Derivation of an Inhalation Reference Concentration Based upon Olfactory Neuronal Loss in Male Rats following Subchronic Acetaldehyde Inhalation

REFERENCES

• American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Acetaldehyde. Documentation of threshold limit values and biological exposure indices, 7th ed. ACGIH, Cincinnati, OH 2001; 1–5
   Google Scholar
• Andersen M. E., Sarangapani R., Frederick C. B., Kimbell J. S. Dosimetric adjustment factors for methylmethacrylate derived from a steady-state analysis of a physiologically based clearance-extraction model. Inhal. Toxicol. 1999; 11: 899–923
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Appelman L. M., Woutersen R. A., Feron V. J. Inhalation toxicity of acetaldehyde in rats. I. Acute and subacute studies. Toxicology 1982; 23(4)293–307
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Appelman L. M., Woutersen R. A., Feron V. J., Hooftman R. N., Notten W. R. Effect of variable versus fixed exposure levels on the toxicity of acetaldehyde in rats. J. Appl. Toxicol. 1986; 6(5)331–336
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beites C. L., Kawauchi S., Crocker C. E., Calof A. L. Identification and molecular regulation of neural stem cells in the olfactory epithelium. Exp. Cell Res. 2005; 306: 309–316
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bogdanffy M., Sarangapani R., Andersen M., Jarabek A., Dellarco V. Inhalation hazard identification and dose-response characterization for vinyl acetate. DuPont Hasekll Laboratory, Newark, DE 1999
   Google Scholar
• Bogdanffy M. S., Valentine R. Differentiating between local cytotoxicity, mitogenesis, and genotoxicity in carcinogen risk assessments: The case of vinyl acetate. Toxicol. Lett 2003; 140–141: 83–98
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calof A. L., Hagiwara N., Holcomb J. D., Mumm J. S., Shou J. Neurogenesis and cell death in olfactory epithelium. J. Neurobiol 1996; 30(1)67–81
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carter L. A., MacDonald J. L., Roskams A. J. Olfactory horizontal basal cells demonstrate a conserved multipotent progenitor phenotype. J. Neurosci 2004; 24(25)5670–5683
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casanova M., Morgan K. T., Steinhagen W. H., Everitt J. I., Popp J. A., Heck H. D. Covalent binding of inhaled formaldehyde to DNA in the respiratory tract of rhesus monkeys: Pharmacokinetics, rat-to-monkey interspecies scaling, and extrapolation to man. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol 1991; 17(2)409–428
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Casanova-Schmitz M., Heck H. d'A. Effects of formaldehyde exposure on the extractability of DNA from proteins in the rat nasal mucosa. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1983; 70(1)121–132
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cassee F. R., Groten J. P., Feron V. J. Changes in the nasal epithelium of rats exposed by inhalation to mixtures of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 1996; 29(2)208–218
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Conolly R. B., Kimbell J. S., Janszen D., Schlosser P. M., Kalisak D., Preston J., Miller F. J. Human respiratory tract cancer risks of inhaled formaldehyde: dose-response predictions derived from biologically-motivated computational modeling of a combined rodent and human dataset. Toxicol. Sci 2004; 82(1)279–296
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costa M., Zhitkovich A., Harris M., Paustenbach D., Gargas M. DNA–protein cross-links produced by various chemicals in cultured human lymphoma cells. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 1997; 50(5)433–449
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cowan C. M., Thai J., Krajewski S., Reed J. C., Nicholson D. W., Kaufmann S. H., Roskams A. J. Caspases 3 and 9 send a pro-apoptotic signal from synapse to cell body in olfactory receptor neurons. J. Neurosci. 2001; 21: 7099–7109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feron V. J. Effects of exposure to acetaldehyde in syrian hamsters simultaneously treated with benzo(a)pyrene or diethylnitrosamine. Prog. Exp. Tumor Res. 1979; 24: 162–176
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Feron V. J., Kruysse A., Woutersen R. A. Respiratory tract tumours in hamsters exposed to acetaldehyde vapour alone or simultaneously to benzo(a)pyrene or diethylnitrosamine. Eur. J. Cancer Clin. Oncol. 1982; 18: 13–31
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Feron V. J., Til H. P., de Vrijer F., Woutersen R. A., Cassee F. R., van Bladeren P. J. Aldehydes: Occurrence, carcinogenic potential, mechanism of action and risk assessment. Mutat. Res 1991; 259(3–4)363–385
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frederick C. B., Bush M. L., Lomax L. G., Black K. A., Finch L., Kimbell J. S., Morgan K. T., Subramaniam R. P., Morris J. B., Ultman J. S. Application of a hybrid computational fluid dynamics and physiologically based inhalation model for interspecies dosimetry extrapolation of acidic vapors in the upper airways. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1998; 152: 211–231
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gosepath J., Brieger J., Muttray A., Best S., Pourianfar M., Jung D., Letzel S., Mann W. J. mRNA induction and cytokine release of inflammatory mediators during in vitro exposure of human nasal respiratory epithelia to acetaldehyde. Inhal. Toxicol 2006; 18(14)1083–1090
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harkema J. R., Carey S. A., Wagner J. G. The nose revisited: a brief review of the comparative structure, function, and toxicologic pathology of the nasal epithelium. Toxicol. Pathol 2006; 34(3)252–269
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones A. W. Measuring and reporting the concentration of acetaldehyde in human breath. Alcohol Alcohol 1995; 30(3)271–285
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerns W. D., Pavkov K. L., Donofrio D. J., Gralla E. J., Swenberg J. A. Carcinogenicity of formaldehyde in rats and mice after long-term inhalation exposure. Cancer Res 1983; 43(9)4382–4392
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimbell J. S., Godo M. N., Gross E. A., Joyner D. R., Richardson R. B., Morgan K. T. Computer simulation of inspiratory airflow in all regions of the F344 rat nasal passages. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol 1997; 145(2)388–398
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruysse A., Feron V. J., Til H. P.V. Repeated exposure to acetaldehyde vapor. Studies in Syrian golden hamsters. Arch. Environ. Health 1975; 30(9)449–452
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurtz A. J., Lloyd R. S. 1,N2-Deoxyguanosine adducts of acrolein, crotonaldehyde, and trans-4-hydroxynonenal cross-link to peptides via Schiff base linkage. J. Biol. Chem 2003; 278(8)5970–5976
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuykendall J. R., Jarvi E. J., Finley B. L., Paustenbach D. J. DNA–protein cross-link formation in Burkitt lymphoma cells cultured with benzaldehyde and the sedative paraldehyde. Drug Chem. Toxicol 2007; 30(1)1–16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lam C. W., Casanova M., Heck H. D. Decreased extractability of DNA from proteins in the rat nasal mucosa after acetaldehyde exposure. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol 1986; 6(3)541–550
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Magrassi L., Graziadei P. P. Cell death in the olfactory epithelium. Anat. Embryol. (Berl). 1995; 192(1)77–87
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Monticello T. M., Morgan K. T. Chemically-induced nasal carcinogenesis and epithelial cell proliferation: A brief review. Mutat. Res 1997; 380(1–2)33–41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monticello T. M., Morgan K. T., Hurtt M. E. Unit length as the denominator for quantitation of cell proliferation in nasal epithelia. Toxicol. Pathol. 1990; 18: 24–31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan K. T. Approaches to the identification and recording of nasal lesions in toxicology studies. Toxicol. Pathol. 1991; 19(4 Pt. 1)337–351
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan K. T., Monticello T. M. Airflow, gas deposition, and lesion distribution in the nasal passages. Environ. Health Perspect. 1990; 85: 209–218
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris J. B., Blanchard K. T. Upper respiratory tract deposition of inspired acetaldehyde. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1992; 114(1)140–146
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris J. B., Hassett D. N., Blanchard K. T. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for nasal uptake and metabolism of nonreactive vapors. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1993; 123: 120–129
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Research Council. Guide for the care and use of laboratory animals. National Academy Press, Washington, DC 1996
   Google Scholar
• Plowchalk D. R., Andersen M. E., Bogdanffy M. S. Physiologically based modeling of vinyl acetate uptake, metabolism, and intracellular pH changes in the rat nasal cavity. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1997; 142: 386–400
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlosser P. M., Lilly P. D., Conolly R. B., Janszen D. B., Kimbell J. S. Benchmark dose risk assessment for formaldehyde using airflow modeling and a single-compartment, DNA–protein cross-link dosimetry model to estimate human equivalent doses. Risk Anal 2003; 23(3)473–487
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanek J. J., Morris J. B. The effect of inhibition of aldehyde dehydrogenase on nasal uptake of inspired acetaldehyde. Toxicol Sci. 1999; 49: 225–231
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutherland J. E., Costa M. Assays for DNA damage. Current protocols in toxicology, M. D. Maines, G. Costa, D. J. Reed, S. Sassa, I. G. Sipes. John Wiley & Sons, New York 1999; 3.5.1–3.5.36
   Google Scholar
• Teeguarden J. G., Bogdanffy M. S., Covington T. R., Jarabek A. M., Tan Y.-M. A PBPK model for evaluating the impact of aldehyde dehydrogenase polymorphisms on comparative rat and human nasal tissue acetaldehyde dosimetry. Inhal. Toxicol. 2008; 20: 375–390
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Health Assessment Document for Acetaldehyde. U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC 1987, EPA/600/8-86-015A
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Methods for the derivation of inhalation reference concentrations and application of inhalation dosimetry. U.S. EPA, Washington, DC 1994, EPA/600/8-90/066F
   Google Scholar
• Weiler E., Farbman A. I. Proliferation in the rat olfactory epithelium: Age-dependent changes. J. Neurosci 1997; 17: 3610–3622
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS). Safety environmental health criteria 167, WHO, Acetaldehyde. Geneva 1995
   Google Scholar
• Woutersen R. A., Feron V. J. Inhalation toxicity of acetaldehyde in rats. IV. Progression and regression of nasal lesions after discontinuation of exposure. Toxicology 1987; 47(3)295–305
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woutersen R. A., Appelman L. M., Feron V. J., Van der Heijden C. A. Inhalation toxicity of acetaldehyde in rats. II. Carcinogenicity study: Interim results after 15 months. Toxicology 1984; 31(2)123–133
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woutersen R. A., Appelman L. M., Van Garderen-Hoetmer A., Feron V. J. Inhalation toxicity of acetaldehyde in rats. III. Carcinogenicity study. Toxicology 1986; 41(2)213–231
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar