Cardiopulmonary bypass associated acute kidney injury: better understanding and better prevention

References

• Weisse AB. Cardiac surgery: a century of progress. Tex Heart Inst J. 2011;38(5):1–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chertow GM, Levy EM, Hammermeister KE, et al. Independent association between acute renal failure and mortality following cardiac surgery. Am J Med. 1998;104(4):343–348. doi:10.1016/s0002-9343(98)00058-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zanardo G, Michielon P, Paccagnella A, et al. Acute renal failure in the patient undergoing cardiac operation. Prevalence, mortality rate, and main risk factors. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1994;107(6):1489–1495. doi:10.1016/S0022-5223(94)70429-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel UD, Garg AX, Krumholz HM, et al. Preoperative serum brain natriuretic peptide and risk of acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery. Circulation. 2012;125(11):1347–1355. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.029686.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zappitelli M, Bernier P-L, Saczkowski RS, et al. A small post-operative rise in serum creatinine predicts acute kidney injury in children undergoing cardiac surgery. Kidney Int. 2009;76(8):885–892. doi:10.1038/ki.2009.270.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright HJ, MacAdam DB. Clinical thinking and practice. Diagnosis and decision in patient care. Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1980;56(651):71–71.
   Google Scholar
• Kidher E, Harling L, Ashrafian H, et al. Pulse wave velocity and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin as predictors of acute kidney injury following aortic valve replacement. J Cardiothorac Surg. 2014;9(1):89. doi:10.1186/1749-8090-9-89.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schley G, Köberle C, Manuilova E, et al. Comparison of plasma and urine biomarker performance in acute kidney injury. PLoS One. 2015;10(12):e0145042. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0145042.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peco-Antic A, Ivanisevic I, Vulicevic I, et al. Biomarkers of acute kidney injury in pediatric cardiac surgery. Clin Biochem. 2013;46(13-14):1244–1251.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bastin AJ, Ostermann M, Slack AJ, et al. Acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery according to risk/injury/failure/loss/end-stage, acute kidney injury network, and kidney disease: improving global outcomes classifications. J Crit Care. 2013;28(4):389–396. doi:10.1016/j.jcrc.2012.12.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birnie K, Verheyden V, Pagano D, et al. Predictive models for kidney disease: improving global outcomes (KDIGO) defined acute kidney injury in UK cardiac surgery. Crit Care. 2014;18(6):606. doi:10.1186/s13054-014-0606-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuhrman DY, Kellum JA. Epidemiology and pathophysiology of cardiac surgery-associated acute kidney injury. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2017;30(1):60–65. doi:10.1097/ACO.0000000000000412.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Y, Bellomo R. Cardiac surgery-associated acute kidney injury: risk factors, pathophysiology and treatment. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2017;13(11):697–711. doi:10.1038/nrneph.2017.119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FTt B, Shaw AD. Clinical trial endpoints in acute kidney injury. Nephron Clin Pract. 2014;127(1–4):89–93.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jo SK, Rosner MH, Okusa MD. Pharmacologic treatment of acute kidney injury: why drugs haven’t worked and what is on the horizon. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;2(2):356–365. doi:10.2215/CJN.03280906.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nadim MK, Forni LG, Bihorac A, et al. Cardiac and vascular surgery-associated acute kidney injury: the 20th international consensus conference of the ADQI (acute disease quality initiative) group. J Am Heart Assoc. 2018;7(11):e008834. doi:10.1161/JAHA.118.008834.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meersch M, Schmidt C, Hoffmeier A, et al. Prevention of cardiac surgery-associated AKI by implementing the KDIGO guidelines in high risk patients identified by biomarkers: the PrevAKI randomized controlled trial. Intensive Care Med. 2017;43(11):1551–1561. doi:10.1007/s00134-016-4670-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray PT, Mehta RL, Shaw A, et al. Potential use of biomarkers in acute kidney injury: report and summary of recommendations from the 10th acute dialysis quality initiative consensus conference. Kidney Int. 2014;85(3):513–521. doi:10.1038/ki.2013.374.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vijayan A, Faubel S, Askenazi DJ, et al. Clinical use of the urine biomarker [TIMP-2] x [IGFBP7] for acute kidney injury risk assessment. Am J Kidney Dis. 2016;68(1):19–28. doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2015.12.033.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibbon JH.Jr. Application of a mechanical heart and lung apparatus to cardiac surgery. Minn Med. 1954;37(3):171–185; passim.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ascione R, Lloyd CT, Gomes WJ, et al. Beating versus arrested heart revascularization: evaluation of myocardial function in a prospective randomized study. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 1999;15(5):685–690. doi:10.1016/s1010-7940(99)00072-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ascione R, Lloyd CT, Underwood MJ, et al. On-pump versus off-pump coronary revascularization: evaluation of renal function. Ann Thorac Surg. 1999;68(2):493–498. doi:10.1016/s0003-4975(99)00566-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larmann J, Theilmeier G. Inflammatory response to cardiac surgery: cardiopulmonary bypass versus non-cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2004;18(3):425–438. doi:10.1016/j.bpa.2003.12.004.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stallwood MI, Grayson AD, Mills K, et al. Acute renal failure in coronary artery bypass surgery: independent effect of cardiopulmonary bypass. Ann Thorac Surg. 2004;77(3):968–972. doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2003.09.063.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sellke FW, DiMaio JM, Caplan LR, et al. Comparing on-pump and off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting: numerous studies but few conclusions: a scientific statement from the American heart association council on cardiovascular surgery and anesthesia in collaboration with the interdisciplinary working group on quality of care and outcomes research. Circulation. 2005;111(21):2858–2864. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.165030.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bojan M, Basto Duarte MC, Ermak N, et al. Structural equation modelling exploration of the key pathophysiological processes involved in cardiac surgery-related acute kidney injury in infants. Crit Care. 2016;20(1):171. doi:10.1186/s13054-016-1350-1.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gamoso MG, Phillips-Bute B, Landolfo KP, et al. Off-pump versus on-pump coronary artery bypass surgery and postoperative renal dysfunction. Anesth Analg. 2000;91(5):1080–1084. doi:10.1097/00000539-200011000-00007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shroyer AL, Grover FL, Hattler B, et al. On-pump versus off-pump coronary-artery bypass surgery. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(19):1827–1837. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0902905.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Straka Z, Widimsky P, Jirasek K, et al. Off-pump versus on-pump coronary surgery: final results from a prospective randomized study PRAGUE-4. Ann Thorac Surg. 2004;77(3):789–793. doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2003.08.039.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamy A, Devereaux PJ, Prabhakaran D, et al. Off-pump or on-pump coronary-artery bypass grafting at 30 days. N Engl J Med. 2012;375(24):2359–2368. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1601564.
   Google Scholar
• Miller BJ, Gibbon JH, Fineberg C. An improved mechanical heart and lung apparatus; its use during open cardiotomy in experimental animals. Med Clin North Am. 1953;1(6):1603–1624. doi:10.1016/s0025-7125(16)34927-6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Glance LG, Dick AW, Osler TM, et al. The relation between surgeon volume and outcome following off-pump vs on-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Chest. 2005;128(2):829–837. doi:10.1378/chest.128.2.829.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarkar M, Prabhu V. Basics of cardiopulmonary bypass. Indian J Anaesth. 2017;61(9):760–767. doi:10.4103/ija.IJA_379_17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomic V, Russwurm S, Möller E, et al. Transcriptomic and proteomic patterns of systemic inflammation in on-pump and off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting. Circulation. 2005;112(19):2912–2920. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.531152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Møller CH, Penninga L, Wetterslev J, et al. Clinical outcomes in randomized trials of off- vs. on-pump coronary artery bypass surgery: systematic review with meta-analyses and trial sequential analyses. Eur Heart J. 2008;29(21):2601–2616. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehn335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers GJ, Voorhees C, Haynes R, et al. Post-arterial filter gaseous microemboli activity of five integral cardiotomy reservoirs during venting: an in vitro study. J Extra Corpor Technol. 2009;41(1):20–27. doi:10.1051/ject/200941020.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Guyton AC. The surprising kidney-fluid mechanism for pressure control–its infinite gain. Hypertension. 1990;16(6):725–730. doi:10.1161/01.hyp.16.6.725.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersson LG, Bratteby LE, Ekroth R, et al. Renal function during cardiopulmonary bypass: influence of pump flow and systemic blood pressure. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 1994;8(11):597–602. doi:10.1016/1010-7940(94)90043-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lankadeva YR, Cochrane AD, Marino B, et al. Strategies that improve renal medullary oxygenation during experimental cardiopulmonary bypass may mitigate postoperative acute kidney injury. Kidney Int. 2019;95(6):1338–1346. doi:10.1016/j.kint.2019.01.032.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braam B, Joles JA, Danishwar AH, et al. Cardiorenal syndrome–current understanding and future perspectives. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2014;10(1):48–55. doi:10.1038/nrneph.2013.250.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prowle JR, Kirwan CJ, Bellomo R. Fluid management for the prevention and attenuation of acute kidney injury. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2014;10(1):37–47. doi:10.1038/nrneph.2013.232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beaubien-Souligny W, Benkreira A, Robillard P, et al. Alterations in portal vein flow and intrarenal venous flow are associated with acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery: a prospective observational cohort study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2018;7(19):e009961.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bateman, R. M., Sharpe, M. D., Jagger, J. E., et al. Central venous pressure after coronary artery bypass surgery: does it predict postoperative mortality or renal failure? Crit Care. 2014;20 (Suppl 2):94–1010. doi:10.1016/j.jcrc.2014.05.027.
   Google Scholar
• Yang Y, Ma J, Zhao L. High Central venous pressure is associated with acute kidney injury and mortality in patients underwent cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. J Crit Care. 2018;48:211–215. doi:10.1016/j.jcrc.2018.08.034.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ricksten SE, Bragadottir G, Redfors B. Renal oxygenation in clinical acute kidney injury. Crit Care. 2013;17(2):221. doi:10.1186/cc12530.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sgouralis I, Evans RG, Layton AT. Renal medullary and urinary oxygen tension during cardiopulmonary bypass in the rat. Math Med Biol. 2017;34(3):313–333. doi:10.1093/imammb/dqw010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sgouralis I, Evans RG, Gardiner BS, et al. Renal hemodynamics, function, and oxygenation during cardiac surgery performed on cardiopulmonary bypass: a modeling study. Physiol Rep. 2015;3(1):e12260. doi:10.14814/phy2.12260.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Darby PJ, Kim N, Hare GM, et al. Anemia increases the risk of renal cortical and medullary hypoxia during cardiopulmonary bypass. Perfusion. 2013;28(6):504–511. doi:10.1177/0267659113490219.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stafford-Smith M, Grocott HP. Renal medullary hypoxia during experimental cardiopulmonary bypass: a pilot study. Perfusion. 2005;20(1):53–58. doi:10.1191/0267659105pf780oa.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Redfors B, Bragadottir G, Sellgren J, et al. Acute renal failure is NOT an "acute renal success"–a clinical study on the renal oxygen supply/demand relationship in acute kidney injury. Crit Care Med. 2010;38(8):1695–1701. doi:10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181e61911.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parekh N, Veith U. Renal hemodynamics and oxygen consumption during postischemic acute renal failure in the rat. Kidney Int. 1981;19(2):306–316. doi:10.1038/ki.1981.21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lannemyr L, Bragadottir G, Krumbholz V, et al. Effects of cardiopulmonary bypass on renal perfusion, filtration, and oxygenation in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Anesthesiology. 2017;126(2):205–213. doi:10.1097/ALN.0000000000001461.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chenoweth DE, Cooper SW, Hugli TE, et al. Complement activation during cardiopulmonary bypass: evidence for generation of C3a and C5a anaphylatoxins. N Engl J Med. 1981;304(9):497–503. doi:10.1056/NEJM198102263040901.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landis RC, Brown JR, Fitzgerald D, et al. Attenuating the systemic inflammatory response to adult cardiopulmonary bypass: a critical review of the evidence base. J Extra Corpor Technol. 2014;46(3):197–211. doi:10.1051/ject/201446197.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Al-Fares A, Pettenuzzo T, Del Sorbo L. Extracorporeal life support and systemic inflammation. Intensive Care Med Exp. 2019;7(Suppl 1):46. doi:10.1186/s40635-019-0249-y.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jongman RM, Zijlstra JG, Kok WF, et al. Off-pump CABG surgery reduces systemic inflammation compared with on-pump surgery but does not change systemic endothelial responses: a prospective randomized study. Shock. 2014;42(2):121–128. doi:10.1097/SHK.0000000000000190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parolari A, Camera M, Alamanni F, et al. Systemic inflammation after on-pump and off-pump coronary bypass surgery: a one-month follow-up. Ann Thorac Surg. 2007;84(3):823–828. doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2007.04.048.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bronicki RA, Hall M. Cardiopulmonary bypass-induced inflammatory response: pathophysiology and treatment. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2016;17(8 Suppl 1):S272–S278. doi:10.1097/PCC.0000000000000759.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruins P, Te Velthuis H, Eerenberg-Belmer AJ, et al. Heparin-protamine complexes and C-reactive protein induce activation of the classical complement pathway: studies in patients undergoing cardiac surgery and in vitro. Thromb Haemost. 2000;84(2):237–243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pągowska-Klimek I, Świerzko AS, Michalski M, et al. Activation of the lectin pathway of complement by cardiopulmonary bypass contributes to the development of systemic inflammatory response syndrome after paediatric cardiac surgery. Clin Exp Immunol. 2016;184(2):257–263. doi:10.1111/cei.12763.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nechemia-Arbely Y, Barkan D, Pizov G, et al. IL-6/IL-6R axis plays a critical role in acute kidney injury. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008;19(6):1106–1115. doi:10.1681/ASN.2007070744.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andres-Hernando A, Okamura K, Bhargava R, et al. Circulating IL-6 upregulates IL-10 production in splenic CD4(+) T cells and limits acute kidney injury-induced lung inflammation. Kidney Int. 2017;91(5):1057–1069. doi:10.1016/j.kint.2016.12.014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang WR, Garg AX, Coca SG, et al. Plasma IL-6 and IL-10 concentrations predict AKI and long-term mortality in adults after cardiac surgery. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015;26(12):3123–3132. doi:10.1681/ASN.2014080764.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilczyński M, Krejca M, Stepinski P, et al. Platelet reactivity expressed as a novel platelet reactivity score is associated with higher inflammatory state after coronary artery bypass grafting. Arch Med Sci. 2023;19(2):392–400. doi:10.5114/aoms.2019.90470.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evora PRB, Bottura C, Arcêncio L, et al. Key points for curbing cardiopulmonary bypass inflammation. Acta Cir Bras. 2016;31 Suppl 1:45–52. doi:10.1590/S0102-86502016001300010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bierer J, Stanzel R, Henderson M, et al. Novel inflammatory mediator profile observed during pediatric heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass and continuous ultrafiltration. J Transl Med. 2023;21(1):439. doi:10.1186/s12967-023-04255-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanbeyoglu O, Aydin S. Subfatin, asprosin, alamandine and maresin-1 inflammation molecules in cardiopulmonary bypass. J Inflamm Res. 2023;16:3469–3477. doi:10.2147/JIR.S422998.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diegeler A, Doll N, Rauch T, et al. Humoral immune response during coronary artery bypass grafting: a comparison of limited approach, "off-pump" technique, and conventional cardiopulmonary bypass. Circulation. 2000;102(19 Suppl 3):III95–100. doi:10.1161/01.cir.102.suppl_3.iii-95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matata BM, Sosnowski AW, Galiñanes M. Off-pump bypass graft operation significantly reduces oxidative stress and inflammation. Ann Thorac Surg. 2000;69(3):785–791. doi:10.1016/s0003-4975(99)01420-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biglioli P, Cannata A, Alamanni F, et al. Biological effects of off-pump vs. on-pump coronary artery surgery: focus on inflammation, hemostasis and oxidative stress. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2003;24(2):260–269. doi:10.1016/s1010-7940(03)00295-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoheisel JD. Microarray technology: beyond transcript profiling and genotype analysis. Nat Rev Genet. 2006;7(3):200–210. doi:10.1038/nrg1809.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen ML, Hoschtitzky JA, Peters MJ, et al. Interleukin-10 and its role in clinical immunoparalysis following pediatric cardiac surgery. Crit Care Med. 2006;34(10):2658–2665. doi:10.1097/01.CCM.0000240243.28129.36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornell TT, Sun L, Hall MW, et al. Clinical implications and molecular mechanisms of immunoparalysis after cardiopulmonary bypass. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2012;143(5):1160–1166 e1161. doi:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2011.09.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu CH, Huang ZH, Huang SC, et al. Endocytosis of peroxiredoxin 1 links sterile inflammation to immunoparalysis in pediatric patients following cardiopulmonary bypass. Redox Biol. 2021;46:102086. doi:10.1016/j.redox.2021.102086.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lesouhaitier M, Uhel F, Gregoire M, et al. Monocytic Myeloid-Derived suppressor cell expansion after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass induces lymphocyte dysfunction. Shock. 2022;58(6):476–483. doi:10.1097/SHK.0000000000002007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen M, Stiel L, Guilloteau A, et al. Leukocyte cell population data in patients with cardiac surgery and cardiopulmonary bypass: a potential readily available tool to monitor immunity. Front Immunol. 2022;13:1101937. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.1101937.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salomon JD, Qiu H, Feng D, et al. Piglet cardiopulmonary bypass induces intestinal dysbiosis and barrier dysfunction associated with systemic inflammation. Dis Model Mech. 2023;16(5):dmm049742. doi:10.1242/dmm.049742.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalyanaraman B. Teaching the basics of redox biology to medical and graduate students: oxidants, antioxidants and disease mechanisms. Redox Biol. 2013;1(1):244–257. doi:10.1016/j.redox.2013.01.014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Billings F, Ball SK, Roberts LJ, 2nd, et al. Postoperative acute kidney injury is associated with hemoglobinemia and an enhanced oxidative stress response. Free Radic Biol Med. 2011;50(11):1480–1487. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.02.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Djordjević A, Kotnik P, Horvat D, et al. Pharmacodynamics of malondialdehyde as indirect oxidative stress marker after arrested-heart cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. Biomed Pharmacother. 2020;132:110877. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110877.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill A, Borgs C, Fitzner C, et al. Perioperative vitamin C and E levels in cardiac surgery patients and their clinical significance. Nutrients. 2019;11(9):2157. doi:10.3390/nu11092157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Satriano A, Franchini S, Lapergola G, et al. Glutathione blood concentrations: a biomarker of oxidative damage protection during cardiopulmonary bypass in children. Diagnostics (Basel). 2019;9(3):118. doi:10.3390/diagnostics9030118.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mahmood E, Jeganathan J, Feng R, et al. Decreased PGC-1alpha post-cardiopulmonary bypass leads to impaired oxidative stress in diabetic patients. Ann Thorac Surg. 2019;107(2):467–476. doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2018.08.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andres AM, Tucker KC, Thomas A, et al. Mitophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis in atrial tissue of patients undergoing heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. JCI Insight. 2017;2(4):e89303. doi:10.1172/jci.insight.89303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haase M, Bellomo R, Haase-Fielitz A. Novel biomarkers, oxidative stress, and the role of labile iron toxicity in cardiopulmonary bypass-associated acute kidney injury. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55(19):2024–2033. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2009.12.046.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moat NE, Evans TE, Quinlan GJ, et al. Chelatable iron and copper can be released from extracorporeally circulated blood during cardiopulmonary bypass. FEBS Lett. 1993;328(1-2):103–106. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(93)80974-y.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kyaruzi M, Iyigün T, Diker VO, et al. Trace element status and postoperative morbidity after on-pump coronary artery bypass surgery. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2023;201(6):2711–2720. doi:10.1007/s12011-022-03368-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim HB, Shim JK, Ko SH, et al. Effect of iron deficiency without anaemia on days alive and out of hospital in patients undergoing valvular heart surgery. Anaesthesia. 2022;77(5):562–569. doi:10.1111/anae.15681.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olivier RMR, Macke M, Müller JC, et al. Perioperative tracking of intravenous iron in patients undergoing on-pump cardiac surgery: a prospective, single-Center pilot trial. Anesth Analg. 2023;136(3):578–587. doi:10.1213/ANE.0000000000006372.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidson JA, Robison J, Khailova L, et al. Metabolomic profiling demonstrates evidence for kidney and urine metabolic dysregulation in a piglet model of cardiac surgery-induced acute kidney injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2022;323(1):F20–F32. doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00039.2022.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidson JA, Frank BS, Urban TT, et al. Serum metabolic profile of postoperative acute kidney injury following infant cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Pediatr Nephrol. 2021;36(10):3259–3269. doi:10.1007/s00467-021-05095-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabapathy D, Klawitter J, Silveira L, et al. Activation of kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism after infant cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass: a prospective cohort study. Metabolomics. 2020;16(9):93. doi:10.1007/s11306-020-01714-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torres-Cuevas I, Parra-Llorca A, Sanchez-Illana A, et al. Oxygen and oxidative stress in the perinatal period. Redox Biol. 2017;12:674–681. doi:10.1016/j.redox.2017.03.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hadley S, Cañizo Vazquez D, Lopez Abad M, et al. Oxidative stress response in children undergoing cardiac surgery: utility of the clearance of isoprostanes. PLoS One. 2021;16(7):e0250124. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0250124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scrascia G, Rotunno C, Simone S, et al. Acute kidney injury in high-risk cardiac surgery patients: roles of inflammation and coagulation. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown). 2017;18(5):359–365. doi:10.2459/JCM.0000000000000343.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burman JF, Chung HI, Lane DA, et al. Role of factor XII in thrombin generation and fibrinolysis during cardiopulmonary bypass. Lancet. 1994;344(8931):1192–1193. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(94)90509-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunt BJ, Parratt RN, Segal HC, et al. Activation of coagulation and fibrinolysis during cardiothoracic operations. Ann Thorac Surg. 1998;65(3):712–718. doi:10.1016/s0003-4975(97)01345-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vallely MP, Bannon PG, Bayfield MS, et al. Quantitative and temporal differences in coagulation, fibrinolysis and platelet activation after on-pump and off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery. Heart Lung Circ. 2009;18(2):123–130. doi:10.1016/j.hlc.2008.08.012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gielen CLI, Brand A, van Heerde WL, et al. Hemostatic alterations during coronary artery bypass grafting. Thromb Res. 2016;140:140–146. doi:10.1016/j.thromres.2015.12.018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minami S, Nagafuchi H, Yamada K, et al. Association between Thrombin-Antithrombin complex and acute kidney injury after pediatric cardiopulmonary bypass surgery: a single-Center retrospective observational study. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2023;29:10760296231184465. doi:10.1177/10760296231184465.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kestin AS, Valeri CR, Khuri SF, et al. The platelet function defect of cardiopulmonary bypass. Blood. 1993;82(1):107–117. doi:10.1182/blood.V82.1.107.bloodjournal821107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ascione R, Williams S, Lloyd CT, et al. Reduced postoperative blood loss and transfusion requirement after beating-heart coronary operations: a prospective randomized study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2001;121(4):689–696. doi:10.1067/mtc.2001.112823.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleming GA, Billings F, Klein TM, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition alters the inflammatory and fibrinolytic response to cardiopulmonary bypass in children. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2011;12(5):532–538. doi:10.1097/PCC.0b013e3181fe3925.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuan HX, Chen YT, Li YQ, et al. Endothelial extracellular vesicles induce acute lung injury via follistatin-like protein 1. Sci China Life Sci. 2023;67(3):475–487. doi:10.1007/s11427-022-2328-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang CD, Tliba O, Panettieri RA, Jr., et al. Bradykinin induces interleukin-6 production in human airway smooth muscle cells: modulation by Th2 cytokines and dexamethasone. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2003;28(3):330–338. doi:10.1165/rcmb.2002-0040OC.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosner MH, Okusa MD. Acute kidney injury associated with cardiac surgery. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;1(1):19–32. doi:10.2215/CJN.00240605.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabik JF, Gillinov AM, Blackstone EH, et al. Does off-pump coronary surgery reduce morbidity and mortality? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2002;124(4):698–707. doi:10.1067/mtc.2002.121975.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Sabbagh AM, Toomasian CJ, Toomasian JM, et al. Effect of air exposure and suction on blood cell activation and hemolysis in an in vitro cardiotomy suction model. Asaio J. 2013;59(5):474–479. doi:10.1097/MAT.0b013e31829f0e6e.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pohlmann JR, Toomasian JM, Hampton CE, et al. The relationships between air exposure, negative pressure, and hemolysis. Asaio J. 2009;55(5):469–473. doi:10.1097/MAT.0b013e3181b28a5a.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vermeulen Windsant IC, de Wit NC, Sertorio JT, et al. Hemolysis during cardiac surgery is associated with increased intravascular nitric oxide consumption and perioperative kidney and intestinal tissue damage. Front Physiol. 2014;5:340. doi:10.3389/fphys.2014.00340.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deuel JW, Schaer CA, Boretti FS, et al. Hemoglobinuria-related acute kidney injury is driven by intrarenal oxidative reactions triggering a heme toxicity response. Cell Death Dis. 2016;7(1):e2064–e2064. doi:10.1038/cddis.2015.392.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McCormack PL. Tranexamic acid: a review of its use in the treatment of hyperfibrinolysis. Drugs. 2012;72(5):585–617. doi:10.2165/11209070-000000000-00000.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi J, Zhou C, Pan W, et al. Effect of high- vs low-dose tranexamic acid infusion on need for red blood cell transfusion and adverse events in patients undergoing cardiac surgery: the OPTIMAL randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2022;328(4):336–347. doi:10.1001/jama.2022.10725.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutton TA, Fisher CJ, Molitoris BA. Microvascular endothelial injury and dysfunction during ischemic acute renal failure. Kidney Int. 2002;62(5):1539–1549. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1755.2002.00631.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruegger D, Brettner F, Rossberg I, et al. Acute degradation of the endothelial glycocalyx in infants undergoing cardiac surgical procedures. Ann Thorac Surg. 2015;99(3):926–931. doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2014.10.013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruegger D, Schwartz L, Chappell D, et al. Release of atrial natriuretic peptide precedes shedding of the endothelial glycocalyx equally in patients undergoing on- and off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery. Basic Res Cardiol. 2011;106(6):1111–1121. doi:10.1007/s00395-011-0203-y.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svennevig K, Hoel T, Thiara A, et al. Syndecan-1 plasma levels during coronary artery bypass surgery with and without cardiopulmonary bypass. Perfusion. 2008;23(3):165–171. doi:10.1177/0267659108098215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dekker NAM, van Leeuwen ALI, van Strien WWJ, et al. Microcirculatory perfusion disturbances following cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass are associated with in vitro endothelial hyperpermeability and increased angiopoietin-2 levels. Crit Care. 2019;23(1):117. doi:10.1186/s13054-019-2418-5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Koning NJ, de Lange F, van Meurs M, et al. Reduction of vascular leakage by imatinib is associated with preserved microcirculatory perfusion and reduced renal injury markers in a rat model of cardiopulmonary bypass. Br J Anaesth. 2018;120(6):1165–1175. doi:10.1016/j.bja.2017.11.095.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brondén B, Dencker M, Allers M, et al. Differential distribution of lipid microemboli after cardiac surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 2006;81(2):643–648. doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2005.08.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lou S, Ji B, Liu J, et al. Generation, detection and prevention of gaseous microemboli during cardiopulmonary bypass procedure. Int J Artif Organs. 2011;34(11):1039–1051. doi:10.5301/ijao.5000010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor RL, Borger MA, Weisel RD, et al. Cerebral microemboli during cardiopulmonary bypass: increased emboli during perfusionist interventions. Ann Thorac Surg. 1999;68(1):89–93. doi:10.1016/s0003-4975(99)00475-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groom RC, Quinn RD, Lennon P, et al. Detection and elimination of microemboli related to cardiopulmonary bypass. Circulation. 2009;2(3):191–198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Condello I, Lorusso R, Santarpino G, et al. Clinical evaluation of Micro-Embolic activity with unexpected predisposing factors and performance of horizon AF plus during cardiopulmonary bypass. Membranes (Basel). 2022;12(5):465. doi:10.3390/membranes12050465.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Issitt R, James T, Walsh B, et al. Do lipid microemboli induce acute kidney injury during cardiopulmonary bypass? Perfusion. 2017;32(6):466–473. doi:10.1177/0267659117705194.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Condello I, Nasso G, Staessens K, et al. Gaseous Micro-Embolic activity and goal-directed perfusion management in a closed system for cardiopulmonary bypass and minimally invasive extracorporeal circulation during coronary artery bypass grafting. Surg Technol Int. 2023;43:sti43/1721. doi:10.52198/23.STI.43.CV1721.
   Google Scholar
• Blanco-Morillo J, Salmerón Martínez D, Morillo-Cuadrado DV, et al. Hematic antegrade repriming reduces emboli on cardiopulmonary bypass: a randomized controlled trial. Asaio J. 2022;69(3):324–331. doi:10.1097/MAT.0000000000001776.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haude M. Management of valvular heart disease: ESC/EACTS guidelines 2017. Herz. 2017;42(8):715–720. doi:10.1007/s00059-017-4643-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vahanian A, Beyersdorf F, Praz F, et al. 2021 ESC/EACTS guidelines for the management of valvular heart disease. Eur Heart J. 2022;43(7):561–632. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehab395.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudarakanchana N, Jenkins MP. Hybrid and total endovascular repair of the aortic arch. Br J Surg. 2018;105(4):315–327. doi:10.1002/bjs.10713.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miao L, Song L, Sun SK, et al. Meta-analysis of open surgical repair versus hybrid arch repair for aortic arch aneurysm. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2017;24(1):34–40. doi:10.1093/icvts/ivw305.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang L, Yu C, Yang X, et al. Hybrid and frozen elephant trunk for total arch replacement in DeBakey type I dissection. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2019;158(5):1285–1292. doi:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2019.01.020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Rango P, Ferrer C, Coscarella C, et al. Contemporary comparison of aortic arch repair by endovascular and open surgical reconstructions. J Vasc Surg. 2015;61(2):339–346. doi:10.1016/j.jvs.2014.09.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halkos ME, Puskas JD. Off-pump coronary surgery: where do we stand in 2010? Curr Opin Cardiol. 2010;25(6):583–588. doi:10.1097/HCO.0b013e32833f04b0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garg AX, Devereaux PJ, Yusuf S, et al. Kidney function after off-pump or on-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2014;311(21):2191–2198. doi:10.1001/jama.2014.4952.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rocha RV, Yanagawa B, Hussain MA, et al. Off-pump versus on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting in moderate renal failure. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2020;159(4):1297–1304 e1292. doi:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2019.03.142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abu-Omar Y, Taghavi FJ, Navaratnarajah M, et al. The impact of off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery on postoperative renal function. Perfusion. 2012;27(2):127–131. doi:10.1177/0267659111429890.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arom KV, Flavin TF, Emery RW, et al. Safety and efficacy of off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting. Ann Thorac Surg. 2000;69(3):704–710. doi:10.1016/s0003-4975(99)01510-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shroyer AL, Hattler B, Wagner TH, et al. Five-Year outcomes after on-pump and off-pump coronary-artery bypass. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(7):623–632. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1614341.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quin JA, Wagner TH, Hattler B, et al. Ten-Year outcomes of off-pump vs on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting in the department of veterans affairs: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Surg. 2022;157(4):303–310. doi:10.1001/jamasurg.2021.7578.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunst G, Milojevic M, Boer C, et al. 2019 EACTS/EACTA/EBCP guidelines on cardiopulmonary bypass in adult cardiac surgery. Br J Anaesth. 2019;123(6):713–757. doi:10.1016/j.bja.2019.09.012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Somer F, Mulholland JW, Bryan MR, et al. O2 delivery and CO2 production during cardiopulmonary bypass as determinants of acute kidney injury: time for a goal-directed perfusion management? Crit Care. 2011;15(4):R192. doi:10.1186/cc10349.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magruder JT, Crawford TC, Harness HL, et al. A pilot goal-directed perfusion initiative is associated with less acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2017;153(1):118–125 e111. doi:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2016.09.016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bojan M, Gioia E, Di Corte F, et al. Lower limit of adequate oxygen delivery for the maintenance of aerobic metabolism during cardiopulmonary bypass in neonates. Br J Anaesth. 2020;124(4):395–402. doi:10.1016/j.bja.2019.12.034.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lannemyr L, Bragadottir G, Hjärpe A, et al. Impact of cardiopulmonary bypass flow on renal oxygenation in patients undergoing cardiac operations. Ann Thorac Surg. 2019;107(2):505–511. doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2018.08.085.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett MJ, Rajakaruna C, Bazerbashi S, et al. Oxygen delivery during cardiopulmonary bypass (and renal outcome) using two systems of extracorporeal circulation: a retrospective review. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2013;16(6):760–764. doi:10.1093/icvts/ivt057.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benedetto U, Luciani R, Goracci M, et al. Miniaturized cardiopulmonary bypass and acute kidney injury in coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 2009;88(2):529–535. doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2009.03.072.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swaminathan M, Phillips-Bute BG, Conlon PJ, et al. The association of lowest hematocrit during cardiopulmonary bypass with acute renal injury after coronary artery bypass surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 2003;76(3):784–791; discussion 792. doi:10.1016/s0003-4975(03)00558-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Habib RH, Zacharias A, Schwann TA, et al. Adverse effects of low hematocrit during cardiopulmonary bypass in the adult: should current practice be changed? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2003;125(6):1438–1450. doi:10.1016/s0022-5223(02)73291-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hou X, Yang F, Liu R, et al. Retrograde autologous priming of the cardiopulmonary bypass circuit reduces blood transfusion in small adults: a prospective, randomized trial. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2009;26(12):1061–1066. doi:10.1097/EJA.0b013e32833244c8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cormack JE, Forest RJ, Groom RC, et al. Size makes a difference: use of a low-prime cardiopulmonary bypass circuit and autologous priming in small adults. Perfusion. 2000;15(2):129–135. doi:10.1177/026765910001500207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofmann B, Kaufmann C, Stiller M, et al. Positive impact of retrograde autologous priming in adult patients undergoing cardiac surgery: a randomized clinical trial. J Cardiothorac Surg. 2018;13(1):50. doi:10.1186/s13019-018-0739-0.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Trapp C, Schiller W, Mellert F, et al. Retrograde autologous priming as a safe and easy method to reduce hemodilution and transfusion requirements during cardiac surgery. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2015;63(7):628–634. doi:10.1055/s-0035-1548731.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hensley NB, Gyi R, Zorrilla-Vaca A, et al. Retrograde autologous priming in cardiac surgery: results from a systematic review and meta-analysis. Anesth Analg. 2021;132(1):100–107. doi:10.1213/ANE.0000000000005151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy GJ, Reeves BC, Rogers CA, et al. Increased mortality, postoperative morbidity, and cost after red blood cell transfusion in patients having cardiac surgery. Circulation. 2007;116(22):2544–2552. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.698977.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hajjar LA, Vincent JL, Galas FR, et al. Transfusion requirements after cardiac surgery: the TRACS randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2010;304(14):1559–1567. doi:10.1001/jama.2010.1446.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen QH, Wang HL, Liu L, et al. Effects of restrictive red blood cell transfusion on the prognoses of adult patients undergoing cardiac surgery: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Crit Care. 2018;22(1):142. doi:10.1186/s13054-018-2062-5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Boonstra PW, Gu YJ, Akkerman C, et al. Heparin coating of an extracorporeal circuit partly improves hemostasis after cardiopulmonary bypass. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1994;107(1):289–292. doi:10.1016/S0022-5223(94)70483-X.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ranucci M, Mazzucco A, Pessotto R, et al. Heparin-coated circuits for high-risk patients: a multicenter, prospective, randomized trial. Ann Thorac Surg. 1999;67(4):994–1000. doi:10.1016/s0003-4975(99)00062-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dekker NAM, Veerhoek D, van Leeuwen ALI, et al. Microvascular alterations during cardiac surgery using a heparin or Phosphorylcholine-Coated circuit. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2020;34(4):912–919. doi:10.1053/j.jvca.2019.10.012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy GS, Hessel EA, 2nd, Groom RC. Optimal perfusion during cardiopulmonary bypass: an evidence-based approach. Anesth Analg. 2009;108(5):1394–1417. doi:10.1213/ane.0b013e3181875e2e.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ranucci M, Balduini A, Ditta A, et al. A systematic review of biocompatible cardiopulmonary bypass circuits and clinical outcome. Ann Thorac Surg. 2009;87(4):1311–1319. doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2008.09.076.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muehrcke DD, McCarthy PM, Kottke-Marchant K, et al. Biocompatibility of heparin-coated extracorporeal bypass circuits: a randomized, masked clinical trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1996;112(2):472–483. doi:10.1016/S0022-5223(96)70275-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uriel N, Colombo PC, Cleveland JC, et al. Hemocompatibility-Related outcomes in the MOMENTUM 3 trial at 6 months: a randomized controlled study of a fully magnetically levitated pump in advanced heart failure. Circulation. 2017;135(21):2003–2012. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.028303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saczkowski R, Maklin M, Mesana T, et al. Centrifugal pump and roller pump in adult cardiac surgery: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Artif Organs. 2012;36(8):668–676. doi:10.1111/j.1525-1594.2012.01497.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersen KS, Nygreen EL, Grong K, et al. Comparison of the centrifugal and roller pump in elective coronary artery bypass surgery–a prospective, randomized study with special emphasis upon platelet activation. Scand Cardiovasc J. 2003;37(6):356–362. doi:10.1080/14017430310015523.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babin-Ebell J, Misoph M, Mullges W, et al. Reduced release of tissue factor by application of a centrifugal pump during cardiopulmonary bypass. Heart Vessels. 1998;13(3):147–151. doi:10.1007/BF01747832.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mlejnsky F, Klein AA, Lindner J, et al. A randomised controlled trial of roller versus centrifugal cardiopulmonary bypass pumps in patients undergoing pulmonary endarterectomy. Perfusion. 2015;30(7):520–528. doi:10.1177/0267659114553283.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haines N, Wang S, Undar A, et al. Clinical outcomes of pulsatile and non-pulsatile mode of perfusion. J Extra Corpor Technol. 2009;41(1):P26–29.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rider AR, Schreiner RS, Undar A. Pulsatile perfusion during cardiopulmonary bypass procedures in neonates, infants, and small children. Asaio J. 2007;53(6):706–709. doi:10.1097/MAT.0b013e318158e3f9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nam MJ, Lim CH, Kim HJ, et al. A meta-analysis of renal function after adult cardiac surgery with pulsatile perfusion. Artif Organs. 2015;39(9):788–794. doi:10.1111/aor.12452.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sezai A, Shiono M, Nakata K, et al. Effects of pulsatile CPB on interleukin-8 and endothelin-1 levels. Artif Organs. 2005;29(9):708–713. doi:10.1111/j.1525-1594.2005.29112.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ulus AT, Güray T, Ürpermez E, et al. Biocompatibility of the oxygenator on pulsatile flow by electron microscope. Braz J Cardiovasc Surg. 2023;38(1):62–70. doi:10.21470/1678-9741-2021-0519.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan Z, Besser M, Anderson S, et al. Pulsatile versus nonpulsatile flow during cardiopulmonary bypass: Extent of hemolysis and clinical significance. Asaio J. 2020;66(9):1025–1030. doi:10.1097/MAT.0000000000001154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raper RF, Cameron G, Walker D, et al. Type B lactic acidosis following cardiopulmonary bypass. Crit Care Med. 1997;25(1):46–51. doi:10.1097/00003246-199701000-00011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenwood JC, Jang DH, Spelde AE, et al. Low microcirculatory perfused vessel density and high heterogeneity are associated with increased intensity and duration of lactic acidosis after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Shock. 2021;56(2):245–254. doi:10.1097/SHK.0000000000001713.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nichol AD, Egi M, Pettila V, et al. Relative hyperlactatemia and hospital mortality in critically ill patients: a retrospective multi-Centre study. Crit Care. 2010;14(1):R25. doi:10.1186/cc8888.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephan H, Weyland A, Kazmaier S, et al. Acid-base management during hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass does not affect cerebral metabolism but does affect blood flow and neurological outcome. Br J Anaesth. 1992;69(1):51–57. doi:10.1093/bja/69.1.51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel RL, Turtle MR, Chambers DJ, et al. Alpha-stat acid-base regulation during cardiopulmonary bypass improves neuropsychologic outcome in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1996;111(6):1267–1279. doi:10.1016/s0022-5223(96)70230-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdul Aziz KA, Meduoye A. Is pH-stat or alpha-stat the best technique to follow in patients undergoing deep hypothermic circulatory arrest? Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2010;10(2):271–282. doi:10.1510/icvts.2009.214130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagy ZL, Collins M, Sharpe T, et al. Effect of two different bypass techniques on the serum troponin-T levels in newborns and children: does pH-stat provide better protection? Circulation. 2003;108(5):577–582. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000081779.88132.74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cecconi M, Rhodes A. Goal-directed therapy: time to move on? Anesth Analg. 2014;119(3):516–518. doi:10.1213/ANE.0000000000000367.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goepfert MS, Richter HP, Zu Eulenburg C, et al. Individually optimized hemodynamic therapy reduces complications and length of stay in the intensive care unit: a prospective, randomized controlled trial. Anesthesiology. 2013;119(4):824–836. doi:10.1097/ALN.0b013e31829bd770.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li P, Qu LP, Qi D, et al. Significance of perioperative goal-directed hemodynamic approach in preventing postoperative complications in patients after cardiac surgery: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Ann Med. 2017;49(4):343–351. doi:10.1080/07853890.2016.1271956.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Özdemir İ, Öztürk T, Amanvermez D, et al. The effects of perioperative goal-directed therapy on acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery in the early period. Turk Gogus Kalp Damar Cerrahisi Derg. 2023;31(4):467–478. doi:10.5606/tgkdc.dergisi.2023.24987.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Przyklenk K, Bauer B, Ovize M, et al. Regional ischemic ‘preconditioning’ protects remote virgin myocardium from subsequent sustained coronary occlusion. Circulation. 1993;87(3):893–899. doi:10.1161/01.cir.87.3.893.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wever KE, Warlé MC, Wagener FA, et al. Remote ischaemic preconditioning by brief hind limb ischaemia protects against renal ischaemia-reperfusion injury: the role of adenosine. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2011;26(10):3108–3117. doi:10.1093/ndt/gfr103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haji Mohd Yasin NA, Herbison P, Saxena P, et al. The role of remote ischemic preconditioning in organ protection after cardiac surgery: a meta-analysis. J Surg Res. 2014;186(1):207–216. doi:10.1016/j.jss.2013.09.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li L, Li G, Yu C, et al. The role of remote ischemic preconditioning on postoperative kidney injury in patients undergoing cardiac and vascular interventions: a meta-analysis. J Cardiothorac Surg. 2013;8(1):43. doi:10.1186/1749-8090-8-43.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pedersen KR, Ravn HB, Povlsen JV, et al. Failure of remote ischemic preconditioning to reduce the risk of postoperative acute kidney injury in children undergoing operation for complex congenital heart disease: a randomized single-center study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2012;143(3):576–583. doi:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2011.08.044.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Law YM, Hsu C, Hingorani SR, et al. Randomized controlled trial of remote ischemic preconditioning in children having cardiac surgery. J Cardiothorac Surg. 2024;19(1):5. doi:10.1186/s13019-023-02450-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu J, Liu S, Jia P, et al. Protection of remote ischemic preconditioning against acute kidney injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care. 2016;20(1):111. doi:10.1186/s13054-016-1272-y.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schenning KJ, Anderson S, Alkayed NJ, et al. Hyperglycemia abolishes the protective effect of ischemic preconditioning in glomerular endothelial cells in vitro. Physiol Rep. 2015;3(3):e12346. doi:10.14814/phy2.12346.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rivo J, Raphael J, Drenger B, et al. Flumazenil mimics whereas midazolam abolishes ischemic preconditioning in a rabbit heart model of ischemia-reperfusion. Anesthesiology. 2006;105(1):65–71. doi:10.1097/00000542-200607000-00014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Du Y, Qiu R, Chen L, et al. Identification of serum exosomal metabolomic and proteomic profiles for remote ischemic preconditioning. J Transl Med. 2023;21(1):241. doi:10.1186/s12967-023-04070-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan T, Jia P, Chen N, et al. Delayed remote ischemic preconditioning ConfersRenoprotection against septic acute kidney injury via exosomal miR-21. Theranostics. 2019;9(2):405–423. doi:10.7150/thno.29832.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Rosa S, Antonelli M, Ronco C. Hypothermia and kidney: a focus on ischaemia-reperfusion injury. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2017;32(2):241–247.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broman M, Källskog O. The effects of hypothermia on renal function and haemodynamics in the rat. Acta Physiol Scand. 1995;153(2):179–184. doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1995.tb09849.x.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stukov Y, Bleiweis MS, Wilson L, et al. Cardiopulmonary bypass perfusion temperature does not influence perioperative renal function. Ann Thorac Surg. 1995;60(1):2676591241226464–2676591241226164. doi:10.1016/S0003-4975(95)00328-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Susantitaphong P, Alfayez M, Cohen-Bucay A, et al. Therapeutic hypothermia and prevention of acute kidney injury: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Resuscitation. 2012;83(2):159–167. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2011.09.023.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newland RF, Baker RA, Mazzone AL, et al. Rewarming temperature during cardiopulmonary bypass and acute kidney injury: a multicenter analysis. Ann Thorac Surg. 2016;101(5):1655–1662. doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2016.01.086.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hendriks KDW, Castela Forte JN, Kok WF, et al. Mild hypothermia during cardiopulmonary bypass assisted CABG is associated with improved short- and long-term survival, a 18-year cohort study. PLoS One. 2022;17(8):e0273370. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0273370.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raposo G, Stoorvogel W. Extracellular vesicles: exosomes, microvesicles, and friends. J Cell Biol. 2013;200(4):373–383. doi:10.1083/jcb.201211138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Y, Zhang C, Du Y, et al. Exosomal transfer of microRNA-590-3p between renal tubular epithelial cells after renal ischemia-reperfusion injury regulates autophagy by targeting TRAF6. Chin Med J (Engl). 2022;135(20):2467–2477. doi:10.1097/CM9.0000000000002377.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donadee C, Raat NJ, Kanias T, et al. Nitric oxide scavenging by red blood cell microparticles and cell-free hemoglobin as a mechanism for the red cell storage lesion. Circulation. 2011;124(4):465–476. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.008698.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pat B, Oh JY, Masjoan Juncos JX, et al. Red blood cell exosome hemoglobin content increases after cardiopulmonary bypass and mediates acute kidney injury in an animal model. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2022;164(6):e289–e308. doi:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2020.11.102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dekker NAM, Veerhoek D, Koning NJ, et al. Postoperative microcirculatory perfusion and endothelial glycocalyx shedding following cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Anaesthesia. 2019;74(5):609–618. doi:10.1111/anae.14577.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferraris VA. Commentary: red cell damage after cardiopulmonary bypass: the dark side of exosomes. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2022;164(6):e309–e310. doi:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2020.11.138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathur VS, Swan SK, Lambrecht LJ, et al. The effects of fenoldopam, a selective dopamine receptor agonist, on systemic and renal hemodynamics in normotensive subjects. Crit Care Med. 1999;27(9):1832–1837. doi:10.1097/00003246-199909000-00021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee CJ, Gardiner BS, Smith DW. A cardiovascular model for renal perfusion during cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. Comput Biol Med. 2020;119:103676. doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2020.103676.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kone BC, Baylis C. Biosynthesis and homeostatic roles of nitric oxide in the normal kidney. Am J Physiol. 1997;272(5 Pt 2):F561–578. doi:10.1152/ajprenal.1997.272.5.F561.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Legrand M, Mik EG, Johannes T, et al. Renal hypoxia and dysoxia after reperfusion of the ischemic kidney. Mol Med. 2008;14(7-8):502–516. doi:10.2119/2008-00006.Legrand.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunnett CA, Lund DD, McDowell AK, et al. Mechanisms of inducible nitric oxide synthase-mediated vascular dysfunction. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2005;25(8):1617–1622. doi:10.1161/01.ATV.0000172626.00296.ba.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chatterjee PK, Patel NS, Kvale EO, et al. Inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase reduces renal ischemia/reperfusion injury. Kidney Int. 2002;61(3):862–871. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1755.2002.00234.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koivisto A, Pittner J, Froelich M, et al. Oxygen-dependent inhibition of respiration in isolated renal tubules by nitric oxide. Kidney Int. 1999;55(6):2368–2375. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1755.1999.00474.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim-Campbell N, Gretchen C, Callaway C, et al. Cell-Free plasma hemoglobin and male gender are risk factors for acute kidney injury in low risk children undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass. Crit Care Med. 2017;45(11):e1123–e1130. doi:10.1097/CCM.0000000000002703.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmad A, Dempsey SK, Daneva Z, et al. Role of nitric oxide in the cardiovascular and renal systems. Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19(9):2605. doi:10.3390/ijms19092605.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lei C, Berra L, Rezoagli E, et al. Nitric oxide decreases acute kidney injury and stage 3 chronic kidney disease after cardiac surgery. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2018;198(10):1279–1287. doi:10.1164/rccm.201710-2150OC.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamenshchikov NO, Anfinogenova YJ, Kozlov BN, et al. Nitric oxide delivery during cardiopulmonary bypass reduces acute kidney injury: a randomized trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2022;163(4):1393–1403 e1399. doi:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2020.03.182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenberg JW, Hogue S, Raees MA, et al. Exogenous nitric oxide delivery protects against cardiopulmonary bypass-associated acute kidney injury: histologic and serologic evidence from an ovine model. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2023;166(5):e164–e173. doi:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2023.03.030.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vuong TA, Rana MS, Moore B, et al. Association between exogenous nitric oxide given during cardiopulmonary bypass and the incidence of postoperative kidney injury in children. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2022;36(8 Pt A):2352–2357. doi:10.1053/j.jvca.2021.10.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruan SY, Huang TM, Wu HY, et al. Inhaled nitric oxide therapy and risk of renal dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Crit Care. 2015;19(1):137. doi:10.1186/s13054-015-0880-2.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hübner M, Tomasi R, Effinger D, et al. Myeloid-Derived suppressor cells mediate immunosuppression after cardiopulmonary bypass. Crit Care Med. 2019;47(8):e700–e709. doi:10.1097/CCM.0000000000003820.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jung M, Sola A, Hughes J, et al. Infusion of IL-10-expressing cells protects against renal ischemia through induction of lipocalin-2. Kidney Int. 2012;81(10):969–982. doi:10.1038/ki.2011.446.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang TT, Wang B, Wu M, et al. Extracellular vesicle-encapsulated IL-10 as novel nanotherapeutics against ischemic AKI. Sci Adv. 2020;6(33):eaaz0748. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aaz0748.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beer L, Szerafin T, Mitterbauer A, et al. Low tidal volume ventilation during cardiopulmonary bypass reduces postoperative chemokine serum concentrations. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2014;62(8):677–682. doi:10.1055/s-0034-1387824.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott JP, Tanem JM, Tomita-Mitchell A, et al. Elevated nuclear and mitochondrial cell-free deoxyribonucleic acid measurements are associated with death after infant cardiac surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2022;164(2):367–375. doi:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2021.10.066.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devlin PJ, Kaushal S. Commentary: come on maybe lyse my fire? Cell-free DNA: a potential novel therapeutic target for postcardiopulmonary bypass inflammation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2022;164(2):376–377. doi:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2021.11.015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poli EC, Alberio L, Bauer-Doerries A, et al. Cytokine clearance with CytoSorb(R) during cardiac surgery: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Crit Care. 2019;23(1):108. doi:10.1186/s13054-019-2399-4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bernardi MH, Rinoesl H, Dragosits K, et al. Effect of hemoadsorption during cardiopulmonary bypass surgery - a blinded, randomized, controlled pilot study using a novel adsorbent. Crit Care. 2016;20(1):96. doi:10.1186/s13054-016-1270-0.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pan T, Jiang CY, Zhang H, et al. The low-dose colchicine in patients after non-CABG cardiac surgery: a randomized controlled trial. Crit Care. 2023;27(1):49. doi:10.1186/s13054-023-04341-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu J, Deng F, Zhao B, et al. Lactobacillus murinus alleviate intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury through promoting the release of interleukin-10 from M2 macrophages via toll-like receptor 2 signaling. Microbiome. 2022;10(1):38. doi:10.1186/s40168-022-01227-w.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koyner JL, Sher Ali R, Murray PT. Antioxidants. Do they have a place in the prevention or therapy of acute kidney injury? Nephron Exp Nephrol. 2008;109(4):e109-117–e117. doi:10.1159/000142935.
   Google Scholar
• Roberts LJ, 2nd, Oates JA, Linton MF, et al. The relationship between dose of vitamin E and suppression of oxidative stress in humans. Free Radic Biol Med. 2007;43(10):1388–1393. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.06.019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanaka K, Kanamori Y, Sato T, et al. Administration of haptoglobin during cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. ASAIO Trans. 1991;37(3):M482–483.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Boretti FS, Buehler PW, D’Agnillo F, et al. Sequestration of extracellular hemoglobin within a haptoglobin complex decreases its hypertensive and oxidative effects in dogs and Guinea pigs. J Clin Invest. 2009;119(8):2271–2280. doi:10.1172/JCI39115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vallelian F, Pimenova T, Pereira CP, et al. The reaction of hydrogen peroxide with hemoglobin induces extensive alpha-globin crosslinking and impairs the interaction of hemoglobin with endogenous scavenger pathways. Free Radic Biol Med. 2008;45(8):1150–1158. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.07.013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boutaud O, Moore KP, Reeder BJ, et al. Acetaminophen inhibits hemoprotein-catalyzed lipid peroxidation and attenuates rhabdomyolysis-induced renal failure. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010;107(6):2699–2704. doi:10.1073/pnas.0910174107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laffey JG, Boylan JF, Cheng DC. The systemic inflammatory response to cardiac surgery: implications for the anesthesiologist. Anesthesiology. 2002;97(1):215–252. doi:10.1097/00000542-200207000-00030.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGuinness SP, Parke RL, Drummond K, et al. A multicenter, randomized, controlled phase IIb trial of avoidance of hyperoxemia during cardiopulmonary bypass. Anesthesiology. 2016;125(3):465–473. doi:10.1097/ALN.0000000000001226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haase M, Haase-Fielitz A, Bellomo R, et al. Sodium bicarbonate to prevent increases in serum creatinine after cardiac surgery: a pilot double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Crit Care Med. 2009;37(1):39–47. doi:10.1097/CCM.0b013e318193216f.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hougardy JM, De Backer D. Sodium bicarbonate to prevent cardiac surgery-associated kidney injury: the end of a dream? Crit Care. 2012;16(6):186. doi:10.1186/cc11837.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haase M, Haase-Fielitz A, Plass M, et al. Prophylactic perioperative sodium bicarbonate to prevent acute kidney injury following open heart surgery: a multicenter double-blinded randomized controlled trial. PLoS Med. 2013;10(4):e1001426. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001426.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heringlake M, Heinze H, Schubert M, et al. A perioperative infusion of sodium bicarbonate does not improve renal function in cardiac surgery patients: a prospective observational cohort study. Crit Care. 2012;16(4):R156. doi:10.1186/cc11476.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sukumaran V, Tsuchimochi H, Fujii Y, et al. Ghrelin pre-treatment attenuates local oxidative stress and end organ damage during cardiopulmonary bypass in anesthetized rats. Front Physiol. 2018;9:196. doi:10.3389/fphys.2018.00196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi J, Wu G, Zou X, et al. Enteral baicalin, a flavone glycoside, reduces indicators of cardiac surgery-associated acute kidney injury in rats. Cardiorenal Med. 2019;9(1):31–40. doi:10.1159/000492159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Sisi AE, Sokar SS, Abu-Risha SE, et al. Combination of tadalafil and diltiazem attenuates renal ischemia reperfusion-induced acute renal failure in rats. Biomed Pharmacother. 2016;84:861–869. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2016.10.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rassaf T, Weber C, Bernhagen J. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor in myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion injury. Cardiovasc Res. 2014;102(2):321–328. doi:10.1093/cvr/cvu071.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoppe C, Averdunk L, Goetzenich A, et al. The protective role of macrophage migration inhibitory factor in acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery. Sci Transl Med. 2018;10(441):eaan4886. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aan4886.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amani H, Habibey R, Hajmiresmail SJ, et al. Antioxidant nanomaterials in advanced diagnoses and treatments of ischemia reperfusion injuries. J Mater Chem B. 2017;5(48):9452–9476. doi:10.1039/c7tb01689a.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walski T, Drohomirecka A, Bujok J, et al. Low-Level light therapy protects red blood cells against oxidative stress and hemolysis during extracorporeal circulation. Front Physiol. 2018;9:647. doi:10.3389/fphys.2018.00647.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koratala A, Kazory A. Renal functional reserve and pregnancy outcomes. Kidney Int. 2017;92(3):768. doi:10.1016/j.kint.2017.04.038.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ronco C, Bellomo R, Kellum J. Understanding renal functional reserve. Intensive Care Med. 2017;43(6):917–920. doi:10.1007/s00134-017-4691-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Husain-Syed F, Ferrari F, Sharma A, et al. Preoperative renal functional reserve predicts risk of acute kidney injury after cardiac operation. Ann Thorac Surg. 2018;105(4):1094–1101. doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2017.12.034.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Husain-Syed F, Ferrari F, Sharma A, et al. Persistent decrease of renal functional reserve in patients after cardiac surgery-associated acute kidney injury despite clinical recovery. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2019;34(2):308–317. doi:10.1093/ndt/gfy227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Husain-Syed F, Emlet DR, Wilhelm J, et al. Effects of preoperative high-oral protein loading on short- and long-term renal outcomes following cardiac surgery: a cohort study. J Transl Med. 2022;20(1):204. doi:10.1186/s12967-022-03410-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pu H, Doig GS, Heighes PT, et al. Intravenous amino acid therapy for kidney protection in cardiac surgery patients: a pilot randomized controlled trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2019;157(6):2356–2366. doi:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2018.11.097.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao Y, Pu M, Wang Y, et al. Application of nanotechnology in acute kidney injury: from diagnosis to therapeutic implications. J Control Release. 2021;336:233–251. doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.06.026.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu H, Lin T, Chen W, et al. Size and temporal-dependent efficacy of oltipraz-loaded PLGA nanoparticles for treatment of acute kidney injury and fibrosis. Biomaterials. 2019;219:119368. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119368.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams RM, Shah J, Tian HS, et al. Selective nanoparticle targeting of the renal tubules. Hypertension. 2018;71(1):87–94. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.09843.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han SJ, Williams RM, D’Agati V, et al. Selective nanoparticle-mediated targeting of renal tubular toll-like receptor 9 attenuates ischemic acute kidney injury. Kidney Int. 2020;98(1):76–87. doi:10.1016/j.kint.2020.01.036.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu H, Jin F, Liu D, et al. ROS-responsive nano-drug delivery system combining mitochondria-targeting ceria nanoparticles with atorvastatin for acute kidney injury. Theranostics. 2020;10(5):2342–2357. doi:10.7150/thno.40395.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ni D, Jiang D, Kutyreff CJ, et al. Molybdenum-based nanoclusters act as antioxidants and ameliorate acute kidney injury in mice. Nat Commun. 2018;9(1):5421. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-07890-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koh LB, Rodriguez I, Venkatraman SS. A novel nanostructured poly(lactic-co-glycolic-acid)-multi-walled carbon nanotube composite for blood-contacting applications: thrombogenicity studies. Acta Biomater. 2009;5(9):3411–3422. doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2009.06.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaffney AM, Santos-Martinez MJ, Satti A, et al. Blood biocompatibility of surface-bound multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Nanomedicine. 2015;11(1):39–46. doi:10.1016/j.nano.2014.07.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar