Systemic Inflammation, Endothelial Dysfunction, and Activation in Clinically Healthy Children Exposed to Air Pollutants

REFERENCES

• Alfaro-Moreno E., Nawrot T. S., Nemmar A., Nemery B. Particulate matter in the environment: pulmonary and cardiovascular effects. Curr. Opin. Pulmon. Med. 2007a; 13: 98–106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alfaro-Moreno E., Martinez L., García-Cuellar C., Bonner J. C., Murria J. C., Rosas, Ponce de León Rosales S., Osornio-Vargas A. R. Biological effects induced in vitro by PM10from 3 different zones of Mexico City. Environ. Health Perspect. 2002; 110: 715–720
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alfaro-Moreno E., López-Marure R., Montiel-Dávalos A., Symonds P., Osornio-Vargas A. R., Rosas I., Murria J. C. E-selectin expression in human endothelial cells exposed to PM10: The role of endotoxin and insoluble fraction. Environ. Res. 2007b; 103: 221–228
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Lung Association. Urban air pollution and health inequities: A workshop report. Environ. Health Perspect. 2001; 109: 357–374
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arimoto T., Takano H., Inoue K., Yanagisawa R., Yoshino S., Yamaki K., Yoshikawa T. Pulmonary exposure to diesel exhaust particle components enhances circulatory chemokines during lung inflammation. Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharmacol. 2007; 20: 197–201
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baccarelli A., Zanobetti A., Martinelli I., Grillo P., Hou L., Giacomini S., Bonzini M., Lanzani G., Mannucci P. M., Bertazzi P. A., Schwartz J. Effects of exposure to air pollution on blood coagulation. J. Thromb. Haemost 2007; 5: 252–260
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bai N., Khazaei M., van Eeden S. F., Laher I. The pharmacology of particulate matter air pollution-induced cardiovascular dysfunction. Pharmacol. Ther. 2007; 113: 16–29
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berenson G. S., Wattigney W. A., Tracy R. E., Newman W. P., Srinivasan S. R., Webber L. S., Dalferes E. R., Strong J. P. Atherosclerosis of the aorta and coronary arteries and cardiovascular risk factors in persons aged 6 to 30 years and studied at necropsy (The Bogalusa Heart Study). Am. J. Cardiol. 1992; 70: 851–858
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berenson G. S., Srinivasan S. R., Bao W., Newman W. P., Tracy R. E., Wattigney W. A. Association between multiple cardiovascular risk factors and atherosclerosis in children and young adults. The Bogalusa Heart Study. N. Engl. J. Med. 1998; 338: 1650–1656
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blake D. R., Rowland F. S. Urban leakage of liquified petroleum gas and its impact upon Mexico City air quality. Science 1995; 269: 953–956
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouthillier L., Vincent R., Goegan P., Adamson I. Y., Bjarnason S., Stewart M., Guénette J., Potvin M., Kumarathasan P. Acute effects of inhaled urban particles and ozone:lung morphology, macrophage activity, and plasma endothelin-1. Am. J. Pathol. 1998; 153: 1873–1884
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bravo H. A., Torres R. J. Air Pollution levels and trends in the Mexico City metropolitan area. Urban air pollution and forests: Resources at risk in the Mexico City Air Basin, M. Fenn, L. Bauer, T. Hernández. Springer-Verlag, New York 2002; 121–159
   Google Scholar
• Brook R. D., Franklin B., Cascio W., Hong Y., Howard G., Lipsett M., Luepker R., Mittleman M., Samet J., Smith S. C., Tager I. Air pollution and cardiovascular disease: A statement for healthcare professionals from the Expert Panel on Population and Prevention Science of the American Heart Association. Circulation 2004; 109: 2655–2671
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calderón-Garcidueñas L., Valencia-Salazar G., Rodriguez-Alcaraz A., Gambling T. M., García R., Osnaya N., Villarreal-Calderon A., Devlin R. B., Carson J. L. Ultrastructural nasal pathology in children chronically and sequentially exposed to air pollutants. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 2001; 24: 132–138
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calderón-Garcidueñas L., Mora-Tiscareño A., Fordham L. A., Chung C. J., Garcia R., Osnaya N., Hernandez J., Acuña H., Gambling T. M., Villarreal-Calderón A., Carson J., Koren H. S., Devlin R. B. Canines as sentinel species for assessing chronic exposures to air pollutants: Part 1. Respiratory pathology. Toxicol. Sci. 2001; 61: 342–355
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calderón-Garcidueñas L., Azzarelli B., Acuña H., García R., Gambling T. M., Osnaya N., Monroy S., Tizapantzi R., Carson J. L., Villarreal-Calderón A., Rewcastle B. Air pollution and brain damage. Toxicol. Pathol. 2002; 30: 373–389
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calderón-Garcidueñas L., Mora-Tiscareño A., Fordham L. A., Valencia-Salazar G., Cheng C. J., Rodriguez-Alcaraz A., Paredes R., Variakojis D., Villarreal-Calderón A., Flores-Camacho L., Antunez-Solis A., Henríquez-Roldán C., Hazucha M. J. Respiratory damage in children exposed to urban pollution. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 2003; 36: 148–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calderón-Garcidueñas L., Mora-Tiscareño, A., Fordham L. A., Chung C. J., Valencia-Salazar G., Flores-Gomez S., Solt A. C., Gómez-del Campo A., Jardón-Torres R., Henríquez-Roldán C., Hazucha M. J., Reed W. Lung radiology and pulmonary function of children chronically exposed to air pollution. Environ. Health Perspect. 2006; 114: 1432–1437
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Calderón-Garcidueñas L., Franco-Lira M., Torres-Jardón R., Henríquez-Roldán C., Barragan-Mejía G., Valencia-Salazar G., González-Maciel A., Reynoso-Robles R., Villarreal-Calderón R., Reed W. Pediatric respiratory and systemic effects of chronic air pollution exposure: Nose, lung, heart and brain pathology. Toxicol Pathol 2007a; 35: 154–162
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calderón-Garcidueñas L., Vincent R., Mora-Tiscareño A., Franco-Lira M., Henriquez-Roldán C., Barragán-Mejía G., Camacho-Reyes L., Valencia-Salazar G., Paredes R., Romero L., Osnaya H., Villarreal-Calderon R., Torres-Jardón R., Hazucha M. J., Reed W. Elevated plasma endothelin-1 and pulmonary arterial pressure in children exposed to air pollution. Environ. Health Perspect. 2007b; 115: 1248–1253
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cersosimo E., DeFronzo R. A. Insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction: the road map to cardiovascular diseases. Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev. 2006; 22: 423–436
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Constans J., Conri C. Circulating markers of endothelial function in cardiovascular disease. Clin. Chim. Acta 2006; 368: 33–47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cozzi E., Wingard C. J., Cascio W. E., Devlin R. B., Miles J. J., Bofferding A. R., Lust R. M., Van Scott M. R., Henriksen R. A. Effect of ambient particulate matter exposure on hemostasis. Transl. Res. 2007; 149: 324–332
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davenport A. P., Maguire J. J. Endothelin. Handb. Exp. Pharmacol. 2006; 176: 295–329
   Google Scholar
• Deanfield J. E., Halcox J. P., Rabelink T. J. Endothelial function and dysfunction. Circulation 2007; 115: 1285–1295
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dockery D. W., Stone P. H. Cardiovascular risks from fine particulate air pollution. N. Engl. J. Med. 2007; 356: 511–513
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dubowsky S. D., Suh H., Schwartz J., Coull B. A., Gold D. R. Diabetes, obesity, and hypertension may enhance associations between air pollution and markers of systemic inflammation. Environ. Health Perspect. 2006; 114: 992–998
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Félétou M., Vanhoutte P. M. Endothelial dysfunction: A multifaceted disorder. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 2006; 291: 985–1002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frampton M. W. Inflammation and airborne particles. Clin. Occup. Environ. Med. 2006; 5: 797–815
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Glowinska B., Urban M., Peczynska J., Florys B. Soluble adhesion molecules (sICAM-1, sVCAM-1) and selectins (sE selectin, sP selectin, sL selectin) levels in children and adolescents with obesity, hypertension, and diabetes. Methods Clin. Exp. 2005; 54: 1020–1026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heinrich J., Slama R. Fine particles, a major threat to children. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 2007; 210: 617–622
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hickey K. A., Rubanyi G., Paul R. J., Highsmith R. F. Characterization of a coronary vasoconstrictor produced by cultured endothelial cells. Am. J. Physiol. 1985; 248: C550–C556
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong Y. C., Lee J. T., Kim H., Kwon H. J. Air pollution: A new risk factor in ischemic stroke mortality. Stroke 2002; 33: 2165–2169
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang A. L., Vita J. A. Effects of systemic inflammation on endothelium-dependent vasodilation. Trends Cardiovasc. Med. 2006; 16: 15–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koenig W., Sund M., Fröhlich M., Fischer H. G., Löwel H., Döring A., Hutchinson W. L., Pepys M. B. C-reactive protein, a sensitive marker of inflammation, predicts future risk of coronary heart disease in initially healthy middle-aged men: Results from the MONICA (Monitoring Trends and Determinants in Cardiovascular disease) Augsburg Cohort Study, 1984 to 1992. Circulation 1999; 99: 237–242
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Libby P. Atherosclerosis: Disease biology affecting the coronary vasculature. Am. J. Cardiol. 2006; 98: 3Q–9Q
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markus H. S., Labrum R., Bevan S., Reindl M., Egger G., Wiedermann C. J., Xu Q. Genetic and acquired inflammatory conditions are synergistically associated with early carotid atherosclerosis. Stroke 2006; 37: 2253–2259
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore K. W., de Waal M. R., Coffman R. L., O'Garra A. Interleukin 10 and the interleukin 10 receptor. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 2001; 19: 683–765
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paffen E., DeMaat M. P. C-reactive protein in atherosclerosis: A causal factor?. Cardiovasc. Res 2006; 71: 30–39
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters A., MONICA/KORA-Studiengruppe. Particles in the outside air increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Gesundheitswesen 2005; 67: S79–S85
   Google Scholar
• Pope C. A., Muhlestein J. B., May H. T., Renlund D. G., Anderson J. L., Horne B. D. Ischemic heart disease events triggered by short-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution. Circulation 2006; 114: 2443–2448
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reiss A. B., Edelman S. D. Recent insights into the role of prostanoids in atherosclerotic vascular disease. Curr. Vasc. Pharmacol. 2006; 4: 395–408
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ross R. Atherosclerosis: An inflammatory disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 1999; 340: 1928–1929
   Google Scholar
• Sandhu R. S., Petroni D. H., George W. J. Ambient particulate matter, C-reactive protein, and coronary artery disease. Inhal. Toxicol. 2005; 17: 409–413
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seaton A., MacNee W., Donald K. Particulate air pollution and acute health effects. Lancet 1995; 345: 176–178
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sexton K., Gong H., Bailar J. C., Ford J. G., Gold D. R., Lambert W. E., Utell M. J. Air pollution risks: Do class and race matter?. Toxicol. Ind. Health 1993; 9: 843–878
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sunyer J., Basagana X. Particles, and not gases, are associated with the risk of death in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int. J. Epidemiol. 2001; 30: 1138–1140
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamagawa E., van Eeden S. F. Impaired lung function and risk for stroke: Role of the systemic inflammation response?. Chest 2006; 130: 1631–1633
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomson E., Goegan P., Kumarathasan P., Vincent R. Air pollutants increase gene expression of the vasoconstrictor endothelin-1 in the lungs. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2004; 1689: 75–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomson E., Kumarathasan P., Calderón-Garcidueñas L., Vincent R. Air pollution alters brain and pituitary endothelin-1 and inducible nitric oxide synthase gene expression. Environ. Res. 2007; 105: 224–233
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Eeden S., Yeung A., Quinlam K., Hogg J. C. Systemic response to ambient particulate matter. Proc. Am. Thorac. Soc. 2005; 2: 61–67
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vermylen J., Nemmar A., Nemmar G., Hoylaerts M. F. Ambient air pollution and myocardial infarction. J. Thromb. Haemost. 2005; 3: 1955–1961
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villarreal-Calderón A., Acuña H., Garduño M., Henríquez-Roldán C. F., Calderón-Garcidueñas L., Valencia–Salazar G. Assessment of physical education time and outdoor time in elementary and middle school students in South Mexico City: The dilemma between physical fitness and the adverse effects of outdoor pollutant exposure. Arch. Environ. Health 2002; 57: 450–460
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vita J. A., Keaney J. F. Endothelial function: A barometer for cardiovascular risk?. Circulation 2002; 106: 640–642
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong D., Prameya R., Dorovini-Zis K. Adhesion and migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes across human brain microvessel endothelial cells are differentially regulated by endothelial cell adhesion molecules and modulate monolayer permeability. J. Neuroimmunol. 2007; 184: 136–148
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar