Are there any new reliable markers to detect renal injury in obese children?

References

• Gunta SS, Mak RH. Is obesity a risk factor for chronic kidney disease in children? Pediatr Nephrol. 2013;28:1949–1956.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Filler G, Reimão SM, Kathiravelu A, et al. Pediatric nephrology patients are overweight: 20 years' experience in a single Canadian tertiary pediatric nephrology clinic. Int Urol Nephrol. 2007;39:1235–1240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonventre JV, Vaidya VS, Schmouder R, et al. Next-generation biomarkers for detecting kidney toxicity. Nat Biotechnol. 2010;28:436–440.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delanaye P, Cavalier E, Cristol JP, et al. Calibration and precision of serum creatinine and plasma cystatin C measurement: impact on the estimation of glomerular filtration rate. J Nephrol. 2014;27:467–475.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herget-Rosenthal S, Marggraf G, Hüsing J, et al. Early detection of acute renal failure by serum cystatin C. Kidney Int. 2004;66:1115–1122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newman DJ, Thakkar H, Edwards RG, et al. Serum cystatin C measured by automated immunoassay: a more sensitive marker of changes in GFR than serum creatinine. Kidney Int. 1995;47:312–318.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaidya VS, Ramirez V, Ichimura T, et al. Urinary kidney injury molecule-1: a sensitive quantitative biomarker for early detection of kidney tubular injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2006;290:F517–F529.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuehn EW, Park KM, Somlo S, et al. Kidney injury molecule-1 expression in murine polycystic kidney disease. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2002;283:F1326–F1336.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolignano D, Lacquaniti A, Coppolino G, et al. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and progression of chronic kidney disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;4:337–344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franzén A, Heinegård D. Isolation and characterization of two sialoproteins present only in bone calcified matrix. Biochem J. 1985;232:715–724.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan X, Sano M, Lu L, et al. Plasma concentrations of osteopontin, but not thrombin-cleaved osteopontin, are associated with the presence and severity of nephropathy and coronary artery disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2010;9:70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qin YH, Zhou TB, Lei FY, et al. Cut-off values for serum matrix metalloproteinase-9: is there a threshold to predict renal involvement for Henoch-Schonlein purpura in children? Nephrology (Carlton). 2011;16:93–99.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flynn JT, Daniels SR, Hayman LL, et al. Update: ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in children and adolescents: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Hypertension. 2014;63:1116–1135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS, et al. Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia. 1985;28:412–419.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz GJ, Brion LP, Spitzer A. The use of plasma creatinine concentration for estimating glomerular filtration rate in infants, children, and adolescents. Pediatr Clin North Am. 1987;34:571–590.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falkner B, DeLoach S. Refining the blood pressure phenotype in children: when does target organ damage begin? Hypertension. 2009;53:905–906.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henegar JR, Bigler SA, Henegar LK, et al. Functional and structural changes in the kidney in the early stages of obesity. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2001;12:1211–1217.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wofford MR, Hall JE. Pathophysiology and treatment of obesity hypertension. Curr Pharm Des. 2004;10:3621–3637.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hearst MO, N Laska M, Himes JH, et al. The co-occurrence of obesity, elevated blood pressure, and acanthosis nigricans among American Indian school children: identifying individual heritage and environment-level correlates. Am J Hum Biol. 2011;23:346–352.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freedman DS, Dietz WH, Srinivasan SR, et al. The relation of overweight to cardiovascular risk factors among children and adolescents: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Pediatrics. 1999;103:1175–1182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcovecchio ML, Patricelli L, Zito M, et al. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in obese children: role of insulin resistance. J Hypertens. 2006;24:2431–2436.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Speiser PW, Rudolf MC, Anhalt H, et al. Childhood obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90:1871–1887.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathieu P, Poirier P, Pibarot P, et al. Visceral obesity: the link among inflammation, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease. Hypertension. 2009;53:577–584.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cruz ML, Huang TT, Johnson MS, et al. Insulin sensitivity and blood pressure in black and white children. Hypertension. 2002;40:18–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiarelli F, Marcovecchio ML. Insulin resistance and obesity in childhood. Eur J Endocrinol. 2008;159:S67–S74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goknar N, Oktem F, Ozgen IT, et al. Determination of early urinary renal injury markers in obese children. Pediatr Nephrol. 2015;30:139–144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Övünç Hacıhamdioğlu D, Hacıhamdioğlu B, Altun D, et al. Urinary netrin-1: a new biomarker for the early diagnosis of renal damage in obese children. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol. 2016;8:282–287.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolignano D, Lacquaniti A, Coppolino G, et al. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin as an early biomarker of nephropathy in diabetic patients. Kidney Blood Press Res. 2009;32:91–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Y, Lam KS, Kraegen EW, et al. Lipocalin-2 is an inflammatory marker closely associated with obesity, insulin resistance, and hyperglycemia in humans. Clin Chem. 2007;53:34–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan QW, Yang Q, Mody N, et al. The adipokine lipocalin 2 is regulated by obesity and promotes insulin resistance. Diabetes. 2007;56:2533–2540.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han WK, Bailly V, Abichandani R, et al. Kidney Injury Molecule-1 (KIM-1): a novel biomarker for human renal proximal tubule injury. Kidney Int. 2002;62:237–244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balasar M, Pişkin MM, Topcu C, et al. Urinary kidney injury molecule-1 levels in renal stone patients. World J Urol. 2016;34:1311–1316.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Timmeren MM, van den Heuvel MC, Bailly V, et al. Tubular kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) in human renal disease. J Pathol. 2007;212:209–217.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ding W, Mak RH. Early markers of obesity-related renal injury in childhood. Pediatr Nephrol. 2015;30:1–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nielsen SE, Reinhard H, Zdunek D, et al. Tubular markers are associated with decline in kidney function in proteinuric type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2012;97:71–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Csernus K, Lanyi E, Erhardt E, et al. Effect of childhood obesity and obesity-related cardiovascular risk factors on glomerular and tubular protein excretion. Eur J Pediatr. 2005;164:44–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burgert TS, Dziura J, Yeckel C, et al. Microalbuminuria in pediatric obesity: prevalence and relation to other cardiovascular risk factors. Int J Obes (Lond). 2006;30:273–280.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belo VA, Souza-Costa DC, Lana CM, et al. Assessment of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-8, MMP-9, and their inhibitors, the tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 and TIMP-2 in obese children and adolescents. Clin Biochem. 2009;42:984–990.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belo VA, Souza-Costa DC, Luizon MR, et al. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 genetic variations affect MMP-9 levels in obese children. Int J Obes. 2012;36:69–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derosa G, Cicero AF, Scalise F, et al. Metalloproteinase-2 and -9 in diabetic and nondiabetic subjects during acute coronary syndromes. Endothelium. 2007;14:45–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Signorelli SS, Malaponte G, Libra M, et al. Plasma levels and zymographic activities of matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 in type II diabetics with peripheral arterial disease. Vasc Med. 2005;10:1–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inoue M, Shinohara ML. Intracellular osteopontin (iOPN) and immunity. Immunol Res. 2011;49:160–172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oldberg A, Franzén A, Heinegård D. Cloning and sequence analysis of rat bone sialoprotein (osteopontin) cDNA reveals an Arg-Gly-Asp cell-binding sequence. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1986;83:8819–8823.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly DJ, Wilkinson BJL, Ricardo SD, et al. Progression of tubulointerstitial injury by osteopontin-induced macrophage recruitment in advanced diabetic nephropathy of transgenic (mRen-2)27 rats. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2002;17:985–991.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorenzen J, Shah R, Biser A, et al. The role of osteopontin in the development of albuminuria. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008;19:884–890.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knight EL, Verhave JC, Spiegelman D, et al. Factors influencing serum cystatin C levels other than renal function and the impact on renal function measurement. Kidney Int. 2004;65:1416–1421.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groesbeck D, Köttgen A, Parekh R, et al. Age, gender, and race effects on cystatin C levels in US adolescents. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008;3:1777–1785.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vupputuri S, Fox CS, Coresh J, et al. Differential estimation of CKD using creatinine- versus cystatin C-based estimating equations by category of body mass index. Am J Kidney Dis. 2009;53:993–1001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asefy Z, Amirrasouli H, Khoyi M, et al. Validity of serum cystatin C for predicting obesity nephropathy. Interdisciplinary Bio Central. 2012;4:4.1–4.4.
   Google Scholar