1,126
Views
174
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

Mini ReviewGM-CSF Biology

&
Pages 225-231 | Received 29 Mar 2004, Published online: 07 Aug 2009

References

  • Al-Saffar, N., Khwaja, H.A. Kadoya, Y. and Revell, P.A. (1996) "Assessment of the role of GM-CSF in the cellular transformation and the development of erosive lesions around orthopaedic implants", Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 105, 628–639.
  • Armitage, J.O. (1998) "Emerging applications of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor", Blood 92, 4491–4508.
  • Basu, S., Dunn, A.R. Marino, M.W. Savoia, H., Hodgson, G., Lieschke, G.J. and Cebon, J. (1997) "Increased tolerance to endotoxin by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-deficient mice", J. Immunol. 159, 1412–1417.
  • Bender, A., Amann, U., Jager, R., Nain, M. and Gemsa, D. (1993) "Effect of granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor on human monocytes infected with influenza A virus. Enhancement of virus replication, cytokine release, and cytotoxicity", J. Immunol. 151, 5416–5424.
  • Bentley, A.M. Meng, Q., Robinson, D.S. Hamid, Q., Kay, A.B. and Durham, S.R. (1993) "Increases in activated T lymphocytes, eosinophils, and cytokine mRNA expression for interleukin-5 and granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor in bronchial biopsies after allergen inhalation challenge in atopic asthmatics", Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 8, 35–42.
  • Biondo, M., Nasa, Z., Marshall, A., Toh, B.H. and Alderuccio, F. (2001) "Local transgenic expression of granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor initiates autoimmunity", J. Immunol. 166, 2090–2099.
  • Bischof, R.J. Zafiropoulos, D., Hamilton, J.A. and Campbell, I.K. (2000) "Exacerbation of acute inflammatory arthritis by the colony-stimulating factors CSF-1 and granulocyte macrophage (GM)-CSF: evidence of macrophage infiltration and local proliferation", Clin. Exp. Immunol. 119, 361–367.
  • Bonfield, T.L. Raychaudhuri, B., Malur, A., Abraham, S., Trapnell, B.C. Kavuru, M.S. and Thomassen, M.J. (2003) "PU.1 regulation of human alveolar macrophage differentiation requires granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor", Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. 285, L1132-L1136.
  • Bozinovski, S., Jones, J.E. Vlahos, R., Hamilton, J.A. and Anderson, G.P. (2002) "Granulocyte/macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) regulates lung innate immunity to lipopolysaccharide through Akt/Erk activation of NFkappa B and AP-1 in vivo", J. Biol. Chem. 277, 42808–42814.
  • Bozinovski, S., Jones, J., Beavitt, S.J. Cook, A.D. Hamilton, J.A. and Anderson, G.P. (2004) "Innate immune responses to LPS in mouse lung are suppressed and reversed by neutralization of GM-CSF via repression of TLR-4", Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. 286, L877-L885.
  • Brissette, W.H. Baker, D.A. Stam, E.J. Umland, J.P. and Griffiths, R.J. (1995) "GM-CSF rapidly primes mice for enhanced cytokine production in response to LPS and TNF", Cytokine 7, 291–295.
  • Burgess, A.W. and Metcalf, D. (1980) "The nature and action of granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factors", Blood 56, 947–958.
  • Burgess, A.W. Camakaris, J. and Metcalf, D. (1977) "Purification and properties of colony-stimulating factor from mouse lung-conditioned medium", J. Biol. Chem. 252, 1998–2003.
  • Campbell, I.K. Rich, M.J. Bischof, R.J. Dunn, A.R. Grail, D. and Hamilton, J.A. (1998) "Protection from collagen-induced arthritis in granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-deficient mice", J. Immunol. 161, 3639–3644.
  • Campbell, I.K. Rich, M.J. Bischof, R.J. and Hamilton, J.A. (2000b) "The colony-stimulating factors and collagen-induced arthritis: exacerbation of disease by M-CSF and G-CSF and requirement for endogenous M-CSF", J. Leukoc. Biol. 68, 144–150.
  • Campbell, I.K. O'Donnell, K., Lawlor, K.E. and Wicks, I.P. (2001) "Severe inflammatory arthritis and lymphadenopathy in the absence of TNF", J. Clin. Investig. 107, 1519–1527.
  • Cates, E.C. Gajewska, B.U. Goncharova, S., Alvarez, D., Fattouh, R., Coyle, A.J. Gutierrez-Ramos, J.C. and Jordana, M. (2003) "Effect of GM-CSF on immune, inflammatory, and clinical responses to ragweed in a novel mouse model of mucosal sensitization", J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 111, 1076–1086.
  • Cohen, L., David, B. and Cavaillon, J.M. (1991) "Interleukin-3 enhances cytokine production by LPS-stimulated macrophages", Immunol. Lett. 28, 121–126.
  • Cook, A.D. Braine, E.L. Campbell, I.K. Rich, M.J. and Hamilton, J.A. (2001) "Blockade of collagen-induced arthritis post-onset by antibody to granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF): requirement for GM-CSF in the effector phase of disease", Arthritis Res. 3, 293–298.
  • Cosio, B.G. Mann, B., Ito, K., Jazrawi, E., Barnes, P.J. Chung, K.F. and Adcock, I.M. (2004) "Histone acetylase and deacetylase activity in alveolar macrophages and blood mononocytes in asthma", Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care. de Vries, E.G. Willemse, P.H. Biesma, B., Stern, A.C. Limburg, P.C. and Vellenga, E. (1991) "Flare-up of rheumatoid arthritis during GM-CSF treatment after chemotherapy", Lancet 338, 517–518.
  • Deepe, G.S. Jr. Gibbons, R. and Woodward, E. (1999) "Neutralization of endogenous granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor subverts the protective immune response to Histoplasma capsulatum", J. Immunol. 163, 4985–4993.
  • Dirksen, U., Nishinakamura, R., Groneck, P., Hattenhorst, U., Nogee, L., Murray, R. and Burdach, S. (1997) "Human pulmonary alveolar proteinosis associated with a defect in GM-CSF/IL-3/IL-5 receptor common beta chain expression", J. Clin. Investig. 100, 2211–2217.
  • Disis, M.L. Bernhard, H., Shiota, F.M. Hand, S.L. Gralow, J.R. Huseby, E.S. Gillis, S. and Cheever, M.A. (1996) "Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor: an effective adjuvant for protein and peptide-based vaccines", Blood 88, 202–210.
  • Dranoff, G. (2002) "GM-CSF-based cancer vaccines", Immunol. Rev. 188, 147–154.
  • Dranoff, G., Jaffee, E., Lazenby, A., Golumbek, P., Levitsky, H., Brose, K., Jackson, V., Hamada, H., Pardoll, D. and Mulligan, R.C. (1993) "Vaccination with irradiated tumor cells engineered to secrete murine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulates potent, specific, and long-lasting anti-tumor immunity", Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 90, 3539–3543.
  • Eisenbarth, S.C. Piggott, D.A. Huleatt, J.W. Visintin, I., Herrick, C.A. and Bottomly, K. (2002) "Lipopolysaccharide-enhanced, toll-like receptor 4-dependent T helper cell type 2 responses to inhaled antigen", J. Exp. Med. 196, 1645–1651.
  • Elliott, M.J. Faulkner-Jones, B.E. Stanton, H., Hamilton, J.A. and Metcalf, D. (1992) "Plasminogen activator in granulocyte-macro-phage-CSF transgenic mice", J. Immunol. 149, 3678–3681.
  • Grau, G.E. Kindler, V., Piguet, P.F. Lambert, P.H. and Vassalli, P. (1988) "Prevention of experimental cerebral malaria by anticytokine antibodies. Interleukin 3 and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor are intermediates in increased tumor necrosis factor production and macrophage accumulation", J. Exp. Med. 168, 1499–1504.
  • Greil, J., Bodendorfer, B., Rollinghoff, M. and Solbach, W. (1988) "Application of recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor has a detrimental effect in experimental murine leishmaniasis", Eur. J. Immunol. 18, 1527–1533.
  • Hamilton, J.A. (1993a) "Colony stimulating factors, cytokines and monocyte-macrophages—some controversies", Immunol. Today 14, 18–24.
  • Hamilton, J.A. (1993b) "Rheumatoid arthritis: opposing actions of haemopoietic growth factors and slow-acting anti-rheumatic drugs", Lancet 342, 536–539.
  • Hamilton, J.A. (2002) "GM-CSF in inflammation and autoimmunity", Trends Immunol. 23, 403–408.
  • Hamilton, J.A. Stanley, E.R. Burgess, A.W. and Shadduck, R.K. (1980) "Stimulation of macrophage plasminogen activator activity by colony-stimulating factors", J. Cell. Physiol. 103, 435–445.
  • Handman, E. and Burgess, A.W. (1979) "Stimulation by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor of Leishmania tropica killing by macrophages", J. Immunol. 122, 1134–1137.
  • Hart, P.H. Whitty, G.A. Piccoli, D.S. and Hamilton, J.A. (1988) "Synergistic activation of human monocytes by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and IFN-gamma. Increased TNF-alpha but not IL-1 activity", J. Immunol. 141, 1516–1521.
  • Haworth, C., Brennan, F.M. Chantry, D., Turner, M., Maini, R.N. and Feldmann, M. (1991) "Expression of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in rheumatoid arthritis: regulation by tumor necrosis factor-alpha", Eur. J. Immunol. 21, 2575–2579.
  • Hazenberg, B.P. Van Leeuwen, M.A. Van Rijswijk, M.H. Stern, A.C. and Vellenga, E. (1989) "Correction of granulocytopenia in Felty's syndrome by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Simultaneous induction of interleukin-6 release and flare-up of the arthritis", Blood 74, 2769–2770.
  • He, J.Q. Ruan, J., Chan-Yeung, M., Becker, A.B. Dimich-Ward, H., Pare, P.D. and Sandford, A.J. (2003) "Polymorphisms of the GM-CSF genes and the development of atopic diseases in at-risk children", Chest 123, 438S.
  • Hubel, K., Dale, D.C. and Liles, W.C. (2002) "Therapeutic use of cytokines to modulate phagocyte function for the treatment of infectious diseases: current status of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, macro-phage colony-stimulating factor, and interferon-gamma", J. Infect. Dis. 185, 1490–1501.
  • Jager, E., Jager, D. and Knuth, A. (2003) "Antigen-specific immuno-therapy and cancer vaccines", Int. J. Cancer 106, 817–820.
  • Johnson, G.R. Gonda, T.J. Metcalf, D., Hariharan, I.K. and Cory, S. (1989) "A lethal myeloproliferative syndrome in mice transplanted with bone marrow cells infected with a retrovirus expressing granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor", Embo, J 8, 441–448.
  • Kay, A.B. Ying, S., Varney, V., Gaga, M., Durham, S.R. Moqbel, R., Wardlaw, A.J. and Hamid, Q. (1991) "Messenger RNA expression of the cytokine gene cluster, interleukin 3 (IL-3), IL-4, IL-5, and granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor, in allergen-induced late-phase cutaneous reactions in atopic subjects", J. Exp. Med. 173, 775–778.
  • Kitamura, T., Sato, N., Arai, K. and Miyajima, A. (1991) "Expression cloning of the human IL-3 receptor cDNA reveals a shared beta subunit for the human IL-3 and GM-CSF receptors", Cell 66, 1165–1174.
  • Kitamura, T., Tanaka, N., Watanabe, J., Uchida, Kanegasaki, S., Yamada, Y. and Nakata, K. (1999) "Idiopathic pulmonary alveolar proteinosis as an autoimmune disease with neutralizing antibody against granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor", J. Exp. Med. 190, 875–880.
  • Kitching, A.R. Ru Huang, X., Turner, A.L. Tipping, P.G. Dunn, A.R. and Holdsworth, S.R. (2002) "The requirement for granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in leukocyte-mediated immune glomerular injury", J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 13, 350–358.
  • Kotsimbos, T.C. al Ghamdi, K., Small, P., Frenkiel, S. and Hamid, Q.A. (1996) "Upregulation of Th-2 cytokine receptors in atopy- and nonatopy-associated chronic sinusitis", J. Otolaryngol. 25, 317–321.
  • Lang, R.A. Metcalf, D., Cuthbertson, R.A. Lyons, I., Stanley, E., Kelso, A., Kannourakis, G., Williamson, D.J. Klintworth, G.K. Gonda, T.J. et al. (1987) "Transgenic mice expressing a hemopoietic growth factor gene (GM-CSF) develop accumulations of macrophages, blindness, and a fatal syndrome of tissue damage", Cell 51, 675–686.
  • LeVine, A.M. Reed, J.A. Kurak, K.E. Cianciolo, E. and Whitsett, J.A. (1999) "GM-CSF-deficient mice are susceptible to pulmonary group B streptococcal infection", J. Clin. Investig. 103, 563–569.
  • Lei, X.F. Ohkawara, Y., Stampfli, M.R. Gauldie, J., Croitoru, K., Jordana, M. and Xing, Z. (1998) "Compartmentalized transgene expression of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in mouse lung enhances allergic airways inflammation", Clin. Exp. Immunol. 113, 157–165.
  • McLaughlin, J.P. Abrams, S., Kantor, J., Dobrzanski, M.J. Greenbaum, J., Schlom, J. and Greiner, J.W. (1997) "Immunization with a syngeneic tumor infected with recombinant vaccinia virus expressing granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) induces tumor regression and long-lasting systemic immunity", J. Immunother. 20, 449–459.
  • McQualter, J.L. Darwiche, R., Ewing, C., Onuki, M., Kay, T.W. Hamilton, J.A. Reid, H.H. and Bernard, C.C. (2001) "Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor: a new putative therapeutic target in multiple sclerosis", J. Exp. Med. 194, 873–882.
  • Metcalf, D., Begley, C.G. Williamson, D.J. Nice, E.C. De Lamarter, J., Mermod, J.J. Thatcher, D. and Schmidt, A. (1987) "Hemopoietic responses in mice injected with purified recombinant murine GM-CSF", Exp. Hematol. 15, 1–9.
  • Metcalf, D., Elliott, M.J. and Nicola, N.A. (1992) "The excess numbers of peritoneal macrophages in granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor transgenic mice are generated by local proliferation", J. Exp. Med. 175, 877–884.
  • Metcalf, D., Robb, L., Dunn, A.R. Mifsud, S. and Di Rago, L. (1996) "Role of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in the development of an acute neutrophil inflammatory response in mice", Blood 88, 3755–3764.
  • Metcalf, D., Nicola, N.A. Mifsud, S. and Di Rago, L. (1999) "Receptor clearance obscures the magnitude of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor responses in mice to endotoxin or local infections", Blood 93, 1579–1585.
  • Ohta, K., Yamashita, N., Tajima, M., Miyasaka, T., Nakano, J., Nakajima, M., Ishii, A., Horiuchi, T., Mano, K. and Miyamoto, T. (1999) "Diesel exhaust particulate induces airway hyperresponsiveness in a murine model: essential role of GM-CSF", J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 104, 1024–1030.
  • O'Neill, H.C. and Wilson, H.L. (2004) "Limitations with in vitro production of dendritic cells using cytokines", J. Leukoc. Biol..
  • Paine, R., 3rd, Morris, S.B. Jin, H., Wilcoxen, S.E. Phare, S.M. Moore, B.B. Coffey, M.J. and Toews, G.B. (2001) "Impaired functional activity of alveolar macrophages from GM-CSF-deficient mice", Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol 281, L1210-L1218.
  • Perkins, R.C. Vadhan-Raj, S., Scheule, R.K. Hamilton, R. and Holian, A. (1993) "Effects of continuous high dose rhGM-CSF infusion on human monocyte activity", Am. J. Hematol. 43, 279–285.
  • Peters, W.P. Shogan, J., Shpall, E.J. Jones, R.B. and Kim, C.S. (1988) "Recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor produces fever", Lancet 1, 950.
  • Piguet, P.F. Grau, G.E. and de Kossodo, S. (1993) "Role of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in pulmonary fibrosis induced in mice by bleomycin", Exp. Lung Res. 19, 579–587.
  • Presneill, J.J. Harris, T., Stewart, A.G. Cade, J.F. and Wilson, J.W. (2002) "A randomized phase II trial of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor therapy in severe sepsis with respiratory dysfunction", Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 166, 138–143.
  • Riopel, J., Tam, M., Mohan, K., Marino, M.W. and Stevenson, M.M. (2001) "Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-deficient mice have impaired resistance to blood-stage malaria", Infect. Immun. 69, 129–136.
  • Ritz, S.A. Cundall, M.J. Gajewska, B.U. Alvarez, D., Gutierrez-Ramos, J.C. Coyle, A.J. McKenzie, A.N. Stampfli, M.R. and Jordana, M. (2002a) "Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor-driven respiratory mucosal sensitization induces Th2 differentiation and function independently of interleukin-4", Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 27, 428–435.
  • Ritz, S.A. Stampfli, M.R. Davies, D.E. Holgate, S.T. and Jordana, M. (2002b) "On the generation of allergic airway diseases: from GM-CSF to Kyoto", Trends Immunol. 23, 396–402.
  • Robb, L., Drinkwater, C.C. Metcalf, D., Li, R., Kontgen, F., Nicola, N.A. and Begley, C.G. (1995) "Hematopoietic and lung abnormalities in mice with a null mutation of the common beta subunit of the receptors for granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukins 3 and 5", Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 92, 9565–9569.
  • Schwiebert, L.M. Stellato, C. and Schleimer, R.P. (1996) "The epithelium as a target of glucocorticoid action in the treatment of asthma", Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 154, S16-S19, discussion S19–20.
  • Selgas, R., Fernandez de Castro, M., Jimenez, C., Carcamo, C., Contreras, T., Bajo, M.A. Vara, F. and Corbi, A. (1996) "Immunomodulation of peritoneal macrophages by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in humans", Kidney Int. 50, 2070–2078.
  • Seymour, J.F. Presneill, J.J. Schoch, O.D. Downie, G.H. Moore, P.E. Doyle, I.R. Vincent, J.M. Nakata, K., Kitamura, T., Langton, D., Pain, M.C. and Dunn, A.R. (2001) "Therapeutic efficacy of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in patients with idiopathic acquired alveolar proteinosis", Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 163, 524–531.
  • Sheridan, J.W. and Metcalf, D. (1972) "Studies on the bone marrow colony stimulating factor (CSF): relation of tissue CSF to serum CSF", J. Cell. Physiol. 80, 129–140.
  • Shibata, Y., Berclaz, P.Y. Chroneos, Z.C. Yoshida, M., Whitsett, J.A. and Trapnell, B.C. (2001) "GM-CSF regulates alveolar macrophage differentiation and innate immunity in the lung through PU.1", Immunity 15, 557–567.
  • Shindo, J., Ishibashi, T., Yokoyama, K., Nakazato, K., Ohwada, T., Shiomi, M. and Maruyama, Y. (1999) "Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor prevents the progression of atherosclerosis via changes in the cellular and extracellular composition of atherosclerotic lesions in watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbits", Circulation 99, 2150–2156.
  • Simon, H.U. Yousefi, S., Dibbert, B., Levi-Schaffer, F. and Blaser, K. (1997) "Anti-apoptotic signals of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor are transduced via Jak2 tyrosine kinase in eosinophils", Eur. J. Immunol. 27, 3536–3539.
  • Stampfli, M.R. Wiley, R.E. Neigh, G.S. Gajewska, B.U. Lei, X.F. Snider, D.P. Xing, Z. and Jordana, M. (1998) "GM-CSF transgene expression in the airway allows aerosolized ovalbumin to induce allergic sensitization in mice", J. Clin. Investig. 102, 1704–1714.
  • Stanley, E., Lieschke, G.J. Grail, D., Metcalf, D., Hodgson, G., Gall, J.A. Maher, D.W. Cebon, J., Sinickas, V. and Dunn, A.R. (1994) "Granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor-deficient mice show no major perturbation of hematopoiesis but develop a characteristic pulmonary pathology", Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 91, 5592–5596.
  • Sullivan, R., Fredette, J.P. Socinski, M., Elias, A., Antman, K., Schnipper, L. and Griffin, J.D. (1989) "Enhancement of superoxide anion release by granulocytes harvested from patients receiving granulocyte-macro-phage colony-stimulating factor", Br. J. Haematol. 71, 475–479.
  • Tai, K.F. Chen, D.S. and Hwang, L.H. (2004) "Curative potential of GM-CSF-secreting tumor cell vaccines on established orthotopic liver tumors: mechanisms for the superior antitumor activity of live tumor cell vaccines", J. Biomed. Sci. 11, 228–238.
  • Takahashi, G.W. Andrews, D.F. 3rd, Lilly, M.B. Singer, J.W. and Alderson, M.R. (1993) "Effect of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-3 on interleukin-8 production by human neutrophils and monocytes", Blood 81, 357–364.
  • Takahashi, K., Miyakawa, K., Wynn, A.A. Nakayama, K.I. Myint, Y.Y. Naito, M., Shultz, L.D. Tominaga, A. andTakatsu, K. (1998) "Effects of granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor on the development and differentiation of CD5-positive macrophages and their potential derivation from a CD5-positive B-cell lineage in mice", Am. J. Pathol. 152, 445–456.
  • Tao, M.H. and Levy, R. (1993) "Idiotype/granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor fusion protein as a vaccine for B-cell lymphoma", Nature 362, 755–758.
  • Tarr, P.E. Lin, R., Mueller, E.A. Kovarik, J.M. Guillaume, M. and Jones, T.C. (1996) "Evaluation of tolerability and antibody response after recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (rhGM-CSF) and a single dose of recombinant hepatitis B vaccine", Vaccine 14, 1199–1204.
  • Tavernier, J., Devos, R., Cornelis, S., Tuypens, T., Van der Heyden, J., Fiers, W. and Plaetinck, G. (1991) "A human high affinity interleukin-5 receptor (IL5R) is composed of an IL5-specific alpha chain and a beta chain shared with the receptor for GM-CSF", Cell 66, 1175–1184.
  • Trapnell, B.C. Whitsett, J.A. and Nakata, K. (2003) "Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis", N. Engl. J. Med. 349, 2527–2539.
  • Vremec, D., Lieschke, G.J. Dunn, A.R. Robb, L., Metcalf, D. and Shortman, K. (1997) "The influence of granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor on dendritic cell levels in mouse lymphoid organs", Eur. J. Immunol. 27, 40–44.
  • Williamson, D.J. Begley, C.G. Vadas, M.A. and Metcalf, D. (1988) "The detection and initial characterization of colony-stimulating factors in synovial fluid", Clin. Exp. Immunol. 72, 67–73.
  • Wing, E.J. Magee, D.M. Whiteside, T.L. Kaplan, S.S. and Shadduck, R.K. (1989) "Recombinant human granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor enhances monocyte cytotoxicity and secretion of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interferon in cancer patients", Blood 73, 643–646.
  • Worgall, S., Singh, R., Leopold, P.L. Kaner, R.J. Hackett, N.R. Topf, N., Moore, M.A. and Crystal, R.G. (1999) "Selective expansion of alveolar macrophages in vivo by adenovirus-mediated transfer of the murine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor cDNA", Blood 93, 655–666.
  • Wynn, A.A. Miyakawa, K., Miyata, E., Dranoff, G., Takeya, M. and Takahashi, K. (2001) "Role of granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor in zymocel-induced hepatic granuloma formation", Am. J. Pathol. 158, 131–145.
  • Xing, Z., Braciak, T., Ohkawara, Y., Sallenave, J.M. Foley, R., Sime, P.J. Jordana, M., Graham, F.L. and Gauldie, J. (1996a) "Gene transfer for cytokine functional studies in the lung: the multifunctional role of GM-CSF in pulmonary inflammation", J. Leukoc. Biol. 59, 481–488.
  • Xing, Z., Ohkawara, Y., Jordana, M., Graham, F. and Gauldie, J. (1996b) "Transfer of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor gene to rat lung induces eosinophilia, monocytosis, and fibrotic reactions", J. Clin. Investig. 97, 1102–1110.
  • Yamashita, N., Tashimo, H., Ishida, H., Kaneko, F., Nakano, J., Kato, H., Hirai, K., Horiuchi, T. and Ohta, K. (2002) "Attenuation of airway hyperresponsiveness in a murine asthma model by neutralization of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)", Cell. Immunol. 219, 92–97.
  • Yang, Y.H. and Hamilton, J.A. (2001) "Reply to the Editor. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor therapy resulting in a flarey of systemic lupus erythematosus", Arthritis Rheum. 44, 2458–2460.
  • Zhan, Y., Lieschke, G.J. Grail, D., Dunn, A.R. and Cheers, C. (1998) "Essential roles for granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and G-CSF in the sustained hematopoietic response of Listeria monocytogenes-infected mice", Blood 91, 863–869.
  • Zhan, Y., Basu, S., Lieschke, G.J. Grail, D., Dunn, A.R. and Cheers, C. (1999) "Functional deficiencies of peritoneal cells from gene-targeted mice lacking G-CSF or GM-CSF", J. Leukoc. Biol. 65, 256–264.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.