HIV/AIDS-related hyponatremia: an old but still serious problem

References

• Tang WW, Kaptein EM, Feinstein EI, et al. Hyponatremia in hospitalized patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and the AIDS-related complex. Am J Med. 1993;94:169–174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun MM, Barstow CH, Pyzocha NJ. Diagnosis and management of sodium disorders: hyponatremia and hypernatremia. Am Fam Physician. 2015;91:299–307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liamis G, Milionis HJ, Elisaf M. Hyponatremia in patients with infectious diseases. J Infect. 2011;63:327–335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu L, Ye H, Huang F, et al. Moderate/severe hyponatremia increases the risk of death among hospitalized Chinese human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients. PLoS One. 2014;9:e111077.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Indira P, Kumar PM, Shalini S, et al. Opportunistic infections among people living with HIV (PLHIV) with diabetes mellitus (DM) attending a Tertiary Care Hospital in coastal city of South India. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0136280.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dixon BS, Anderson RJ. Pneumonia and the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion: don’t pour water on the fire. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1988;138:512–513.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Benson H, Akbarian M, Adler LN, et al. Hemodynamic effects of pneumonia. I. normal and hypodynamic responses. J Clin Invest. 1970;49:791–798.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller AC. Hyponatraemia in Legionnaires’ disease. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1982;284:558–559.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Farber MO, Roberts LR, Weinberger MH, et al. Abnormalities of sodium and H2O handling in chronic obstructive lung disease. Arch Intern Med. 1982;142:1326–1330.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reihman DH, Farber MO, Weinberger MH, et al. Effect of hypoxemia on sodium and water excretion in chronic obstructive lung disease. Am J Med. 1985;78:87–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrigan MR. Cerebral salt wasting syndrome. Crit Care Clin. 2001;17:125–138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Genot S, Franck J, Forel JM, et al. Severe Toxoplasma gondii I/III recombinant-genotype encephalitis in a human immunodeficiency virus patient. J Clin Microbiol. 2007;45:3138–3140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz WB, Bennett W, Curelop S, et al. A syndrome of renal sodium loss and hyponatremia probably resulting from inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone. Am J Med. 1957;23:529–542.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murthy JM. Management of intracranial pressure in tuberculous meningitis. Neurocrit Care. 2005;2:306–312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liborio AB, Silva GB Jr, Silva CG, et al. Hyponatremia, acute kidney injury and mortality in HIV-related toxoplasmic encephalitis. Braz J Infect Dis. 2012;16:558–563.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters JP, Welt LG, Sims EA, et al. A salt-wasting syndrome associated with cerebral disease. Trans Assoc Am Physicians. 1950;63:57–64.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rapoport S, West CD, Brodsky WA. Salt losing conditions; the renal defect in tuberculous meningitis. J Lab Clin Med. 1951;37:550–561.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cort JH. Cerebral salt wasting. Lancet. 1954;266:752–754.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sterns RH, Silver SM. Cerebral salt wasting versus SIADH: what difference? J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008;19:194–196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson PB, Seif SM, Maroon JC, et al. Hyponatremia in intracranial disease: perhaps not the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). J Neurosurg. 1981;55:938–941.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ti LK, Kang SC, Cheong KF. Acute hyponatraemia secondary to cerebral salt wasting syndrome in a patient with tuberculous meningitis. Anaesth Intensive Care. 1998;26:420–423.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berendes E, Walter M, Cullen P, et al. Secretion of brain natriuretic peptide in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Lancet. 1997;349:245–249.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narotam PK, Kemp M, Buck R, et al. Hyponatremic natriuretic syndrome in tuberculous meningitis: the probable role of atrial natriuretic peptide. Neurosurgery. 1994;34:982–988.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmer BF. Hyponatraemia in a neurosurgical patient: syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion versus cerebral salt wasting. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2000;15:262–268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maesaka JK, Gupta S, Fishbane S. Cerebral salt-wasting syndrome: does it exist? Nephron. 1999;82:100–109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oh JY, Shin JI. Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion and cerebral/renal salt wasting syndrome: similarities and differences. Front Pediatr. 2014;2:146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George MM, Bhangoo A. Human immune deficiency virus (HIV) infection and the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2013;14:105–112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tapper ML, Rotterdam HZ, Lerner CW, et al. Adrenal necrosis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med. 1984;100:239–241.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodrigues D, Reis M, Teixeira V, et al. Pathologic findings in the adrenal glands of autopsied patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Pathol Res Pract. 2002;198:25–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dluhy RG. The growing spectrum of HIV-related endocrine abnormalities. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1990;70:563–565.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaaf MJ, Cidlowski JA. Molecular mechanisms of glucocorticoid action and resistance. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2002;83:37–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicholson L, Evans CA, Matheson E, et al. Quantitative proteomic analysis reveals maturation as a mechanism underlying glucocorticoid resistance in B lineage ALL and re-sensitization by JNK inhibition. Br J Haematol. 2015;171:595–605.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall CP, Reynolds CP, Kang MH. Modulation of glucocorticoid resistance in pediatric T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia by increasing BIM expression with the PI3K/mTOR inhibitor BEZ235. Clin Cancer Res. 2016;22:621–632.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tung S, Shi Y, Wong K, et al. PPARalpha and fatty acid oxidation mediate glucocorticoid resistance in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood. 2013;122:969–980.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jinno S, Chang S, Jacobs MR. Coccidioides thyroiditis in an HIV-infected patient. J Clin Microbiol. 2012;50:2535–2537.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zavascki AP, Maia AL, Goldani LZ. Pneumocystis jiroveci thyroiditis: report of 15 cases in the literature. Mycoses. 2007;50:443–446.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiertiburanakul S, Sungkanuparph S, Malathum K, et al. Concomitant tuberculous and cryptococcal thyroid abscess in a human immunodeficiency virus-infected patient. Scand J Infect Dis. 2003;35:68–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirschfeld S, Laue L, Cutler GB Jr, et al. Thyroid abnormalities in children infected with human immunodeficiency virus. J Pediatr. 1996;128:70–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiller LR. Secretory diarrhea. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 1999;1:389–397.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sharpstone D, Neild P, Crane R, et al. Small intestinal transit, absorption and permeability in patients with AIDS with and without diarrhoea. Gut. 1999;45:70–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shu Z, Ma J, Tuerhong D, et al. How intestinal bacteria can promote HIV replication. AIDS Rev. 2013;15:32–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menon MC, Garcha AS, Khanna A. The management of hyponatremia in HIV disease. J Nephrol. 2013;26:61–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroll M, Juhler M, Lindholm J. Hyponatraemia in acute brain disease. J Intern Med. 1992;232:291–297.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camous L, Valin N, Zaragoza JL, et al. Hyponatraemic syndrome in a patient with tuberculosis–always the adrenals? Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2008;23:393–395.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berl T. The Adrogue-Madias formula revisited. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;2:1098–1099.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elhassan EA, Schrier RW. The use of vasopressin receptor antagonists in hyponatremia. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2011;20:373–380.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakarcan A, Bocchini J Jr. The role of fludrocortisone in a child with cerebral salt wasting. Pediatr Nephrol. 1998;12:769–771.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Touzot M, Beller CL, Touzot F, et al. Dramatic interaction between levothyroxine and lopinavir/ritonavir in a HIV-infected patient. Aids. 2006;20:1210–1212.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lanzafame M, Trevenzoli M, Faggian F, et al. Interaction between levothyroxine and indinavir in a patient with HIV infection. Infection. 2002;30:54–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garber JR, Cobin RH, Gharib H, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for hypothyroidism in adults: cosponsored by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and the American Thyroid Association. Thyroid. 2012;22:1200–1235.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar