A nonlinear correlation between the serum uric acid to creatinine ratio and the prevalence of hypertension: a large cross-sectional population-based study

References

• Gherghina ME, Peride I, Tiglis M, et al. Uric acid and oxidative stress-relationship with cardiovascular, metabolic, and renal impairment. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(6):1. doi:10.3390/ijms23063188.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazidi M, Katsiki N, Mikhailidis DP, et al. Associations of serum uric acid with total and cause-specific mortality: findings from individuals and pooling prospective studies. Atherosclerosis. 2020;296:49–8. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.07.019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maloberti A, Bossi I, Tassistro E, et al. Uric acid in chronic coronary syndromes: relationship with coronary artery disease severity and left ventricular diastolic parameter. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2021;31(5):1501–1508. doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2021.01.023.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tikhonoff V, Casiglia E, Spinella P, et al. Identification of a plausible serum uric acid cut-off value as prognostic marker of stroke: the Uric Acid Right for Heart Health (URRAH) study. J Hum Hypertens. 2022;36(11):976–982. doi:10.1038/s41371-021-00613-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katsiki N, Dimitriadis GD, Mikhailidis DP. Serum uric acid and diabetes: from pathophysiology to cardiovascular disease. Curr Pharm Des. 2021;27(16):1941–1951. doi:10.2174/1381612827666210104124320.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dönmez O, Korkmaz HA, Yıldız N, et al. Comparison of serum cystatin C and creatinine levels in determining glomerular filtration rate in children with stage I to III chronic renal disease. Ren Fail. 2015;37(5):784–790. doi:10.3109/0886022X.2015.1014771.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen X, Jin H, Wang D, et al. Serum creatinine levels, traditional cardiovascular risk factors and 10-year cardiovascular risk in Chinese patients with hypertension. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023;14:1140093. doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1140093.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cullaro G, Hsu CY, Lai JC. Variability in serum creatinine is associated with waitlist and post-liver transplant mortality in patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2022;76(4):1069–1078. doi:10.1002/hep.32497.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Almobarak AO, Badi S, Siddiq SB, et al. The prevalence and risk factors for systemic hypertension among Sudanese patients with diabetes mellitus: a survey in diabetes healthcare facility. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2020;14(6):1607–1611. doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2020.08.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gu L, Huang L, Wu H, et al. Serum uric acid to creatinine ratio: a predictor of incident chronic kidney disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with preserved kidney function. Diab Vasc Dis Res. 2017;14(3):221–225. doi:10.1177/1479164116680318.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang X, Han Y, Liu Y, et al. Association between serum uric acid-to-creatinine ratio and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a cross-sectional study in Chinese non-obese people with a normal range of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. BMC Gastroenterol. 2022;22(1):419. doi:10.1186/s12876-022-02500-w.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• She D, Xu W, Liu J, et al. Serum uric acid to creatinine ratio and risk of metabolic syndrome in patients with overweight/obesity. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2023;16:3007–3017. doi:10.2147/DMSO.S427070.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Y, Wang Y, Yang X, et al. Serum uric acid: creatinine ratio (UCR) is associated with recurrence of atrial fibrillation after catheter ablation. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023;14:1110102. doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1110102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawamoto R, Ninomiya D, Kikuchi A, et al. Serum uric acid to creatinine ratio is a useful predictor of renal dysfunction among diabetic persons. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2019;13(3):1851–1856. doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2019.04.023.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun X, Lv J, Wu Z, et al. Serum uric acid to serum creatinine ratio and risk of stroke recurrence in young adults with ischemic stroke. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2022;18:2031–2039. doi:10.2147/NDT.S378576.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chunlei Y, Liubao G, Tao W, et al. The association between serum uric acid to creatinine ratio and renal disease progression in type 2 diabetic patients in Chinese communities. J Diabetes Complications. 2019;33(7):473–476. doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2018.10.013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ding Z, Fan Y, Yao C, et al. The association between the serum uric acid to creatinine ratio and all-cause mortality in elderly hemodialysis patients. BMC Nephrol. 2022;23(1):177. doi:10.1186/s12882-022-02798-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma YC, Zuo L, Chen JH, et al. Modified glomerular filtration rate estimating equation for Chinese patients with chronic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;17(10):2937–2944. [published correction appears in J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006 Dec;17(12):3540]. doi:10.1681/ASN.2006040368.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krishnan E. Reduced glomerular function and prevalence of gout: NHANES 2009-10. PLoS One. 2012;7(11):e50046. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050046.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borghi C, Piani F. Uric acid and estimate of renal function. Let’s stick together. Int J Cardiol. 2020;310:157–158. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2020.01.046.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filippatos GS, Ahmed MI, Gladden JD, et al. Hyperuricaemia, chronic kidney disease, and outcomes in heart failure: potential mechanistic insights from epidemiological data. Eur Heart J. 2011;32(6):712–720. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehq473.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaduganathan M, Greene SJ, Ambrosy AP, et al. Relation of serum uric acid levels and outcomes among patients hospitalized for worsening heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (from the efficacy of vasopressin antagonism in heart failure outcome study with tolvaptan trial). Am J Cardiol. 2014;114(11):1713–1721. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2014.09.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li M, Gu L, Yang J, et al. Serum uric acid to creatinine ratio correlates with β-cell function in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2018;34(5):e3001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sookoian S, Pirola CJ. The serum uric acid/creatinine ratio is associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in the general population. J Physiol Biochem. 2022;79(4):891–899. [published online ahead of print, 2022 May 12]. doi:10.1007/s13105-022-00893-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moriyama K. The association between the serum uric acid to creatinine ratio and metabolic syndrome, liver function, and alcohol intake in healthy Japanese subjects. Metab Syndr Relat Disord. 2019; Sep17(7):380–387. doi:10.1089/met.2019.0024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Eshmawy MM, Ibrahim A, Bahriz R, et al. Serum uric acid/creatinine ratio and free androgen index are synergistically associated with increased risk of polycystic ovary syndrome in obese women. BMC Endocr Disord. 2022;22(1):315. doi:10.1186/s12902-022-01240-y.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casiglia E, Tikhonoff V, Virdis A, et al. Serum uric acid/serum creatinine ratio as a predictor of cardiovascular events. Detection of prognostic cardiovascular cut-off values. J Hypertens. 2023;41(1):180–186. doi:10.1097/HJH.0000000000003319.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazidi M, Katsiki N, Banach M. A higher ratio of serum uric acid to serum creatinine could predict the risk of total and cause specific mortality- insight from a US national survey. Int J Cardiol. 2021;326:189–193. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2020.05.098.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piani F, Agnoletti D, Baracchi A, et al. Serum uric acid to creatinine ratio and risk of preeclampsia and adverse pregnancy outcomes. J Hypertens. 2023;41(8):1333–1338. doi:10.1097/HJH.0000000000003472.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim W, Go TH, Kang DO, et al. Age and sex dependent association of uric acid and incident hypertension. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2021;31(4):1200–1208. doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2020.12.015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu M, Zhao Z, Lu K, et al. Serum uric acid is independently associated with hypertension in patients with polymyositis and dermatomyositis. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2023;25(11):1019–1026. doi:10.1111/jch.14730.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sung KC, Byrne CD, Ryu S, et al. Baseline and change in uric acid concentration over time are associated with incident hypertension in large Korean cohort. Am J Hypertens. 2017;30(1):42–50. doi:10.1093/ajh/hpw091.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aroor AR, Jia G, Habibi J, et al. Uric acid promotes vascular stiffness, maladaptive inflammatory responses and proteinuria in Western diet fed mice. Metabolism. 2017;74:32–40. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2017.06.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruggiero C, Cherubini A, Miller E, 3rd, et al. Usefulness of uric acid to predict changes in C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 in 3-year period in Italians aged 21 to 98 years. Am J Cardiol. 2007;100(1):115–121. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2007.02.065.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanchez-Lozada LG, Rodriguez-Iturbe B, Kelley EE, et al. Uric acid and hypertension: an update with recommendations. Am J Hypertens. 2020;33(7):583–594. [published correction appears in Am J Hypertens. 2020 Dec 31;33(12):1150]. doi:10.1093/ajh/hpaa044.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu MA, Sánchez-Lozada LG, Johnson RJ, et al. Oxidative stress with an activation of the renin-angiotensin system in human vascular endothelial cells as a novel mechanism of uric acid-induced endothelial dysfunction. J Hypertens. 2010;28(6):1234–1242. doi:10.1097/HJH.0b013e328337da1d.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sánchez-Lozada LG, Lanaspa MA, Cristóbal-García M, et al. Uric acid-induced endothelial dysfunction is associated with mitochondrial alterations and decreased intracellular ATP concentrations. Nephron Exp Nephrol. 2012;121(3-4):e71–e78. doi:10.1159/000345509.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Klauser AS, Halpern EJ, Strobl S, et al. Dual-Energy computed tomography detection of cardiovascular monosodium urate deposits in patients with gout. JAMA Cardiol. 2019;4(10):1019–1028. doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2019.3201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braga TT, Forni MF, Correa-Costa M, et al. Soluble uric acid activates the NLRP3 inflammasome. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):39884. doi:10.1038/srep39884.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar