Publication Cover
Inhalation Toxicology
International Forum for Respiratory Research
Volume 20, 2008 - Issue 14
233
Views
21
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Assessment of Early Acute Lung Injury in Rats Exposed to Aerosols of Consumer Products: Attempt to Disentangle the “Magic Nano” Conundrum

, &
Pages 1245-1262 | Received 02 Apr 2008, Accepted 21 May 2008, Published online: 02 Dec 2008

REFERENCES

  • American Society for Testing and Materials. (1984). ASTM E 981-84. Standard test method for estimating sensory irritancy of airborne chemicals. Philadelphia: American Society for Testing and Materials.
  • Anonymous. (2007–2008). Sixty-four Michigan patients hospitalized or treated in the emergency department with lung disease from waterproofing sprays. Project SENSOR News 19:1–4.
  • C. I. Bliss. (1938). The determination of the dosage–mortality curve from small numbers. Q. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 11:192–216.
  • K. K. Burkhart, A. Britt, G. Petrini, S. O'Donnell, and J. W. Donovan. (1996). Pulmonary toxicity following exposure to an aerosolized leather protector. J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol. 34:21–24.
  • J. C. G. Coleridge, and H. M. Coleridge. (1984). Afferent vagal C fibre innervation in the lungs and airways and its functional significance. Rev. Physiol. Biochem. Pharmacol. 99:1–110.
  • Directive 86/609/EEC. (1986). Guideline of the Council dated November 24, 1986 on the Reconciliation of Legal and Administrative Regulations of the Member Countries for the Protection of Animals used for Studies and other Scientific Purposes. J. Eur. Commun. Legal Spec. L358, 29:1–28.
  • Directive 92/69/EEC. (1992). B.2. Acute toxicity—Inhalation. J. Eur. Commun. Legal Spec. L383A, 35:121.
  • C. J. Gordon, P. J. Spencer, J. Hotchkiss, D. B. Miller, P. M. Hinderliter, and J. Pauluhn. (2008). Review—Thermoregulation and its influence on toxicity assessment. Toxicology 244:87–97.
  • L. Greenspan. (1977). Humidity fixed points of binary saturated aqueous solutions. J. Res. National Bureau of Standards 81: A(1)
  • A. Hahn. (2007). Acute health impairments due to “Magic Nano” sealing sprays in Germany. EH&S Nano News, Gradient Corporation 2 (4): (www.ehsnanonews.com)
  • A. Hahn, K. Begemann, H. Meyer, K. Preuβner, and H Spielmann. (2008). “Nano” sealing sprays health impairments in Germany E.A.P.C.C.T. Abstracts. Clin. Toxicol. (in print)
  • R. Heinzer, V. Ribordy, B. Kuzoe, R. Lazor, and J. W. Fitting. (2004). Recurrence of acute respiratory failure following use of waterproofing sprays. Thorax 59:541–542.
  • A. F. Hubbs, V. J. Castranova, Y. C. Ma, D. G. Frazer, P. D. Siegel, B. S. Ducatman, A. Grote, D. Schwegler-Berry, V. A. Robinson, C. Van Dyke, M. Barger, J. Xiang, and J. Parker. (1997). Acute lung injury induced by a commercial leather conditioner. J. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 143:37–46.
  • S. Irwin. (1968). Comprehensive observational assessment: Ia: A systematic, quantitative procedure for assessing the behavioral and physiologic state of the mouse. Psychopharmacologica 13:222–257.
  • E. Layne. (1957). Total protein (modified) “Spectrophotometric and turbidimetric methods for measuring proteins, II. Protein estimation with the Folin–Ciocalteu reagent”. Methods Enzymol. 3:447–454.
  • C. Lazor-Blanchet, S. Rusca, D. Vernez, R. Berry, E. Albrecht, P.-O. Droz, and M.-A. Boillat. (2004). Acute pulmonary toxicity following occupational exposure to a floor stain protector in the building industry in Switzerland. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 77:244–248.
  • D. Maruhn. (1976). Rapid colorimetric assay of beta-galactosidase and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase in human Urine. Clin. Chim. Acta 73:453–461.
  • G. Müller-Esch, E. Brunk, H. Djonlagic, J. Hoffmann, and K. J. Wiessmann. (1982). Pulmonary effect of inhaling leather-impregnation sprays. Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr. 107:692–695.
  • National Research Council. (2001). Standing operating procedures for developing acute exposure guideline levels for hazardous chemicals. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
  • S. Okonek, H. J. Reinecke, W. Fabricius, and K. Preussner. (1983). Poisoning with leather-impregnation sprays. A retrospective analysis of 224 cases of poisoning. Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr. 108:1863–1867.
  • Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. (1981). Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Guideline for Testing of Chemicals No. 403. Acute inhalation toxicity. Adopted May 12. http://www.oecd.org/document/55/0,2340,en_2649_34377_2349687_1_1_1_1,00.html
  • Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. (1983). Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Publication of the German version of the OECD Principles of Good Laboratory Practice (GLP). Bundesanzeiger 35 (42a): March 2
  • Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. (2008). Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD): OECD Environment, Health and Safety Publications—Series on Testing and Assessment No. 39, Committee draft guidance document on acute inhalation toxicity testing. http://www.oecd.org/document/55/0,3343,en_2649_34377_2349687_1_1_1_1,00.html
  • OPPTS 870.1300.. (1998). US EPA Health Effects Test Guidelines 870.1300—Acute inhalation toxicity. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, EPA 712C-98-193, August. http://www.epa.gov/opptsfrs/publications/OPPTS_Harmonized/870_Health_Effects_Test_Guidelines/index.html
  • J. Pauluhn. (1994). Validation of an improved nose-only exposure system for rodents. J. Appl. Toxicol. 14:55–62.
  • J. Pauluhn. (1999). Hazard identification and risk assessment of pyrethroids in the indoor environment. Toxicol. Lett. 107:193–199.
  • J. Pauluhn. (2000). Acute inhalation toxicity of polymeric diphenyl-methane-4,4′-diisocyanate (MDI) in rats: Time course of changes in bronchoalveolar lavage. Arch. Toxicol. 74:257–269.
  • J. Pauluhn. (2002a). Short-term inhalation toxicity of polyisocyanate aerosols in rats: Comparative assessment of irritant-threshold concentrations by bronchoalveolar lavage. Inhal. Toxicol. 14:287–301.
  • J. Pauluhn. (2002b). Short-term inhalation toxicity of polyisocyanate aerosols in rats: Comparative assessment of irritant-threshold concentrations by bronchoalveolar lavage. Inhal. Toxicol. 14:287–301.
  • J. Pauluhn. (2003a). Inhalation toxicity of pesticides. Encyclopedia of agrochemicals, J. R. Plimmer, D. W. Gammon, N. N. Ragsdale, and T. Roberts. 893–913. New York: Wiley Interscience.
  • J. Pauluhn. (2003b). Overview of testing methods used in inhalation toxicity: From facts to artifacts. Toxicol. Lett. 140–141:183–193.
  • J. Pauluhn. (2004). Pulmonary irritant potency of polyisocyanate aerosols in rats: Comparative assessment of irritant-threshold concentrations by bronchoalveolar lavage. J. Appl. Toxicol. 24:231–247.
  • J. Pauluhn. (2005a). Retrospective analysis of acute inhalation toxicity studies: Comparison of actual concentrations obtained by filter and cascade impactor analyses. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 42:236–244.
  • J. Pauluhn. (2005b). Overview of inhalation exposure techniques: Strengths and weaknesses. Exp. Toxicol. Pathol. 57:111–128.
  • J. Pauluhn, and L. H. Machemer. (1998). Assessment of pyrethroid-induced paraesthesias: comparison of animal model and human data. Toxicol. Lett. 96–97:361–368.
  • J. Pauluhn, and U. Mohr. (2000). Inhalation studies in laboratory animals—Current concepts and alternatives. Review. Toxicol. Pathol. 28:734–753.
  • J. Pauluhn, and U. Mohr. (2006). Mosquito coil smoke inhalation toxicity. Part II: Subchronic nose-only inhalation study in rats. J. Appl. Toxicol. 26:279–292.
  • J. Pauluhn, and A Thiel. (2007). A simple approach to validation of directed-flow nose-only inhalation chambers. J. Appl. Toxicol. 27:160–167.
  • J. Pauluhn, L. Machemer, G. Kimmerle, and A. Eben. (1988). Methodological aspects of the determination of the acute inhalation toxicity of spray-can ingredients. J. Appl. Toxicol. 8:431–437.
  • O. G. Raabe. (1982). Deposition and clearance of inhaled aerosols. Mechanisms in respiratory toxicology, H. Witschi, and P. Nettesheim, Vol. I27–76. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
  • R. J. Remiarz, J. K. Argawal, F. R. Quant, and G. J. Sem. (1983). A real-time aerodynamic particle size analyzer. Aerosols in the mining and industrial work environments, V. A. Marple, and B. Y. H. Liu. 879–895. Ann Arbor, MI: Ann Arbor Science.
  • A. P. Rosiello, J. M. Essigmann, and G. N. Wogan. (1977). Rapid and accurate determination of the median lethal dose (LD50) and its error with small computer. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 3:797–809.
  • L. M. Shaw, J. H. Strømme, J. L. London, and L. Theodorsen. (1983). Approved recommendation on IFFC (International Federation of Clinical Chemistry) methods for the measurement of catalytic concentrations of enzymes. Part 4 IFCC method for gamma-glutamyl transferase. J. Clin. Chem. Clin. Biochem. 21:633–646.
  • United Nations. (2003). Globally harmonized system of classification and labelling of chemicals (GHS), ST/SG/AC. New York and Geneva: United Nations.
  • USP XXII. (1992). The United States pharmacopeia, 22nd revision, Suppl. 7, NF XVII, Physical Tests and Determinations, 3122–3129, http://www.pharmacopeia.cn/v29240/usp29nf24s0_c601_viewall.html (updated version).
  • D. S. Vernez, P.-O. Droz, C. Lazor-Blanchet, and S. Jaques. (2004). Characterizing emission and breathing zone concentrations following exposure cases to fluororesin-based waterproofing spray mists. J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 1:582–592.
  • D. S. Vernez, R. Bruzzi, H. Kupferschmidt, A. De-Batz, P. Droz, and R. Lazor. (2006). Acute respiratory syndrome after inhalation of waterproofing sprays: A posteriori exposure-response assessment in 102 cases. J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 3:250–261.
  • M. Yamashita, M. Yamashita, J. Tanaka, H. Hirai, M. Suzuki, and H. Kajigaya. (1997). Toxicity of waterproofing spray is influenced by the mist particle size. Vet. Hum. Toxicol. 39:332–334.
  • M. Yamashita, and J. Tanaka. (1995). Pulmonary collapse and pneumonia due to inhalation of a waterproofing aerosol in female CD-I mice. Clin. Toxicol. 33:631–637.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.