Transport and Uptake of MTBE and Ethanol Vapors in a Human Upper Airway Model

REFERENCES

• AEA Technology. CFX-4.4: Solver. CFX International, Oxfordshire, UK 2001
   Google Scholar
• Balásházy I., Hofmann W., Heistracher T. Computation of local enhancement factors for the quantification of particle deposition patterns in airway bifurcations. J. Aerosol Sci. 1999; 30: 185–203, [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balásházy I., Hofmann W., Heistracher T. Local particle deposition patterns may play a key role in the development of lung cancer. J. Appl. Physiol. 2003; 94: 1719–1725, [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bejan A. Convective heat transfer. John Wiley & Sons, New York 1995
   Google Scholar
• Buckley T. J., Prah J. D., Ashley D., Zweidinger R. A., Wallace L. A. Body burden measurements and models to assess inhalation exposure to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE). J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 1997; 47: 739–752, [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bui T. D., Dabdub D., George S. C. Modeling bronchial circulation with application to soluble gas exchange: Description and sensitivity analysis. J. Appl. Physiol. 1998; 84: 2070–2088, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cheng K. H., Cheng Y. S., Yeh H. C., Swift D. L. Measurements of airway dimensions and calculation of mass transfer characteristics of the human oral passage. J. Biomech. Eng. Trans. ASME 1997; 119: 476–482, [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng Y. S., Yamada Y., Yeh H. C. Deposition of ultrafine aerosols in a human oral cast. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 1990; 12: 1075–1081, [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comer J. K., Kleinstreuer C., Kim C. S. Flow structures and particle deposition patterns in double bifurcation airway models. Part 2. Aerosol transport and deposition. J. Fluid Mech. 2001; 435: 55–80, [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daviskas E., Gonda I., Anderson S. D. Mathematical modeling of heat and water transport in human respiratory tract. J. Appl. Physiol. 1990; 69: 362–372, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fan B. J., Cheng T. S., Yeh H. C. Gas collection efficiency and entrance flow effect of an annular diffusion denuder. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 1996; 25: 113–120, [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Froines J., Collins M., Fanning E., McConnell R., Robbins W., Silver K., Kun H., Mutialu R., Okoji R., Taber R., Tareen N., Zandonella C. An evaluation of the scientific peer-reviewed research and literature on the human health effects of MTBE, its metabolites, combustion products and substitute compounds. Report to the Governor and Legislature of the State of California as Sponsored by SB 521, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 1998
   Google Scholar
• George S. C., Babb A. L., Hlastala M. P. Dynamics of soluble gas exchange in the airways: III. Single-exhalation breathing manueuver. J. Appl. Physiol. 1993; 75: 2439–2449, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Governors' Ethanol Coalition. The fate and transport of ethanol-blended gasoline in the environment: A literature review and transport modeling. Lincoln, NE 1999
   Google Scholar
• Hartle R. Exposure to methyl tert-butyl ether and benzene among service station attendants and operators. Environ. Health Perspec to Suppl. 1993; 101: 23–26, [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong J. Y., Yang C. S., Lee M., Wang Y. Y., Huang W. Q., Tan Y., Patten C. J., Bondoc F. Y. Role of cytochromes P450 in the metabolism of methyl tert-butyl ether in human livers. Arch. Toxicol. 1997; 71: 266–269, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu S. C., Ben-Jebria A., Ultman J. S. Longitudinal distribution of ozone absorption in the lung: Effects of respiratory flow. J. Appl. Physiol. 1994; 77: 574–583, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaques P. A., Kim C. S. Measurement of total lung deposition of inhaled ultrafine particles in healthy men and women. Inhal. Toxicol. 2000; 12: 715–731, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keyhani K., Scherer P., Mozell M. M. A numerical model of nasal odorant transport for the analysis of human olfaction. J. Theor. Biol. 1997; 186: 279–301, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim C. S., Fisher D. M. Deposition characteristics of aerosol particles in sequentially bifurcating airway models. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 1999; 31: 198–220, [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim C. S., Jaques P. A. Analysis of total respiratory deposition of inhaled ultrafine particles in adult subjects at various breathing patterns. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2004; 38: 525–540, [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   Google Scholar
• Kleinstreuer C., Zhang Z. Laminar-to-turbulent fluid-particle flows in a human airway model. Int. J. Multiphase Flow 2003; 29: 271–289, [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li W., Xiong J. Q., Cohen B. S. The deposition of unattached radon progeny in a tracheobronchial cast as measured with iodine vapor. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 1998; 28: 502–510, [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lioy P. J., Weisel C. P., Wan-Keun J., Pellizari E., Raymer J. H. Microenvironmental and personal measurements of methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE) associated with automobile use activities. J. Exposure Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. 1994; 4: 427–441, [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Luchtel D. L. The mucous layer of trachea and major bronchi in the rat. Scan. Electron Microsc. 1978; 2: 1089–1098, [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Miller M. E., Stuart J. D. Measurement of aqueous Henry's law constants for oxygenates and aromatics found in gasoline by the static headspace method. Anal. Chem. 2000; 72: 622–625, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mori Y., Nakayama W. Study of forced convection heat transfer in curved pipes: I. Laminar region. Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 1965; 8: 67–82, [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   Google Scholar
• Nihlen A., Lof A., Johanson G. Experimental exposure to methyl tertiary-butyl ether. I. Toxicokinetics in humans. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1998a; 148: 274–280, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nihlen A., Walinder R., Lof A., Johanson G. Experimental exposure to methyl tertiary- butyl ether. II. Acute effects in humans. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1998b; 148: 281–287, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perry's chemical engineers' handbook 7th ed., R. H. Perry, D. W. Green. McGraw-Hill, New York 1997
   Google Scholar
• Prah J. D., Goldstein G. M., Devlin R., Otto D., Ashley D., House D., Cohen K. L., Gerrity T. Sensory, symptomatic, inflammatory, and ocular responses to and the metabolism of methyl tertiary butyl ether in a controlled human exposure experiment. Inhal. Toxicol. 1994; 6: 521–538, [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prah J., Ashley D., Blount B., Case M., Leavens T., Pleil J., Cardinali F. Dermal, oral, and inhalation pharmacokinetics of methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) in human volunteers. Toxicol. Sci. 2004; 77: 195–205, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shepard D. A two-dimensional interpolation function for irregularly spaced data. Proc. 23rd National Conference ACM. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY 1968; 517–524
   Google Scholar
• Shi H., Kleinstreuer C., Zhang Z., Kim C. S. Nanoparticle transport and deposition in bifurcating tubes with different inlet conditions. Physics of Fluids 2004; 16: 2199–2213, [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Souders J. E., George S. C., Polissar N. L., Swenson E. R., Hlastala M. P. Tracheal gas exchange: Perfusion-related differences in inert gas elimination. J. Appl. Physiol. 1995; 79: 918–928, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Stump F. D., Knapp K. T., Ray W. D. Seasonal impact of blending oxygenated organics with gasoline on motor vehicle tailpipe and evaporative emissions. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 1990; 40: 872–880, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Upton A., Constantini M. G., Warren J., Harkema J. R., Jacobson B., Hertz-Picciotto I., Leaderer B., Mattison D. R., Nauss K. M., Nettesheim P., Reed D. J., Samet J., Shusterman D. J., van Belle G., Weiss B. The potential health effects of oxygenates added to gasoline. A review of the current literature. A special report of the institute's Oxygenates Evaluation Committee. Health Effects Institute, Cambridge, MA 1996
   Google Scholar
• Weibel E. R. Morphometry of the human lung. Academic Press, New York 1963
   Google Scholar
• Wilcox D. C. Turbulence modeling for CFD. DCW Industries, Inc, La Canada, CA 1993
   Google Scholar
• Yeh H. C. Use of a heat tranfer analogy for a mathematical model of respiratory tract deposition. Bull. Math. Biol. 1974; 36: 105–116, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Z., Kleinstreuer C. Transient airflow structures and particle transport in a sequentially branching lung airway model. Physics of Fluids 2002; 14: 862–880, [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Z., Kleinstreuer C. Low Reynolds number turbulent flows in locally constricted conduits: a comparison study. AIAA J. 2003a; 41: 831–840, [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Zhang Z., Kleinstreuer C. Species heat and mass transfer in a human upper airway model. Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 2003b; 46: 4755–4768, [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Z., Kleinstreuer C. Airflow structures and nanoparticle deposition in a human upper airway model. J. Comp. Physics 2004; 198: 178–210, [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Z., Kleinstreuer C., Kim C. S. Aerosol deposition efficiencies and upstream release positions for different inhalation modes in an upper bronchial airway model. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2002; 36: 828–844, [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar