References
- Fuentes EF, Kohn MA, Neighbor ML. Lack of association between patient ethnicity or race and fracture analgesia. Acad Emerg Med. 2002;9(9):910–915.
- Tamayo-Sarver JH, Dawson NV, Hinze SW, et al. The effect of race/ethnicity and desirable social characteristics on physicians’ decisions to prescribe opioid analgesics. Acad Emerg Med. 2003;10(11):1239–1248.
- Anderson KO, Green CR, Payne R. Racial and ethnic disparities in pain: causes and consequences of unequal care. J Pain. 2009;10(12):1187–1204.
- Tamayo-Sarver JH, Hinze SW, Cydulka RK, Baker DW. Racial and ethnic disparities in emergency department analgesic prescription. Am J Public Health. 2003;93(12):2067–2073.
- van Ryn M, Burke J. The effect of patient race and socio-economic status on physicians’ perceptions of patients. Soc Sci Med. 2000;50(6):813–828.
- Dominick KL, Bosworth HB, Dudley TK, Waters SJ, Campbell LC, Keefe FJ. Patterns of opioid analgesic prescription among patients with osteoarthritis. J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother. 2004;18(1):31–46.
- Pletcher MJ, Kertesz SG, Kohn MA, Gonzales R. Trends in opioid prescribing by race/ethnicity for patients seeking care in US emergency departments. JAMA 2008;299(1):70–78.
- Shavers VL, Bakos A, Sheppard VB. Race, ethnicity, and pain among the U.S. adult population. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2010;21(1):177–220.
- Edlund MJ, Martin BC, Russo JE, DeVries A, Braden JB, Sullivan MD. The role of opioid prescription in incident opioid abuse and dependence among individuals with chronic noncancer pain: the role of opioid prescription. Clin J Pain. 2014;30(7):557–564.
- Bohnert ASB, Logan JE, Ganoczy D, Dowell D. A detailed exploration into the association of prescribed opioid dosage and overdose deaths among patients with chronic pain. Med Care. 2016;54(5):435–441.
- Becker WC, Starrels JL, Heo M, Li X, Weiner MG, Turner BJ. Racial differences in primary care opioid risk reduction strategies. Ann Fam Med. 2011;9(3):219–225.
- Hausmann LRM, Gao S, Lee ES, Kwoh CK. Racial disparities in the monitoring of patients on chronic opioid therapy. Pain. 2013;154(1):46–52.
- Jones CM, Lurie PG, Compton WM. Increase in naloxone prescriptions dispensed in US retail pharmacies since 2013. Am J Public Health. 2016;106(4):689–690.
- Mueller SR, Walley AY, Calcaterra SL, Glanz JM, Binswanger IA. A review of opioid overdose prevention and naloxone prescribing: implications for translating community programming into clinical practice. Subst Abuse. 2015;36(2):240–253.
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). Naloxone for Opioid Overdose: Life-Saving Science. https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/naloxone-opioid-overdose-life-saving-science/naloxone-opioid-overdose-life-saving-science. Published March 30, 2017. Accessed February 16, 2018.
- SAMHSA. Naloxone. https://www.samhsa.gov/medication-assisted-treatment/treatment/naloxone. Published March 3, 2016. Accessed February 16, 2018.
- Beletsky L, Ruthazer R, Macalino GE, Rich JD, Tan L, Burris S. Physicians’ knowledge of and willingness to prescribe naloxone to reverse accidental opiate overdose: challenges and opportunities. J Urban Health. 2007;84(1):126–136.
- Gatewood AK, Van Wert MJ, Andrada AP, Surkan PJ. Academic physicians’ and medical students’ perceived barriers toward bystander administered naloxone as an overdose prevention strategy. Addict Behav. 2016;61:40–46.
- Wilson JD, Spicyn N, Matson P, Alvanzo A, Feldman L. Internal medicine resident knowledge, attitudes, and barriers to naloxone prescription in hospital and clinic settings. Subst Abuse. 2016;37(3):480–487.
- Dowell D, Haegerich TM, Chou R. CDC Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain—United States, 2016. JAMA. 2016;315(15):1624–1645.
- Kerensky T, Walley AY. Opioid overdose prevention and naloxone rescue kits: what we know and what we don’t know. Addict Sci Clin Pract. 2017;12(1):4. doi:10.1186/s13722-016-0068-3
- Institute of Medicine. Race, ethnicity, and language data: standardization for health care quality improvement. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2009.
- West CN, Geiger AM, Greene SM, et al. Race and ethnicity: comparing medical records to self-reports. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr. 2005;2005(35):72–74.
- Bergdall A, Asche S, Schneider N, et al. CB3-01: comparison of ethnicity and race categorization in electronic medical records and by Self-report. Clin Med Res. 2012;10(3):172.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Data Resources: Analyzing Prescription Data and Morphine Milligram Equivalents (MME). https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/resources/data.html. Published November 2, 2018. Accessed February 24, 2019.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. U.S. Opioid Prescribing Rate Maps. https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/maps/rxrate-maps.html. Published October 29, 2018. Accessed February 25, 2019.
- CDC National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. MME conversion file. September 2018. https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/data-files/SAScodetouseMMEconvsnfileSept2018.sas. Accessed July 29, 2019.
- SAS System [Computer Program], Version 9.4. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc; 2017.
- Barkley A. Evaluating goodness-of-fit for a logistic regression model using the Hosmer-Lemeshow test on samples from a large data set. 2014. https://etd.ohiolink.edu/!etd.send_file?accession = osu1396951135&disposition = inline.
- Kramer AA, Zimmerman JE. Assessing the calibration of mortality benchmarks in critical care: the Hosmer-Lemeshow test revisited. Crit Care Med. 2007;35(9):2052–2056.
- Paul P, Pennell ML, Lemeshow S. Standardizing the power of the Hosmer–Lemeshow goodness of fit test in large data sets. Statist Med. 2013;32(1):67–80.
- Lai X, Liu L. A simple test procedure in standardizing the power of Hosmer–Lemeshow test in large data sets. J Stat Comput Simul. 2018;88(13):2463–2472.
- Indian Health Service. Indian Health Service National Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee Treatment of Opioid Overdose NPTC Formulary Brief. May 2014. https://www.ihs.gov/nptc/includes/themes/newihstheme/display_objects/documents/guidance/NPTC-Formulary-Brief-OpioidReversal.pdf.
- Gupta R, Shah ND, Ross JS. The rising price of naloxone — risks to efforts to stem overdose deaths. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(23):2213–2215.
- van Ryn M, Fu SS. Paved with good intentions: do public health and human service providers contribute to racial/ethnic disparities in health? Am J Public Health. 2003;93(2):248. http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/full/10.2105/AJPH.93.2.248. Accessed July 28, 2017.
- Mathur VA, Richeson JA, Paice JA, Muzyka M, Chiao JY. Racial bias in pain perception and response: experimental examination of automatic and deliberate processes. J Pain. 2014;15(5):476–484.
- Sabin JA, Greenwald AG. The influence of implicit bias on treatment recommendations for 4 common pediatric conditions: pain, urinary tract infection, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and asthma. Am J Public Health. 2012;102(5):988–995.
- Moskowitz GB, Stone J, Childs A. Implicit stereotyping and medical decisions: unconscious stereotype activation in practitioners’ thoughts about African Americans. Am J Public Health. 2012;102(5):996–1001.
- Kaiser Family Foundation. Opioid overdose deaths by race/ethnicity. Henry J Kais Fam Found. 2017. https://www.kff.org/other/state-indicator/opioid-overdose-deaths-by-raceethnicity/. Accessed January 11, 2018.
- Cicero TJ, Ellis MS, Surratt HL, Kurtz SP. The Changing Face of Heroin Use in the United States A Retrospective Analysis of the Past 50 Years. JAMA Psychiat. 2014;71(7):821–826.
- Juarez G, Ferrell B, Borneman T. Influence of culture on cancer pain management in Hispanic patients. Cancer Pract. 1998;6(5):262–269.
- Anderson KO, Richman SP, Hurley J, et al. Cancer pain management among underserved minority outpatients: perceived needs and barriers to optimal control. Cancer. 2002;94(8):2295–2304.
- Indian Health Service. Indian Health Service National Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee Treatment of Opioid Overdose NPTC Formulary Brief. May 2014. 2.
- Tipps RT, Buzzard GT, McDougall JA. The Opioid Epidemic in Indian Country. J Law Med Ethics. 2018;46(2):422–436.
- Smith M. IHS Implements Groundbreaking New Policy Regarding Opioid Prescribing. Indian Health Service. https://www.ihs.gov/newsroom/ihs-blog/july2016/ihs-implements-groundbreaking-new-policy-regarding-opioid-prescribing/. Published July 6, 2016. Accessed March 5, 2019.
- Gonzalez-Barrera A, Lopez MH. Is being Hispanic a matter of race, ethnicity or both? Pew Res Cent. 2015. http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/06/15/is-being-hispanic-a-matter-of-race-ethnicity-or-both/. Accessed May 29, 2018.
- U.S. Census Bureau. American FactFinder. https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?src=CF. Published 2017. Accessed March 22, 2018.
- Friedmann PD, Andrews CM, Humphreys K. How ACA repeal would worsen the opioid epidemic. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(10):e16.