Management of staghorn renal stones

References

• Healy KA, Ogan K. Pathophysiology and management of infectious staghorn calculi. Urol Clin North Am. 2007;34:363–374.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preminger GM, Assimos DG, Lingeman JE, et al. Chapter 1: AUA guideline on management of staghorn calculi: diagnosis and treatment recommendations. J Urol. 2005;173:1991–2000.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rieu P. [Infective lithiasis]. Ann Urol (Paris). 2005;39:16–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson CM, Wilson DM, O’Fallon WM, et al. Renal stone epidemiology: a 25 year study in Rochester, Minnesota. Kidney Int. 1979;16:624–631.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hiatt RA, Dales LG, Friedman GD, et al. Frequency of urolithiasis in a prepaid medical care program. Am J Epidemiol. 1982;115:255–265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vargas AD, Bragin SD, Mendez R. Staghorn calculis: its clinical presentation, complications and management. J Urol. 1982;127:860–862.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teichman JMH, Long RD, Hulbert JC. Long-term renal fate and prognosis after staghorn calculus management. J Urol. 1995;153:1403–1407.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buchholz NP, Abbas F, Afzal M, et al. The prevalence of silent kidney stones-an ultrasonographic screening study. J Pak Med Assoc. 2003;53:24–25.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Resnick MI, Boyce WH. Bilateral staghorn calculi-patient evaluation and management. J Urol. 1980;123:338–341.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viprakasit DP, Sawyer MD, Herrell SD, et al. Changing composition of staghorn calculi. J Urol. 2011;186:2285–2290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heimbach D, Jacobs D, Muller SC, et al. Chemolitholysis and lithotripsy of infectious urinary stones – an in vitro study. Urol Int. 2002;69:212–218.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blandy JP, Singh M. The case for a more aggressive approach to staghorn stones. J Urol. 1976;115:505–506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koga S, Arakaki Y, Matsuoka M, et al. Staghorn calculi-long-term results of management. Br J Urol. 1991;68:122–124.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hesse A, Heimbach D. Causes of phosphate stone formation and the importance of metaphylaxis by urinary acidification: a review. World J Urol. 1999;17:308–315.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bichler KH, Eipper E, Naber K, et al. Urinary infection stones. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2002;19:488–498.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gettman MT, Segura JW. Struvite stones: diagnosis and current treatment concepts. J Endourol. 1999;13:653–658.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parks JH, Worcester EM, Coe FL, et al. Clinical implications of abundant calcium phosphate in routinely analyzed kidney stones. Kidney Int. 2004;66:777–785.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abate N, Chandalia M, Cabo-Chan AV Jr, et al. The metabolic syndrome and uric acid nephrolithiasis: novel features of renal manifestation of insulin resistance. Kidney Int. 2004;65:386–392.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kristensen C, Parks JH, Lindheimer M, et al. Reduced glomerular filtration rate and hypercalciuria in primary struvite nephrolithiasis. Kidney Int. 1987;32:749–753.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Segura JW. Staghorn calculi. Urol Clin North Am. 1997;24:71–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deutsch PG, Subramonian K. Conservative management of staghorn calculi: a single-centre experience. BJU Int. 2016;118:444–450.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Türk C, Knoll T, Petrik A, et al. EAU Guidelines on Urolithiasis. Arnhem: European Association of Urology; 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Clayman RV, Surya V, Miller RP, et al. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy. An approach to branched and staghorn renal calculi. JAMA. 1983;250:73–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chibber PJ. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy for large and staghorn calculi. J Endourol. 1993;7:293–295.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meretyk S, Gofrit ON, Gafni O, et al. Complete staghorn calculi: random prospective comparison between extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy monotherapy and combined with percutaneous nephrostolithotomy. J Urol. 1997;157:780–786.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desai M, Sun Y, Buchholz N, et al. Treatment selection for urolithiasis: percutaneous nephrolithotomy, ureteroscopy, shock wave lithotripsy, and active monitoring. World J Urol. 2017;35:1395–1397.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Kohlany KM, Shokeir AA, Mosbah A, et al. Treatment of complete staghorn stones: a prospective randomized comparison of open surgery versus percutaneous nephrolithotomy. J Urol. 2005;173:469–473.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong C, Leveillee RJ. Single upper-pole percutaneous access for treatment of > or =5-cm complex branched staghorn calculi: is shockwave lithotripsy necessary? J Endourol. 2002;16:477–481.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aron M, Yadav R, Goel R, et al. Multi-tract percutaneous nephrolithotomy for large complete staghorn calculi. Urol Int. 2005;75:327–332.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao Z, Cui Z, Zeng T, et al. Comparison of 1-stage with 2-stage multiple-tracts mini-percutaneous nephrolithotomy for the treatment of staghorn stones: a matched cohorts analysis. Urology. 2016;87:46–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeng G, Zhao Z, Wan S, et al. Minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy for simple and complex renal caliceal stones: a comparative analysis of more than 10,000 cases. J Endourol. 2013;27:1203–1208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Nahas AR, Elshal AM, El-Tabey NA, et al. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy for staghorn stones: a randomised trial comparing high-power holmium laser versus ultrasonic lithotripsy. BJU Int. 2016;118:307–312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marguet CG, Springhart WP, Tan YH, et al. Simultaneous combined use of flexible ureteroscopy and percutaneous nephrolithotomy to reduce the number of access tracts in the management of complex renal calculi. BJU Int. 2005;96:1097–1100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landman J, Venkatesh R, Lee DI, et al. Combined percutaneous and retrograde approach to staghorn calculi with application of the ureteral access sheath to facilitate percutaneous nephrolithotomy. J Urol. 2003;169:64–67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gleeson MJ, Griffith DP. Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy monotherapy for large renal calculi. Br J Urol. 1989;64:329–332.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• El-Assmy A, El-Nahas AR, Madbouly K, et al. Extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy monotherapy of partial staghorn calculi. Prognostic factors and long-term results. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 2006;40:320–325.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Streem SB, Yost A, Dolmatch B. Combination “sandwich” therapy for extensive renal calculi in 100 consecutive patients: immediate, long-term and stratified results from a 10-year experience. J Urol. 1997;158:342–345.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merhej S, Jabbour M, Samaha E, et al. Treatment of staghorn calculi by percutaneous nephrolithotomy and SWL: the Hotel Dieu de France experience. J Endourol. 1998;12:5–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith M, Boyce WH. Anatrophic nephrotomy and plastic calyrhaphy. J Urol. 1968;99:521–527.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lam HS, Lingeman JE, Barron M, et al. Staghorn calculi: analysis of treatment results between initial percutaneous nephrostolithotomy and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy monotherapy with reference to surface area. J Urol. 1992;147:1219–1225.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dretler SP, Pfister RC. Percutaneous dissolution of renal calculi. Annu Rev Med. 1983;34:359–366.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernardo NO, Smith AD. Chemolysis of urinary calculi. Urol Clin North Am. 2000;27:355–365.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiselius HG, Hellgren E, Andersson A, et al. Minimally invasive treatment of infection staghorn stones with shock wave lithotripsy and chemolysis. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 1999;33:286–290.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shorr E, Carter AC. Aluminum gels in the management of renal phosphatic calculi. JAMA. 1950;144:1549–1556.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavengood RW Jr, Marshall VF. The prevention of renal phosphatic calculi in the presence of infection by the Shorr regimen. J Urol.1972;108:368–371.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz BF, Stoller ML. Nonsurgical management of infection-related renal calculi. Urol Clin North Am. 1999;26:765–778.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez-Pineiro JA, de Iriarte EG, Armero AH. The problem of recurrences and infection after surgical removal of staghorn calculi. Eur Urol. 1982;8:94–101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck EM, Riehle Jr RA. The fate of residual fragments after extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy monotherapy of infection stones. J Urol. 1991;145:6–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parkhomenko E, De Fazio A, Tran T, et al. A multi-institutional study of struvite stones: patterns of infection and colonization. J Endourol. 2017;31:533–537.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar