Therapeutic Angiogenesis for Treatment of Peripheral Vascular Disease

References

• Al-Khaldi, A., Al-Sabti, H., Galipeau, J. and Lachapelle, K. (2003) "Therapeutic angiogenesis using autologous bone marrow stromal cells: improved blood flow in a chronic limb ischemia model", Ann. Thorac. Surg. 75, 204–209.
   Google Scholar
• Arsic, N., Zentilin, L., Zacchigna, S., Santoro, D., Stanta, G., Salvi, A., Sinagra, G. and Giacca, M. (2003) "Induction of functional neovascularization by combined VEGF and angiopoietin-gene transfer using AAV vectors", Mol. Ther. 7, 450–459.
   Google Scholar
• Asahara, T., Bauters, C., Zheng, L.P. Takeshita, S., Bunting, S., Ferrara, N., Symes, J.F. and Isner, J.M. (1995) "Synergistic effect of vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor on angiogenesis in vivo", Circulation 92, II365-II371.
   Google Scholar
• Baffour, R., Berman, J., Garb, J.L. Rhee, S.W. Kaufman, J. and Friedmann, P. (1992) "Enhanced angiogenesis and growth of collaterals by in vivo administration of recombinant basic fibroblast growth factor in a rabbit model of acute lower limb ischemia: dose-response effect of basic fibroblast growth factor", J. Vasc. Surg. 16, 181–191.
   Google Scholar
• Baffour, R., Garb, J.L. Kaufman, J., Berman, J., Rhee, S.W. Norris, M.A. and Friedmann, P. (2000) "Angiogenic therapy for the chronically ischemic lower limb in a rabbit model", J. Surg. Res. 93, 219–229.
   Google Scholar
• Barr, E. and Leiden, J.M. (1991) "Systemic delivery of recombinant proteins by genetically modified myoblast", Science 254, 1507–1509.
   Google Scholar
• Baumgartner, I. (2000) "Therapeutic angiogenesis: theoretic problems using vascular endothelial growth factor", Curr. Cardiol. Rep. 2, 24–28.
   Google Scholar
• Baumgartner, I., Pieczek, A., Manor, O., Blair, R., Kearney, M., Walsh, K. and Isner, J.M. (1998) "Constitutive expression of phVEGF165 after intramuscular gene transfer promotes collateral vessel development in patients with critical limb ischemia", Circulation 97, 1114–1123.
   Google Scholar
• Bauters, C., Asahara, T., Zheng, L.P. Takeshita, S., Bunting, S., Ferrara, N., Symes, J.F. and Isner, J.M. (1994) "Physiological assessment of augmented vascularity induced by VEGF in ischemic rabbit hindlimb", Am. J. Physiol. 267, H1263-H1271.
   Google Scholar
• Bauters, C., Asahara, T., Zheng, L.P. Takeshita, S., Bunting, S., Ferrara, N., Symes, J.F. and Isner, J.M. (1995) "Recovery of distrurbed endothelium-dependent flow in the collateral-perfused rabbit ischemic hind limb after administration of vascular endothelial growth factor", Circulation 91, 2802–2809.
   Google Scholar
• Beauchamp, J.R. Morgan, J.E. Pagel, C.N. and Partridge, T.A. (1994) "Quantitative studies of the efficacy of myoblast transplantation", Muscle Nerve 18, S261.
   Google Scholar
• Blau, H.M. and Rossi, F.M. (1999) "Tet B or not Tet B: advances in tetracycline-inducible gene expression", Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 96, 797–799.
   Google Scholar
• Bohl, D., Naffakh, N. and Heard, J.M. (1997) "Long-term control of erythropoietin secretion by doxycycline in mice transplanted with engineered primary myoblast", Nat. Med. 3, 299–305.
   Google Scholar
• Cao, R., Brakenhielm, E., Pawliuk, R., Wariaro, D., Post, M.J. Wahlberg, E., Leboulch, P. and Cao, Y. (2003) "Angiogenic synergism, vascular stability and improvement of hind-limb ischemia by a combination of PDGF-BB and FGF-2", Nat. Med. 9, 604–613.
   Google Scholar
• Carmeliet, P. (1999) "Basic concepts of (myocardial) angiogenesis: role of vascular endothelial growth factor and angiopoietin", Curr. Interv. Cardiol. Rep. 1, 322–335.
   Google Scholar
• Carmeliet, P. (2000) "Mechanisms of angiogenesis and arteriogenesis", Nat. Med. 6, 389–395.
   Google Scholar
• Carmeliet, P. and Collen, D. (1999) "Role of vascular endothelial growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor receptors in vascular development", Curr. Top Microbiol. Immunol. 237, 133–158.
   Google Scholar
• Carmeliet, P., Ferreira, V., Breier, G., Pollefeyt, S., Kieckens, L., Gertsenstein, M., Fahrig, M., Vandenhoeck, A., Harpal, K., Eberhardt, C., Declercq, C., Pawling, J., Moons, L., Collen, D., Risau, W. and Nagy, A. (1996) "Abnormal blood vessel development and lethality in embryos lacking a single VEGF allele", Nature 380, 435–439.
   Google Scholar
• Caron, N.J. Asselin, I., Morel, G. and Tremblay, J.P. (1999) "Increased myogenic potential and fusion of matrilysin-expressing myoblast transplanted in mice", Cell Transplant. 8, 465–476.
   Google Scholar
• Chae, J.K. Kim, J., Lim, S.T. Chung, M.J. Kim, W.H. Kim, H.G. Ko, J.K. and Koh, G.Y. (2000) "Coadministration of angiopoietin-1 and vascular endothelial growth factor enhances collateral vascularization", Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 20, 2573–2578.
   Google Scholar
• Chang, D.S. Su, H., Tang, G.L. Brevetti, L.S. Sarkar, R., Wang, R., Kan, Y.W. and Messina, L.M. (2003) "Adeno-associated viral vector-mediated gene transfer of VEGF normalizes skeletal muscle oxygen tension and induces arteriogenesis in ischemic rat hindlimb", Mol. Ther. 7, 44–51.
   Google Scholar
• Cheng, J.M. Lin, C.M. Lin, C.L. Huang, S.M. Chang, H.L. Lee, C.C. Chiang, L.C. and Chang, P.Y. (2000) "Effects of VEGF121 and/or VEGF165 gene transfection on collateral circulation development", J. Formos. Med. Assoc. 99, 603–611.
   Google Scholar
• Chleboun, J.O. and Martins, R.N. (1994) "The development and enhancement of the collateral circulation in an animal model of lower limb ischemia", Aust. N. Z. J. Surg. 64, 202–207.
   Google Scholar
• Chleboun, J.O. Martins, R.N. Mitchell, C.A. and Chirila, T.V. (1992) "bFGF enhances the development of the collateral circulation after acute arterial occlusion", Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 185, 510–516.
   Google Scholar
• Crystal, R.G. (1997) "Phase I study of direct administration of a replication deficient adenovirus vector containing, E coli cytosine deaminase gene to metastatic colon carcinoma of the liver in association with the pro-drug 5-fluorocytosine", Hum. Gene. Ther. 8, 985–1001.
   Google Scholar
• Dai, Y., Roman, M., Naviaux, R.K. and Verma, I.M. (1992) "Gene therapy via primary myoblast: long-term expression of factor IX protein following transplantation in vivo", Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 89, 10892–10895.
   Google Scholar
• Davis, S., Aldrich, T.H. Jones, P.F. Acheson, A., Compton, D.L. Jain, V., Ryan, T.E. Bruno, J., Radziejewski, C., Maisonpierre, P.C. and Yancopoulos, G.D. (1996) "Isolation of angiopoietin-1, a ligand for the Tie2 receptor, by secretion-trap expression cloning", Cell 87, 1161–1169.
   Google Scholar
• Dhawan, J., Pan, L.C. Pavlath, G.K. Travis, M.A. Lanctot, A.M. and Blau, H.M. (1991) "Systemic delivery of human growth hormone by injection of genetically engineered myoblast", Science 254, 1509–1512.
   Google Scholar
• Dvorak, H.F. Nagy, J.A. Feng, D., Brown, L.F. and Dvoral, A.M. (1999) "Vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor and the significance of microvascular hyperpermeability in angio-genesis", Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 237, 97–132.
   Google Scholar
• El-Fahime, E., Torrente, Y., Caron, N., Bresolin, M. and Tremblay, J.P. (2000) "In vivo migration of transplanted myoblast requires matrix metalloproteinase activity", Exp. Cell Res. 258, 279–287.
   Google Scholar
• Eriksson, U. and Alitalo, K. (1999) "Structure, expression and receptor-binding properties of novel vascular endothelial growth factors", Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 237, 41–57.
   Google Scholar
• Felgner, P.L. Gadek, T.R. Holm, M., Roman, R., Chan, H.W. Wenz, M., Northrop, J.P. Ringold, G.M. and Danielsen, M. (1987) "Lipofection: a highly efficient, lipid-mediated DNA-transfection procedure", Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 84, 7413–7417.
   Google Scholar
• Ferrara, N. (1999) "Vascular endothelial growth factor: Molecular and biological aspects", Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 237, 1–30.
   Google Scholar
• Ferrara, N. and Henzel, W.J. (1989) "Pituitary follicular cells secrete a novel heparin-binding growth factor specific for vascular endothelial cells", Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 161, 851–858.
   Google Scholar
• Ferrara, N., Leung, D.W. Cachianes, G., Winer, J. and Henzel, W.J. (1991) "Purification and cloning of vascular endothelial growth factor secreted by folliculo-stellate cells", Methods Enzymol. 198, 391–405.
   Google Scholar
• Ferrara, N., Carver-Moore, K., Chen, H., Dowd, M., Lu, L., O'Shea, K.S. Powell-Braxton, L., Hillan, K.J. and Moore, M.W. (1996) "Heterozygous embryonic lethality induced by targeted inactivation of the VEGF gene", Nature 380, 439–442.
   Google Scholar
• Fong, G-H., Rossant, J., Gersenstein, M. and Breitman, M.L. (1995) "Role of the Flt-1 receptor tyrosine kinase in regulating the assembly of vascular endothelium", Nature 376, 66–70.
   Google Scholar
• Fox, J.C. and Swain, J.L. (1996) "Angiogenic gene therapy. A leg to stand on?", Circulation 94, 3065–3066.
   Google Scholar
• Gale, N.W. and Yancopoulos, G.D. (1999) "Growth factors acting via endothelial cell-specific receptor tyrosine kinases: VEGFs, angio-poietins, and ephrins in vascular development", Genes Dev. 13, 1055–1066.
   Google Scholar
• Gerber, H.P. Hillan, K.J. Ryan, A.M. Kowalski, J., Keller, G.A. Rangell, L., Wright, B.D. Radtke, F., Aguet, M. and Ferrara, N. (1999a) "VEGF is required for growth and survival in neonatal mice", Development 126, 1149–1159.
   Google Scholar
• Gerber, H.P. Vu, T.H. Ryan, A.M. Kowalski, J., Wreb, Z. and Ferrara, N. (1999b) "VEGF couples hypertrophic cartilage remodeling, ossification and angiogenesis during endochondral bone formation", Nat. Med. 5, 623–628.
   Google Scholar
• Gilgenkrantz, H., Duboc, D., Juillard, V., Couton, D., Pavirani, A., Guillet, J.G. Briand, P. and Kahn, A. (1995) "Transient expression of genes transferred in vivo into heart using first-generation adenoviral vectors: role of the immune response", Hum. Gene. Ther. 6, 1265–1274.
   Google Scholar
• Goede, V., Schmidt, T., Kimmina, S., Kozian, D. and Augustin, H.G. (1998) "Analysis of blood vessel maturation processes during cyclic ovarian angiogenesis", Lab. Invest. 78, 1385–1394.
   Google Scholar
• Gowdak, L.H. Poliakova, L., Li, Z., Grove, R., Lakatta, E.G. and Talan, M. (2000a) "Induction of angiogenesis by cationic lipid-mediated VEGF165 gene transfer in the rabbit ischemic hindlimb model", J. Vasc. Surg. 32, 343–352.
   Google Scholar
• Gowdak, L.H. Poliakova, L., Wang, X., Kovesdi, I., Fishbein, K.W. Zacheo, A., Palumbo, R., Straino, S., Emanueli, C., Marrocco-Trischitta, M., Lakatta, E.G. Anversa, P., Spencer, R.G. Talan, M. and Capogrossi, M.C. (2000b) "Adenovirus-mediated VEGF(121) gene transfer stimulates angiogenesis in normoperfused skeletal muscle and preserves tissue perfusion after induction of ischemia", Circulation 102, 565–571.
   Google Scholar
• Hacein-Bey-Abina, S., Von Kalle, C., Schmidt, M., Le Deist, F., Wulffraat, N., Mcintyre, E., Radford, I., Villeval, J.L. Fraser, C.C. Cavazzana-Calvo, M. and Fischer, A. (2003) "A serious adverse event after successful gene therapy for X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency", N. Engl. J. Med. 348, 255–256.
   Google Scholar
• Hamamori, Y., Samal, B., Tian, J. and Kedes, L. (1994) "Persistent erythropoiesis by myolablast transfer of erythropoietin cDNA", Hum. Gene. Ther. 5, 1349–1356.
   Google Scholar
• Hamamori, Y., Samal, B., Tian, J. and Kedes, L. (1995) "Myoblast transfer of human erythropoietin gene in a mouse model of renal failure", J. Clin. Invest. 95, 1808–1813.
   Google Scholar
• Hamano, K., Li, T.S. Kobayashi, T., Tanaka, N., Kobayashi, S., Matsuzaki, M. and Esato, K. (2001) "The induction of angiogenesis by the implantation of autologous bone marrow cells: a novel and simple therapeutic method", Surgery 130, 44–54.
   Google Scholar
• Hayashi, S., Morishita, R., Nakamura, S., Yamamoto, K., Moriguchi, A., Nagano, T., Taiji, M., Noguchi, H., Matsumoto, K., Nakamura, T., Higaki, J. and Ogihara, T. (1999) "Potential role of hepatocyte growth factor, a novel angiogenic growth factor, in peripheral arterial disease: down regulation of HGF in response to hypoxia in vascular cells", Circulation 100, II301 -II308.
   Google Scholar
• Hellstrom, M., Kaln, M., Lindahl, P., Abramsson, A. and Betsholtz, C. (1999) "Role of PDGF-B and PDGFR-beta in recruitment of vascular smooth cells and pericytes during embryonic blood vessel formation in the mouse", Development 126, 3047–3055.
   Google Scholar
• Hershey, J.C. Baskin, E.P. Corcoran, H.A. Bett, A., Dougherty, N.M. Gilberto, D.B. Mao, X., Thomas, K.A. and Cook, J.J. (2003) "Vascular endothelial growth factor stimulates angiogenesis without improving collateral blood flow following hindlimb ischemia in rabbits", Heart Vessels 18, 142–149.
   Google Scholar
• Hirakata, K., Li, T.S. Nishida, M., Ito, H., Matsuzaki, M., Kasaoka, S. and Hamano, K. (2003) "Autologous bone marrow cell implantation as therapeutic angiogenesis for ischemic hindlimb in diabetic rat model", Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 284, H66-H70.
   Google Scholar
• Hirschi, K.K. Rohovsky, S.A. Beck, L.H. Smith, S.R. and D'Amore, P.A. (1999) "Endothelial cells modulate the proliferation of mural cell precursors via platelet-derived growth factor-BB and heterotypic cell contact", Circ. Res. 84, 298–305.
   Google Scholar
• Hopkins, S.P. Bilgrin, J.P. Sims, R.L. Bowman, B., Donovan, D.L. and Schmidt, S.P. (1998) "Controlled delivery of vascular endothelial growth factor promotes neovascularization and maintains limb function in a rabbit model ofischemia", J. Vasc. Surg. 275, 886–894.
   Google Scholar
• Huang, Y.Q. Li, J.J. and Karpatkin, S. (2000) "Identification of a family of alternatively spliced mRNA species of angiopoietin-1", Blood 95, 1993–1999.
   Google Scholar
• Huard, J., Ascadi, G., Jani, A., Massie, B. and Karpati, G. (1994) "Gene transfer into skeletal muscles by isogenic myoblast", Hum. Gene. Ther. 5, 949–958.
   Google Scholar
• Iba, O., Matsubara, H., Nozawa, Y., Fujiyama, S., Amano, K., Mori, Y., Kojima, H. and Iwasaka, T. (2002) "Angiogenesis by implantation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and platelets into ischemic limbs", Circulation 106, 2019–2025.
   Google Scholar
• Ikenaga, S., Hamano, K., Nishida, M., Kobayashi, T., Li, T.S. Kobayashi, S., Matsuzaki, M., Zempo, N. and Esato, K. (2001) "Autologous bone marrow implantation induced angiogenesis and improved deteriorated exercise capacity in a rat ischemic hindlimb model", J. Surg. Res. 96, 277–283.
   Google Scholar
• Isner, J.M. (1998) "Vascular endothelial growth factor: gene therapy and therapeutic angiogenesis", Am. J. Cardiol. 82, 63S -64S.
   Google Scholar
• Isner, J.M. Pieczek, A., Schainfeld, R., Blair, R., Haley, L., Asahara, T., Rosenfield, K., Razvi, S., Walsh, K. and Symes, J.F. (1996a) "Clinical evidence of angiogenesis after arterial gene transfer of phVEGF 165 in patient with ischemic limb", Lancet 348, 370–374.
   Google Scholar
• Isner, J.M. Walsh, K., Symes, J., Pieczek, A., Takeshita, S., Lowry, J., Rosenfield, K., Weir, L., Brogi, E. and Jurayj, D. (1996b) "Arterial gene transfer for therapeutic angiogenesis in patients with peripheral artery disease", Hum. Gene. Ther. 7, 959–988.
   Google Scholar
• Ito, H., Hallauer, P.L. Hastings, K.E. and Tremblay, J.P. (1998) "Prior culture with concanavalin A increases intramuscular migration of transplanted myoblast", Muscle Nerve 21, 291–297.
   Google Scholar
• Iwama, A., Hamaguchi, I., Hashiyama, M., Mutayama, Y., Yasunaga, K. and Suda, T. (1993) "Molecular cloning and characterization of mouse Tie and Tek receptor tyrosine kinase genes and their expression in hematopoietic stem cells", Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 195, 301–309.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, I., Moon, S.O. Koh, K.N. Kim, H., Uhrn, C.S. Kwak, H.J. Kim, N.G. and Koh, G.Y. (1999) "Molecular cloning, expression, and characterization of angiopoietin-related protein", J. Biol. Chem. 274, 26523–26528.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, I., Kim, H.G. Moon, S.O. Chae, S.W. So, J.N. Koh, K.N. Ahn, B.C. and Koh, G.Y. (2000a) "Angiopoietin-1 induces endothelial cell sprouting through the activation of focal adhesion kinase and plasmin secretion", Circ. Res. 86, 952–959.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, I., Kim, H.G. So, J.N. Kim, J.H. Kwak, H.J. and Koh, G.Y. (2000b) "Angiopoietin-1 regulates endothelial cell survival through the phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase/Akt signal transduction pathway", Circ. Res. 86, 24–29.
   Google Scholar
• Kinoshita, I., Vilquin, J.T. Guerette, B.G. Asselin, I. and Tremblay, J.P. (1994) "Very efficient myoblast transplantation in mice under FK506 immunosuppression", Muscle Nerve 17, 1407–1415.
   Google Scholar
• Kinoshita, I., Vilquin, J.T. and Tremblay, J.P. (1995) "Pretreatment of myoblast cultures with basic fibroblast growth factor increases the efficacy of their transplantation in mdx mice", Muscle Nerve 18, 834–841.
   Google Scholar
• Kinoshita, I., Roy, R., Dugre, F.J. Gravel, C., Roy, B., Goulet, M., Asselin, I. and Tremblay, J.P. (1996a) "Myoblast transplantation in monkeys: control of immune response by FK506", J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 55, 687–697.
   Google Scholar
• Kinoshita, I., Vilquin, J.T. Roy, T. and Tremblay, J.P. (1996b) "Successive injections in mdx mice of myoblast grown with bFGF", Neuromuscul. Disord. 6, 187–193.
   Google Scholar
• Koblizek, T.I. Weiss, C., Yancopoulos, G.D. Deutsch, U. and Risau, W. (1998) "Angiopoietin-1 induces sprouting angiogenesis in vitro", Curr. Biol. 8, 529–532.
   Google Scholar
• Korhonen, J., Polvi, A., Partanen, J. and Alitalo, K. (1994) "The mouse Tie receptor tyrosine kinase gene: expression during embryonic angiogenesis", Oncogene 9, 395–403.
   Google Scholar
• Kringstein, A.M. Rossi, F.M. Hofmann, A. and Blau, H.M. (1998) "Graded transcriptional response to different concentration of a single transactivator", Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 95, 13670–13675.
   Google Scholar
• Kyriakides, Z.S. Petinakis, P., Kaklamanis, L., Sbarouni, E., Karayannakos, P., Iliopoulos, D., Dontas, I. and Kremastinos, D.T. (2001) "Intramuscular administration of estrogen may promote angiogenesis and perfusion in a rabbit model of chronic limb ischemia", Cardiovasc. Res. 49, 626–633.
   Google Scholar
• Lazarous, D.F. Unger, E.F. Epstein, S.E. Stine, A., Arevalo, J.L. Chew, E.Y. and Quyyumi, A.A. (2000) "Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor in Patients With Intermittent Claudication: Results of a Phase I Trial", J.Am. Coll. Cardiol. 36, 1239–1244.
   Google Scholar
• Lederman, R.J. Mendelsohn, F.O. Anderson, R.D. Saucedo, J.F. Tenaglia, A.N. Hermiller, J.B. Hillegass, W.B. Rocha-Singh, K., Moon, T.E. Whitehouse, M.J. and Annex, B.H. (2002) "Therapeutic angiogenesis with recombinant fibroblast growth factor-2 for intermittent claudication (the TRAFFIC study): a randomised trial", Lancet 359, 2053–2058.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, R.J. Springer, M.L. Blanco-Bose, W., Shaw, R., Ursell, P.C. and Blau, H. (2000) "VEGF gene delivery to myocardium: deleterious effects of unregulated expression", Circulation 102, 898–901.
   Google Scholar
• Lefaucheur, J.P. and Sebille, A. (1995) "Basic fibroblast growth factor promotes in vivo muscle regeneration in murine muscular dystrophy", Neurosci. Lett. 202, 121–124.
   Google Scholar
• Lefaucheur, J.P. Gjata, B., Lafont, H. and Sebille, A. (1996) "Angiogenic and inflammatory responses following skeletal muscle injury are altered by immune neutralization of endogenous basic fibroblast growth factor, insulin-like growth factor-I and transforming growth factor-1", J. Neuroimmunol. 70, 37–44.
   Google Scholar
• Leiden, J.M. (2000) "Human gene therapy. The good, the bad, and the ugly", Circ. Res. 86, 923–925.
   Google Scholar
• Lochmuller, H., Petrof, B.J. Pari, G., Larochelle, N., Dodelet, V., Wang, Q., Allen, C., Prescott, S., Massie, B., Nalbantoghu, J. and Karpati, G. (1996) "Transient immunosuppression by FK506 permits a sustained high-level dystrophin expression after adenovirus-mediated dystro-phin minigene transfer to skeletal muscles of adult dystrophic (mdx) mice", Gene. Ther. 3, 706–716.
   Google Scholar
• Lu, Y., Shansky, J., Tatto, M.D. Ferland, P., Wang, X. and Vandenburgh, H. (2001) "Recombinant vascular endothelial growth factor secreted from tissue-engineered bioartificial muscle promotes localized angiogenesis", Circulation 104, 594–599.
   Google Scholar
• Maisonpierre, P.C. Suri, C., Jones, P.F. Bartunkova, S., Wiegand, S.J. Radziejewski, C., Compton, D., McClain, J., Aldrich, T.H. Papadopoulos, N., Daly, T.J. Davis, S., Sato, T.N. and Yancopoulos, G.D. (1997) "Angiopoietin-2, a natural antagonist for Tie2 that disrupts in vivo angiogenesis", Science 277, 55–60.
   Google Scholar
• Masaki, I., Yonemitsu, Y., Yamashita, A., Sata, S., Tanii, M., Komori, K., Nakagawa, K., Hou, X., Nagai, Y., Hasegawa, M., Sugimachi, K. and Sueishi, K. (2002) "Angiogenic gene therapy for experimental critical limb ischemia: acceleration of limb loss by overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor 165 but not of fibroblast growth factor-2", Circ. Res. 90, 966–973.
   Google Scholar
• Melillo, G., Scoccianti, M., Kovesdi, I., Safi, J., Jr., Riccioni, T. and Capogrossi, M.C. (1997) "Gene therapy for collateral vessel development", Cardiovasc. Res. 35, 480–489.
   Google Scholar
• Milia, A.F. Salis, M.B. Stacca, T., Pinna, A., Madeddu, P., Trevisani, M., Geppetti, P. and Emanueli, C. (2002) "Protease-activated receptor-2 stimulates angiogenesis and accelerates hemo-dynamic recovery in a mouse model of hindlimb ischemia", Circ. Res. 91, 346–352.
   Google Scholar
• Montesano, R., Vassalli, J.D. Baird, A., Guillemin, R. and Orci, L. (1986) "Basic fibroblast growth factor induces angiogenesis in vitro", Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 83, 7297–7301.
   Google Scholar
• Morishita, R., Sakaki, M., Yamamoto, K., Iguchi, S., Aoki, M., Yamasaki, K., Matsumoto, K., Nakamura, T., Lawn, R., Ogihara, T. and Kaneda, Y. (2002) "Impairment of collateral formation in lipoprotein(a) transgenic mice: therapeutic angiogenesis induced by human hepatocyte growth factor gene", Circulation 105, 1491–1496.
   Google Scholar
• Muhlhauser, J., Jones, M., Yamada, I., Cirielli, C., Lemarchand, P., Gloe, T.R. Bewig, B., Signoretti, S., Crystal, R.G. and Capogrossi, M.C. (1996) "Safety and efficacy of in vivo gene transfer into the porcine heart with replication-deficient, recombinant adenovirus vectors", Gene. Ther. 3, 145–153.
   Google Scholar
• Nabel, E.G. (2002) "Stem cells combined with gene transfer for therapeutic vasculogenesis: magic bullets?", Circulation 105, 672–674.
   Google Scholar
• Neufeld, G., Cohen, T., Gengrinovitch, S. and Poltorak, I. (1999) "Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors", FASEB J. 13, 9–22.
   Google Scholar
• Neumeister, M.W. Song, Y.-H., Mowlavi, A., Suchy, H. and Mathur, A. (2001) "Effects of liposome-mediated gene transfer of VEGF in ischemic rat gracilis muscle", Microsurgery 21, 58–62.
   Google Scholar
• Ohara, N., Koyama, H., Miyata, T., Hamada, H., Miyatake, S.I. Akimoto, M. and Shigematsu, H. (2001) "Adenovirus-mediated ex vivo gene transfer of basic fibroblast growth factor promotes collateral development in a rabbit model of hind limb ischemia", Gene. Ther. 8, 837–845.
   Google Scholar
• Onimaru, M., Yonemitsu, Y., Tanii, M., Nakagawa, K., Masaki, I., Okano, S., Ishibashi, H., Shirasuna, K., Hasegawa, M. and Sueishi, K. (2002) "Fibroblast growth factor-2 gene transfer can stimulate hepatocyte growth factor expression irrespective of hypoxia-mediated downregulation in ischemic limbs", Circ. Res. 91, 923–930.
   Google Scholar
• Papapetropoulos, A., Garcia-Cardena, G., Dengler, T.J. Maisonpierre, P.C. Yancopoulos, G.D. and Sessa, W.C. (1999) "Direct actions of angiopoietin-1 on human endothelium: evidence for network stabilization, cell survival and interaction with other angiogenic growth factors", Lab. Invest. 79, 213–223.
   Google Scholar
• Procopio, W.N. Pelavin, P.I. Lee, W.M.F. and Yeilding, N.M. (1999) "Angiopoietin-1 and -2 coiled-coil domains mediate distinct homo-oligomerization patterns, but fibrinogen-like domains mediate ligand activity", J. Biol. Chem. 277, 30196–30201.
   Google Scholar
• Qu, Z. and Huard, J. (2000) "Matching host muscle and donor myoblast for myosin heavy chain improves myoblast transfer therapy", Gene. Ther. 7, 428–437.
   Google Scholar
• Rando, T.A. and Blau, H.M. (1994) "Primary mouse myoblast purification, characterization, and transplantation for cell-mediated gene therapy", J. Cell. Biol. 125, 1275–1287.
   Google Scholar
• Rissanen, T.T. Markkanen, J.E. Arve, K., Rutanen, J., Kettunen, M.I. Vajanto, I., Jauhiainen, S., Cashion, L., Gruchala, M., Narvanen, O., Taipale, P., Kauppinen, R.A. Rubanyi, G.M. and Yla-Herttuala, S. (2003) "Fibroblast growth factor 4 induces vascular permeability, angiogenesis and arteriogenesis in a rabbit hindlimb ischemia model", FASEB, J 17, 100–102.
   Google Scholar
• Robinson, C.J. and Stringer, S.E. (2001) "The splice variants of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and their receptors", J. Cell Sci. 114, 853–865.
   Google Scholar
• Sato, T.N. Qin, Y., Kozak, C.A. and Audus, K.L. (1993) "Tie-1 and Tie-2 define another class of putative receptor tyrosine kinase genes expressed in early embryonic vascular system", Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 90, 9355–9358.
   Google Scholar
• Sato, T.N. Tozawa, Y., Deutsch, U., Wolburg-Bucholz, K., Fujiwara, Y., Gendron-Maguire, M., Gridley, T., Wolburg, H., Risau, W. and Qin, Y. (1995) "Distinct roles of the receptor tyrosine kinases Tie-1 and Tie-2 in blood vessel formation", Nature 376, 70–74.
   Google Scholar
• Schainfeld, R.M. and Isner, J.M. (1999) "Critical limb ischemia: nothing to give at the office?", Ann. Intern. Med. 130, 442–444.
   Google Scholar
• Shalaby, F., Rossant, J., Yamaguchi, T.P. Gertsenstein, M., Wu, X.F. Breitman, M.L. and Schuh, A.C. (1995) "Failure of blood island formation and vasculogenesis in Flk-1-deficient mice", Nature 367, 62–66.
   Google Scholar
• Shibuya, M., Yamaguchi, S., Yamane, A., Ikeda, T., Tojo, A., Matsushime, H. and Sato, M. (1990) "Nucleotide sequence and expression of a novel human receptor-type tyrosine kinase gene (flt) closely related to the fms family", Oncogene 5, 519–524.
   Google Scholar
• Shimpo, M., Ikeda, U., Maeda, Y., Takahashi, M., Miyashita, H., Mizukami, H., Urabe, M., Kume, A., Takizawa, T., Shibuya, M., Ozawa, K. and Shimada, K. (2002) "AAV-mediated VEGF gene transfer into skeletal muscle stimulates angiogenesis and improves blood flow in a rat hindlimb ischemia model", Cardiovasc. Res. 53, 993–1001.
   Google Scholar
• Shyu, K.G. Chang, H. and Isner, J.M. (2003a) "Synergistic effect of angiopoitein-1 and vascular endothelial growth factor on neoangio-genesis in hypercholesterolemic rabbit model with acute hindlimb ischemia", Life Sci. 73, 563–579.
   Google Scholar
• Shyu, K.G. Chang, H., Wang, B.W. and Kuan, P. (2003b) "Intramuscular vascular endothelial growth factor gene therapy in patients with chronic critical leg ischemia", Am. J. Med. 114, 85–92.
   Google Scholar
• Silvestre, J.S. and Levy, B.I. (2002) "Angiogenesis therapy in ischemic disease", Arch. Mal. Coeur Vaiss. 95, 189–196.
   Google Scholar
• Smythe, G.M. and Grounds, M.D. (2000) "Exposure to tissue culture conditions can adversely affect myoblast behaviors in vivo in whole muscle grafts: implications for myoblast transfer therapy", Cell Transplant 9(3), 379–393.
   Google Scholar
• Smythe, G.M. and Grounds, M.D. (2001) "Absence of MyoD increases donor myoblast migration into host muscle", Exp. Cell Res. 267, 267–274.
   Google Scholar
• Smythe, G.M. Lai, M.C. Grounds, M.D. and Rakoczy, P.E. (2002) "Adeno-associated virus-mediated vascular endothelial growth factor gene therapy in skeletal muscle before transplantation promotes revascularization of regenerating muscle", Tissue Eng. 8, 879–891.
   Google Scholar
• Springer, M.L. Chen, A.S. Kraft, P.E. Bednarski, M. and Blau, H. (1998) "VEGF gene delivery to muscle: potential role for vasculogenesis in adults", Mol. Cell 2, 549–558.
   Google Scholar
• Springer, M.L. Ozawa, C.R. Banfi, A., Kraft, P.E. Ip, T.K. Brazelton, T.R. and Blau, H.M. (2003) "Localized arteriole formation directly adjacent to site ofVEGF-induced angiogenesis in muscle", Mol. Ther. 7, 441–449.
   Google Scholar
• Suri, C., Jones, P.F. Patan, S., Bartunkova, S., Maisonpierre, P.C. Davis, S., Sato, T.N. and Yancopoulos, G.D. (1996) "Requisite role of Angiopoietin-1, a ligand for the Tie2 receptor, during embryonic angiogenesis", Cell 87, 1171–1180.
   Google Scholar
• Suzuki, K., Murtuza, B., Smolenski, R.T. Sammut, L.A. Suzuki, N., Kaneda, Y. and Yacoub, M.H. (2001) "Cell transplantation for the treatment of acute myocardial infarction using VEGF-expressing skeletal myoblast", Circulation 104, I207-I212.
   Google Scholar
• Takeshita, S., Pu, L.Q. Stein, L.A. Sniderman, A.D. Bunting, S., Ferrara, N., Isner, J.M. and Symes, J.F. (1994a) "Intramuscular administration of vascular endothelial growth factor induces dose-dependent collateral artery augmentation in a rabbit model of chronic limb ischemia", Circulation 90, II228-II234.
   Google Scholar
• Takeshita, S., Zheng, L.P. Brogi, E., Kearney, M., Pu, L.-Q., Bunting, S., Ferrara, N., Symes, J.F. and Isner, J.M. (1994b) "Therapeutic angiogenesis. A single intraarterial bolus of vascular endothelial growth factor augments revascularization in a rabbit ischemic hind limb model", J. Clin. Invest. 93(6), 62–670.
   Google Scholar
• Takeshita, S., Rossow, S.T. Kearney, M., Zheng, L.P. Bauters, C., Bunting, S., Ferrara, N., Symes, J.F. and Isner, J.M. (1995) "Time course of increased cellular proliferation in collateral arteries after administration of vascular endothelial growth factor in a rabbit model of lower limb vascular insufficiency", Am. J. Pathol. 147, 1649–1660.
   Google Scholar
• Takeshita, S., Weir, L., Chen, D., Zheng, L.P. Riessen, R., Bauters, C., Symes, J.F. Ferrara, N. and Isner, J.M. (1996) "Therapeutic angiogenesis following arterial gene transfer of vascular endothelial growth factor in a rabbit model of hindlimb ischemia", Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 227, 628–635.
   Google Scholar
• Takeshita, S., Isshiki, T., Ochiai, M., Eto, K., Mori, H., Tanaka, E., Umetani, K. and Sato, T. (1998) "Endothelium-dependent relaxation of collateral microvessels after intramuscular gene transfer of vascular endothelial growth factor in a rat model of hindlimb ischemia", Circulation 98, 1261–1263.
   Google Scholar
• Taniyama, Y., Morishita, R., Aoki, M., Nakagami, H., Yamamoto, K., Yamazaki, K., Matsumoto, K., Nakamura, T., Kaneda, Y. and Ogihara, T. (2001) "Therapeutic angiogenesis induced by human hepatocyte growth factor gene in rat and rabbit hind limb ischemia models: preclinical study for treatment of peripheral arterial disease", Gene. Ther. 8, 181–189.
   Google Scholar
• Terman, B.I. Dougher-Vermazen, M., Carrion, M.E. Dimitrov, D., Armellino, D.C. Gospodarowicz, D. and Bohlen, P. (1992) "Identification of the KDR tyrosine kinase as a receptor for vascular endothelial cell growth factor", Biochem. Biophy. Res. Commun. 187, 1579–1586.
   Google Scholar
• Thurston, G., Suri, C., Smith, K., McClain, J., Sato, T.N. Yancopoulos, G.D. and McDonald, D.M. (1999) "Leakage-resistant blood vessels in mice transgenically overexpressing angiopoietin-1", Science 286, 2511–2514.
   Google Scholar
• Thurston, G., Rudge, J.S. Ioffe, E., Zhou, H., Ross, L., Croll, S.D. Glazer, N., Holash, J., McDonald, D.M. and Yancopoulos, G.D. (2000) "Angiopoietin-1 protects the adult vasculature against plasma leakage", Nat. Med. 6, 460–463.
   Google Scholar
• Torrente, Y., El Fahime, E., Caron, N.J. Bresolin, N. and Tremblay, J.P. (2000) "Intramuscular migration of myoblast transplanted after muscle pretreatment with metalloproteinases", Cell. Transplant. 9, 539–550.
   Google Scholar
• Tsurumi, Y., Takeshita, S., Chen, D., Kearney, M., Rossow, S.T. Passeri, J., Horowitz, J.R. Symes, J.F. and Isner, J.M. (1996) "Direct intramuscular gene transfer of naked DNA encoding vascular endothelial growth factor augments collateral development and tissue perfusion", Circulation 94, 3281–3290.
   Google Scholar
• Tsurumi, Y., Kearney, M., Chen, D., Silver, M., Takeshita, S., Yang, J., Symes, J.F. and Isner, J.M. (1997) "Treatment of acute limb ischemia by intramuscular injection of vascular endothelial growth factor gene", Circulation 96, II382-II388.
   Google Scholar
• Vale, P.R. Isner, J.M. and Rosenfield, K. (2001) "Therapeutic angiogenesis in critical limb and myocardial ischemia", J. Interv. Cardiol. 14, 511–528.
   Google Scholar
• Verma, I.M. (2000) "A tumultuous year for gene therapy", Mol. Ther. 2, 415–416.
   Google Scholar
• Vincent, K.A. Shyu, K.G. Luo, Y., Magner, M., Tio, R.A. Jiang, C., Goldberg, M.A. Akita, G.Y. Gregory, R.J. and Isner, J.M. (2000) "Angiogenesis is induced in a rabbit model of hindlimb ischemia by naked DNA encoding an HIF-1alpha/VP16 hybrid transcription factor", Circulation 102, 2255–2261.
   Google Scholar
• Walder, C.E. Errett, C.J. Bunting, S., Lindquist, P., Ogez, J.R. Heinsohn, H.G. Ferrara, N. and Thomas, G.R. (1996) "Vascular endothelial growth factor augments muscle blood flow and function in a rabbit model of chronic hind limb ischemia", J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 27, 91–98.
   Google Scholar
• Witzenbichler, B., Asahara, T., Murohara, T., Silver, M., Spyridopoulos, I., Magner, M., Principe, N., Kearney, M., Hu, J-S. and Isner, J.M. (1998) "Vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C/VEGF-2) promotes angiogenesis in the setting ofissue ischemia", Am. J. Pathol. 153, 381–394.
   Google Scholar
• Yang, H.T. Deschenes, M.R. Ogilvie, R.W. and Terjung, R.L. (1996) "Basic fibroblast growth factor increases collateral blood flow in rats with femoral arterial ligation", Circ. Res. 79, 62–69.
   Google Scholar
• Yang, H.T. Feng, Y., Allen, L.A. Protter, A. and Terjung, R.L. (2000) "Efficacy and specificity of bFGF increased collateral flow in experimental peripheral arterial insufficiency", Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 278, H1966-H1973.
   Google Scholar
• Yao, S.N. and Kurachi, K. (1992) "Expression of human factor IX in mice after injection of genetically modified myoblast", Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 89, 3357–3361.
   Google Scholar
• Yao, S.N. Smith, K.J. and Kurachi, K. (1994) "Primary myoblast-mediated gene transfer: persistent expression of human factor IX in mice", Gene. Ther. 1, 99–107.
   Google Scholar