. Effects of efonidipine, nicardipine and captopril on proteinuria in aged spontaneously hypertensive rats. Arzneimittel-Forsch. 1996; 46: 852–854
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujimaki M, Nagase M, Uchida S. Long-term effect of manidipine on renal function and structure in uninephrectomized spontaneously hypertensive rats. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 1997; 24: 506–512
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schnack C, Capek M, Banyai M, Kautzky-Willer A, Prager R, Schernthaner G. Long-term treatment with nifedipine reduces urinary albumin excretion and glomerular filtration rate in normotensive type 1 diabetic patients with microalbuminuria. Acta Diabetol. 1994; 31: 14–18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voyaki SM, Staessen JA, Thijs L, Wang JG, Efstratopoulos AD, Birkenhäger WH, et al. Follow-up of renal function in treated and untreated older patients with isolated systolic hypertension. J Hypertens. 2001; 19: 511–519
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Intervention Cooperative Study in Elderly Hypertensives Study Group. Randomized double-blind comparison of a calcium antagonist and a diuretic in elderly hypertensives. Hypertension. 1999; 34: 1129–1133
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown MJ, Palmer CR, Castaigne A, de Leeuw PW, Mancia G, Rosenthal T, et al. Morbidity and mortality in patients randomised to double-blind treatment with a long-acting calcium-channel blocker or diuretic in the International Nifedipine GITS Study: Intervention as a Goal in Hypertension Treatment (INSIGHT). Lancet. 2000; 356: 366–372
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs. diuretic: The Antihypertensive and Lipid Lowering treatment to prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). JAMA. 2002; 288: 2981–2997
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakris GL, Mangrum A, Copley JB, Vicknair N, Sadler R. Effect of calcium channel or ß-blockade on the progression of diabetic nephropathy in African Americans. Hypertension. 1997; 29: 744–750
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakris GL, Weir RM, DeQuattro V, McMahon FG. Effects of an ACE inhibitor/calcium antagonist combination on proteinuria in diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int. 1998; 54: 1283–1289
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubio-Guerra AF, Arceo-Navarro A, Vargas-Ayala G, Rodriguez-Lopez L, Lozano-Nuevo JJ, Gomez-Harper CT. The effect of trandolapril and its fixed-dose combination with verapamil on proteinuria in normotensive adults with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2004; 27: 1688–1691
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruggenenti P, Fassi A, Ilieva AP, Bruno S, Iliev IP, Brusegan V, et al. Preventing microalbuminuria in Type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2004; 351: 1941–1951
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The PROCOPA Study Group. Dissociation between blood pressure reduction and fall in proteinuria in primary renal disease: A randomized doubleblind trial. J Hypertens. 2002; 20: 729–737
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandez R, Garcia Puig J, Rodriguez Perez JC, Garrido J, Redon J, on behalf of the TRAVEND Study Group. Effect of two antihypertensive combinations on metabolic control in type-2 diabetic hypertensive patients with albuminuria. A randomized, double-blind study. J Human Hypertens. 2001; 15: 849–856
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boero R, Rollino C, Massara C, Berto IM, Perosa P, Vagelli G, et al. The verapamil versus amlodipine in nondiabetic nephropathies treated with trandolapril (VVANNTT) study. Am J Kidney Dis. 2003; 42: 67–75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bitar R, Flores O, Reverte M, Lopez-Novoa JM, Macias JF. Beneficial effect of verapamil added to chronic ACE inhibitor treatment on renal function in hypertensive elderly patients. Int Urol Nephrol. 2000; 32(2)165–169
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Macias JF, Fernandez R, Calvo C, Grande J, Herrera J, Bustamente J, et al. Verapamil reverts acute renal impairment induced by angiotensin II converting enzyme inhibitors. Ren Fail. 2003; 25: 727–737
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agodoa LY, Appel L, Bakris GL, Beck G, Bourgoignie J, Brigs JP, et al. Effect of ramipril vs amlodipine on renal outcomes in hypertensive nephrosclerosis: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2001; 285: 2719–2728
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marin R, Ruilope LM, Aljama P, Aranda P, Segura J, Diez J, on behalf of the investigators of the ESPIRAL Study. A random comparison of fosinopril and nifedipine GITS in patients with primary renal disease. J Hypertens. 2001; 19: 1871–1876
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baba S, J-MIND Study Group. Nifedipine and enalapril equally reduce the progression of nephropathy in hypertensive type 2 diabetics. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. Dec, 2001; 54(3)191–201
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herlitz H, Harris K, Risler T, Bonner G, Bernheim J, Channard J, et al. The effect of an ACE inhibitor and a calcium antagonist in the progression of renal disease: The Nephros Study. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2001; 16: 2158–2165
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shigihara T, Sato A, Hayashi K, Saruta T. Effect of combination therapy of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor plus calcium channel blocker on urinary albumin excretion in hypertensive microalbuminuric patients with type II diabetes. Hypertens Res. 2000; 23: 219–226
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fogari R, Preti P, Zoppi A, Rinaldi A, Corradi L, Pasotti C, Poletti L, et al. Effects of amlodipine fosinopril combination on microalbuminuria in hypertensive type 2 diabetic patients. Am J Hypertens. 2002; 15: 1042–1049
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruggenenti P, Perna A, Loriga G, Ganeva M, Ene-Iordache B, Turturro M, et al. Blood pressure control for renoprotection in patients with non-diabetic chronic renal disease (REIN-2): Multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2005; 365: 939–946
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellinghieri G, Mazzaglia G, Savica V, Santoro D. Effects of manidipine and nifedipine on blood pressure and renal function in patients with chronic renal failure: A multicenter randomized controlled trial. Ren Fail. 2003; 25: 681–689
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fogari R, Mugellini A, Zoppi A, Lazzari P, Destro M, Rinaldi A, et al. Effect of successful hypertension control by manidipine or lisinopril on albuminuria and left ventricular mass in diabetic hypertensive patients with microalbuminuria. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2005; 61: 483–490
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Del Vecchio L, Pozzi M, Salvetti A, Maschio G, Fusaroli M, Rovati C, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of manidipine in the treatment of hypertension in patients with non-diabetic chronic kidney disease without glomerular disease. Prospective, randomized, double-blind study of parallel groups in comparison with enalapril. J Nephrol. 2004; 17: 261–269
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalla Vestra M, Pozza G, Mosca A, Grazioli V, Lapolla A, Fioretto P, et al. Effect of lercanidipine compared with ramipril on albumin excretion rate in hypertensive type II diabetic patients with microalbuminuria: DIAL Study (diabete, ipertensione, albuminuria, lercanidipina). Diab Nutr Metab. 2004; 17: 259–266
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Robles NR, Ocon J, Gomez Campderá F, Manjon M, Pastor L, Herrera J, et al. Lercanidipine in chronic renal failure patients: The ZAFRA Study. Ren Fail. 2005; 27: 73–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar