Roles of transforming growth factor-α in mammary development and disease

References

• Al-Salihi MA, Ulmer SC, Doan T, Nelson CD, Crotty T, Prescott SM, Stafforini DM, Topham MK. Cyclooxygenase-2 transactivates the epidermal growth factor receptor through specific E-prostanoid receptors and tumor necrosis factor-alpha converting enzyme. Cell Signal 2007; 19: 1956–1963
   Google Scholar
• Arendt LM, Rose-Hellekant TA, Sandgren EP, Schuler LA. Prolactin potentiates transforming growth factor {alpha} induction of mammary neoplasia in transgenic mice. Am J Pathol 2006; 168(4)1365–1374
   Google Scholar
• Barnard J, Polk W, Moses H, Coffey R. Production of transforming growth factor-alpha by normal rat small intestine. Am J Physiol 1991; 261(6 Pt 1)C994–C1000
   Google Scholar
• Berkowitz E, Seroogy K, Schroeder J, Russel W, Evans E, Riedel R, Phillips H, Harrison C, Lee D, Luetteke N. Characteriztion of the mouse transforming growth factor-α gene: Its expression during eyelid development and in waved 1 tissues. Cell Growth Differ 1996; 7: 1271–1282
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blasband AJ, Gilligan DM, Winchell LF, Wong ST, Luetteke NC, Rogers KT, Lee DC. Expression of the TGF alpha integral membrane precursor induces transformation of NRK cells. Oncogene 1990; 5: 1213–1221
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Booth BW, Adler KB, Bonner JC, Tournier F, Martin LD. Interleukin-13 induces proliferation of human airway epithelial cells in vitro via a mechanism mediated by transforming growth factor-alpha. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2001; 25(6)739–743
   Google Scholar
• Booth BW, Jhappan C, Merlino G, Smith GH. TGFbeta1 and TGFalpha contrarily affect alveolar survival and tumorigenesis in mouse mammary epithelium. Int J Cancer 2007a; 120(3)493–499
   Google Scholar
• Booth BW, Sandifer T, Martin EL, Martin LD. IL-13-induced proliferation of airway epithelial cells: Mediation by intracellular growth factor mobilization and ADAM17. Respir Res 2007b; 8: 51
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Briley GP, Hissong MA, Chiu ML, Lee DC. The carboxyl-terminal valine residues of proTGF alpha are required for its efficient maturation and intracellular routing. Mol Biol Cell 1997; 8(8)1619–1631
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burgel PR, Lazarus SC, Tam DC, Ueki IF, Atabai K, Birch M, Nadel JA. Human eosinophils induce mucin production in airway epithelial cells via epidermal growth factor receptor activation. J Immunol 2001; 167: 5948–5954
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bush M, Mele J, Couchman G, Walmer D. Evidence of juxtacrine signaling for transforming growth factor alpha in human endometrium. Biol Reprod 1998; 59: 1522–1529
   Google Scholar
• Calafat J, Janssen H, Stahle-Backdahl M, Zuurbier AE, Knol EF, Egesten A. Human monocytes and neutrophils store transforming growth factor-alpha in a subpopulation of cytoplasmic granules. Blood 1997; 90(3)1255–1266
   Google Scholar
• Carteni G, Fiorentino R, Vecchione L, Chiurazzi B, Battista C. Panitumumab a novel drug in cancer treatment. Ann Oncol 2007; 18(Suppl 6)vi16–vi21
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carter P, Presta L, Gorman CM, Ridgway JB, Henner D, Wong WL, Rowland AM, Kotts C, Carver ME, Shepard HM. Humanization of an anti-p185HER2 antibody for human cancer therapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992; 89: 4285–4289
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casey TM, Mulvey TM, Patnode TA, Dean A, Zakrzewska E, Plaut K. Mammary epithelial cells treated concurrently with TGF-alpha and TGF-beta exhibit enhanced proliferation and death. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2007; 232: 1027–1040
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chepko G, Slack R, Carbott D, Khan S, Steadman L, Dickson RB. Differential alteration of stem and other cell populations in ducts and lobules of TGFalpha and c-Myc transgenic mouse mammary epithelium. Tissue Cell 2005; 37(5)393–412
   Google Scholar
• Ciardiello F, Tortora G. A novel approach in the treatment of cancer: Targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor. Clin Cancer Res 2001; 7: 2958–2970
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cobleigh MA, Vogel CL, Tripathy D, Robert NJ, Scholl S, Fehrenbacher L, Wolter JM, Paton V, Shak S, Lieberman G, et al. Multinational study of the efficacy and safety of humanized anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody in women who have HER2-overexpressing metastatic breast cancer that has progressed after chemotherapy for metastatic disease. J Clin Oncol 1999; 17(9)2639–2648
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coffey RJ, Romano M, Polk WH, Dempsey PJ. Roles for transforming growth factor-alpha in gastric physiology and pathophysiology. Yale J Biol Med 1992; 65(6)693–704, discussion 621–3
   Google Scholar
• DeLarco JE, Todaro GJ. Growth factors from murine sarcoma virus-transformed cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1978; 75: 4001–4005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derynck R, Roberts A, Winkler M, Chen E, Goeddel D. Human transforming growth factor-α: Precursor structure and expression in E. coli. Cell 1984; 38: 287–297
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edery M, Pang K, Larson L, Colosi T, Nandi S. Epidermal growth factor receptor levels in mouse mammary glands in various physiological states. Endocrinology 1985; 117(1)405–411
   Google Scholar
• Elenius K, Paul S, Allison G, Sun J, Klagsbrun M. Activation of HER4 by heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor stimulates chemotaxis but not proliferation. EMBO J 1997; 16(6)1268–1278
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ellis IR, Schor AM, Schor SL. EGF and TGF-alpha motogenic activities are mediated by the EGF receptor via distinct matrix-dependent mechanisms. Exp Cell Res 2007; 313: 732–741
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ezeh PI, Farbman AI. Differential activation of ErbB receptors in the rat olfactory mucosa by transforming growth factor-alpha and epidermal growth factor in vivo. J Neurobiol 1998; 37(2)199–210
   Google Scholar
• Ezzat S, Walpola I, Ramyar L, Smyth H, Asa S. Membrane-anchored expression of transforming growth factor-alpha in human pituitary adenoma cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995; 80: 534–539
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fata J, Mori H, Ewald A, Zhang H, Yao E, Werb Z, Bissell M. The MAPK(ERK-1,2) pathway integrates distinct and antagonistic signals from TGFalpha and FGF7 in morphogenesis of mouse mammary epithelium. Dev Biol 2007; 306: 193–207
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fowler KJ, Walker F, Alexander W, Hibbs ML, Nice EC, Bohmer RM, Mann GB, Thumwood C, Maglitto R, Danks JA, et al. A mutation in the epidermal growth factor receptor in waved-2 mice has a profound effect on receptor biochemistry that results in impaired lactation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995; 92(5)1465–1469
   Google Scholar
• Garrett TP, McKern NM, Lou M, Elleman TC, Adams TE, Lovrecz GO, Zhu HJ, Walker F, Frenkel MJ, Hoyne PA, et al. Crystal structure of a truncated epidermal growth factor receptor extracellular domain bound to transforming growth factor alpha. Cell 2002; 110: 763–773
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gebbia V, Giuliani F, Valori VM, Agueli R, Colucci G, Maiello E. Cetuximab in squamous cell head and neck carcinomas. Ann Oncol 2007; 18(Suppl 6)vi5–vi7
   Google Scholar
• Gee JM, Robertson JF, Gutteridge E, Ellis IO, Pinder SE, Rubini M, Nicholson RI. Epidermal growth factor receptor/HER2/insulin-like growth factor receptor signalling and oestrogen receptor activity in clinical breast cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2005; 12(Suppl 1)S99–S111
   Google Scholar
• Glickman J, Chen Y, Wang H, Antonioli D, Odze R. Phenotypic characteristics of a distinctive mulitlayered epithelium suggests that it is a precursor in the development of Barrett's esophagus. Am J Surg Pathol 2001; 25: 569–578
   Google Scholar
• Goke M, Kanai M, Lynch-Devaney K, Podolsky DK. Rapid mitogen-activated protein kinase activation by transforming growth factor alpha in wounded rat intestinal epithelial cells. Gastroenterology 1998; 114: 697–705
   Google Scholar
• Habel O, Bertario L, Andreola S, Sirizzotti G, Marian B. Tissue localization of TGFalpha and apoptosis are inversely related in colorectal tumors. Histochem Cell Biol 2002; 117(3)235–241
   Google Scholar
• Hallbeck A, Walz T, Wasteson A. Interleukin-6 enhances transforming growth factor-alpha mRNA expression in macrophage-like human monocytoid cells. Biosci Rep 2001; 21(3)325–339
   Google Scholar
• Hansard LJ, Healy-Gardner BE, Drapkin AT, Bentley RC, McLachlan JA, Walmer DK. Human endometrial transforming growth factor-alpha: A transmembrane, surface epithelial protein that transiently disappears during the midsecretory phase of the menstrual cycle. J Soc Gynecol Investig 1997; 4(3)160–166
   Google Scholar
• Hardie WD, Bejarano PA, Miller MA, Yankaskas JR, Ritter JH, Whitsett JA, Korfhagen TR. Immunolocalization of transforming growth factor alpha and epidermal growth factor receptor in lungs of patients with cystic fibrosis. Pediatr Dev Pathol 1999; 2(5)415–423
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Humphreys R, Hennighausen L. TGFa and mouse models of human breast cancer. Oncogene 2000; 19: 1085–1091
   Google Scholar
• Jamerson MH, Johnson MD, Dickson RB. Of mice and Myc: c-Myc and mammary tumorigenesis. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2004; 9(1)27–37
   Google Scholar
• Jhappan C, Stahle C, Harkins RN, Fausto N, Smith GH, Merlino GT. TGF alpha overexpression in transgenic mice induces liver neoplasia and abnormal development of the mammary gland and pancreas. Cell 1990; 61(6)1137–1146
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karnes W, Walsh J, Wu S, Kim R, Martin M, Wong H, Mendelsohn J, Park J, Cuttitta F. Automous proliferation of colon cancer cells that coexpress transforming growth factor alpha and its receptor. Variable effects of receptor-blocking antibody. Gastroenterology 1992; 102(2)474–485
   Google Scholar
• Kenny PA. TACE: A new target in epidermal growth factor receptor dependent tumors. Differentiation 2007a, (Pub online Jul)
   Google Scholar
• Kenny PA. Tackling EGFR signaling with TACE antagonists: A rational target for metalloprotease inhibitors in cancer. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2007b; 11: 1287–1298
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korfhagen T, Swantz R, Wert S, McCarty J, Kerlakian C, Glasser S, Whitsett J. Respiratory epithelial cell expression of human transforming growth factor-alpha induces lung fibrosis in transgenic mice. J Clin Invest 1994; 93: 1691–1699
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuo A, Zhong C, Lane W, Derynck R. Transmembrane transforming growth factor-alpha tethers to the PDZ domain-containing, Golgi membrane-associated protein p59/GRASP55. EMBO J 2000; 19: 6427–6439
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauffenburger D, Fallon E, Haugh J. Scratching the (cell) surface: Cytokine engineering for improved ligand/receptor trafficking dynamics. Chem Biol 1998; 5: R257–R263
   Google Scholar
• Lee PP, Hwang JJ, Mead L, Ip MM. Functional role of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in mammary epithelial cell development. J Cell Physiol 2001; 188(1)75–88
   Google Scholar
• Liscia DS, Merlo G, Ciardiello F, Kim N, Smith GH, Callahan R, Salomon DS. Transforming growth factor-alpha messenger RNA localization in the developing adult rat and human mammary gland by in situ hybridization. Dev Biol 1990; 140(1)123–131
   Google Scholar
• Liu S, Sanfilippo B, Perroteau I, Derynck R, Salomon D, Kidwell W. Expression of transforming growth factor alpha (TGF alpha) in differentiated rat mammary tumors: Estrogen induction of TGF alpha production. Mol Endocrinol 1987; 1(10)683–692
   Google Scholar
• Longva KE, Blystad FD, Stang E, Larsen AM, Johannessen LE, Madshus IH. Ubiquitination and proteasomal activity is required for transport of the EGF receptor to inner membranes of multivesicular bodies. J Cell Biol 2002; 156(5)843–854
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luetteke NC, Lee DC. Transforming growth factor alpha: Expression, regulation and biological action of its integral membrane precursor. Semin Cancer Biol 1990; 1: 265–275
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maiello E, Giuliani F, Gebbia V, Piano A, Agueli R, Colucci G. Cetuximab: Clinical results in colorectal cancer. Ann Oncol 2007; 18(Suppl 6)vi8–vi10
   Google Scholar
• Mann G, Fowler K, Gabriel A, Nice E, Williams R, Dunn A. Mice with null mutation of the TGF alpha gene have abnormal skin architecture, wavy hair, and curly whiskers and often develop corneal inflammation. Cell 1993; 23: 249–261
   Google Scholar
• Matsui Y, Halter SA, Holt JT, Hogan BL, Coffey RJ. Development of mammary hyperplasia and neoplasia in MMTV-TGF alpha transgenic mice. Cell 1990; 61(6)1147–1155
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCole DF, Keely SJ, Coffey RJ, Barrett KE. Transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor in colonic epithelial cells by carbachol requires extracellular release of transforming growth factor-alpha. J Biol Chem 2002; 277: 42603–42612
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McInnes C, Hoyt DW, Harkins RN, Pagila RN, Debanne MT, O'Connor-McCourt M, Sykes BD. NMR study of the transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha)-epidermal growth factor receptor complex. Visualization of human TGF-alpha binding determinants through nuclear Overhauser enhancement analysis. J Biol Chem 1996; 271(50)32204–32211
   Google Scholar
• McInnes C, Wang J, Al Moustafa AE, Yansouni C, O'Connor-McCourt M, Sykes BD. Structure-based minimization of transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha) through NMR analysis of the receptor-bound ligand. Design, solution structure, and activity of TGF-alpha 8-50. J Biol Chem 1998; 273(42)27357–27363
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moosmann N, Heinemann V. Cetuximab in the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2007; 7: 243–256
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nahta R, Esteva FJ. Trastuzumab: Triumphs and tribulations. Oncogene 2007; 26: 3637–3643
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pehlivan T, Mansour A, Spaczynski R, Duleba A. Effects of transforming growth factors-alpha and beta on proliferation and apoptosis of rat theca-interstitial cells. J Endocrinol 2001; 170: 639–645
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peschon JJ, Slack JL, Reddy P, Stocking KL, Sunnarborg SW, Lee DC, Russell WE, Castner BJ, Johnson RS, Fitzner JN, et al. An essential role for ectodomain shedding in mammalian development. Science 1998; 282(5392)1281–1284
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plath A, Einspanier R, Peters F, Sinowatz F, Schams D. Expression of transforming growth factors alpha and beta-1 messenger RNA in the bovine mammary gland during different stages of development and lactation. J Endocrinol 1997; 155(3)501–511
   Google Scholar
• Pochampalli MR, Bitler BG, Schroeder JA. Transforming growth factor alpha dependent cancer progression is modulated by Muc1. Cancer Res 2007; 67: 6591–6598
   Google Scholar
• Polk DB. Epidermal growth factor receptor-stimulated intestinal epithelial cell migration requires phospholipase C activity. Gastroenterology 1998; 114: 493–502
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polosa R, Puddicombe SM, Krishna MT, Tuck AB, Howarth PH, Holgate ST, Davies DE. Expression of c-erbB receptors and ligands in the bronchial epithelium of asthmatic subjects. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002; 109: 75–81
   Google Scholar
• Press MF, Lenz HJ. EGFR, HER2 and VEGF pathways: Validated targets for cancer treatment. Drugs 2007; 67: 2045–2075
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Raab G, Klagsbrun M. Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor. Biochim Biophys Acta 1997; 1333(3)F179–F199
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riese DJ, Kim ED, Elenius K, Buckley S, Klagsbrun M, Plowman GD, Stern DF. The epidermal growth factor receptor couples transforming growth factor-alpha, heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like factor, and amphiregulin to Neu, ErbB-3, and ErbB-4. J Biol Chem 1996; 271(33)20047–20052
   Google Scholar
• Rio C, Buxbaum J, Peschon J, Corfas G. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha-converting enzyme is required for cleavage of erbB4/HER4. J Biol Chem 2000; 275(14)10379–10387
   Google Scholar
• Ritter CA, Perez-Torres M, Rinehart C, Guix M, Dugger T, Engelman JA, Arteaga CL. Human breast cancer cells selected for resistance to trastuzumab in vivo overexpress epidermal growth factor receptor and ErbB ligands and remain dependent on the ErbB receptor network. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13: 4909–4919
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rose-Hellekant TA, Wentworth KM, Nikolai S, Kundel DW, Sandgren EP. Mammary carcinogenesis is preceded by altered epithelial cell turnover in transforming growth factor-alpha and c-myc transgenic mice. Am J Pathol 2006; 169: 1821–1832
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruocco S, Lallemand A, Tournier J, Gaillard D. Expression and localization of epidermal growth factor, transforming growth factor-alpha and localization of their common receptor in fetal lung development. Pediatr Res 1996; 39(3)448–455
   Google Scholar
• Sandgren EP, Luetteke NC, Palmiter RD, Brinster RL, Lee DC. Overexpression of TGF alpha in transgenic mice: Induction of epithelial hyperplasia, pancreatic metaplasia, and carcinoma of the breast. Cell 1990; 61: 1121–1135
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sayeski PP, Kudlow JE. Glucose metabolism to glucosamine is necessary for glucose stimulation of transforming growth factor-alpha gene transcription. J Biol Chem 1996; 271(25)15237–15243
   Google Scholar
• Schroeder JA, Troyer KL, Lee DC. Cooperative induction of mammary tumorigenesis by TGFalpha and Wnts. Oncogene 2000; 19(28)3193–3199
   Google Scholar
• Shah BH, Catt KJ. TACE-dependent EGF receptor activation in angiotensin-II-induced kidney disease. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2006; 27: 235–237
   Google Scholar
• Shvartsman S, Hagen M, Yacoub A, Dent P, Wiley H, Lauffenburger D. Autocrine loops with positive feedback enable context-dependent cell signaling. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2002; 282: C545–C559
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slamon D, Pegram M. Rationale for trastuzumab (Herceptin) in adjuvant breast cancer trials. Semin Oncol 2001; 28(1 Suppl 3)13–19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith G, Sharp R, Kordon E, Jhappan C, Merlino G. Transforming growth factor-alpha promotes mammary tumorigenesis through selective survival and growth of secretory epithelial cells. Am J Pathol 1995; 147(4)1081–1096
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snedeker SM, Brown CF, DiAugustine RP. Expression and functional properties of transforming growth factor alpha and epidermal growth factor during mouse mammary gland ductal morphogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991; 88(1)276–280
   Google Scholar
• Srinivasan M, Jewell SD. Evaluation of TGF-alpha and EGFR expression in oral leukoplakia and oral submucous fibrosis by quantitative immunohistochemistry. Oncology 2001; 61: 284–292
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strachan L, Murison JG, Prestidge RL, Sleeman MA, Watson JD, Kumble KD. Cloning and biological activity of epigen, a novel member of the epidermal growth factor superfamily. J Biol Chem 2001; 276(21)18265–18271
   Google Scholar
• Torring N, Jorgensen P, Sorensen B, Nexo E. Increased expression of heparin binding EGF (HB-EGF), amphiregulin, TGFa and epiregulin in androgen-independent prostate cancer cell lines. Anticancer Res 2000; 20: 91–95
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tournier BB, Dardente H, Vuillez P, Pevet P, Challet E. Expression of Tgfalpha in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of nocturnal and diurnal rodents. Neuroscience 2007; 145: 1138–1143
   Google Scholar
• Tsujimoto Y, Cossman J, Jaffe E, Croce CM. Involvement of the bcl-2 gene in human follicular lymphoma. Science 1985; 228(4706)1440–1443
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyler LW, Matossian K, Todd R, Gallagher GT, White RR, Wong DT. Eosinophil-derived transforming growth factors (TGF-alpha and TGF-beta1) in human periradicular lesions. J Endod 1999; 25: 619–624
   Google Scholar
• Valabrega G, Montemurro F, Sarotto I, Petrelli A, Rubini P, Tacchetti C, Aglietta M, Comoglio PM, Giordano S. TGFalpha expression impairs trastuzumab-induced HER2 downregulation. Oncogene 2005; 24(18)3002–3010
   Google Scholar
• Vogel CL, Cobleigh MA, Tripathy D, Gutheil JC, Harris LN, Fehrenbacher L, Slamon DJ, Murphy M, Novotny WF, Burchmore M, et al. Efficacy and safety of trastuzumab as a single agent in first-line treatment of HER2-overexpressing metastatic breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2002; 20(3)719–726
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner KU, Krempler A, Triplett AA, Qi Y, George NM, Zhu J, Rui H. Impaired alveologenesis and maintenance of secretory mammary epithelial cells in Jak2 conditional knockout mice. Mol Cell Biol 2004; 24(12)5510–5520
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang D, Shin TH, Kudlow JE. Transcription factor AP-2 controls transcription of the human transforming growth factor-alpha gene. J Biol Chem 1997; 272(22)14244–14250
   Google Scholar
• Wong ST, Winchell LF, McCune BK, Earp HS, Teixido J, Massague J, Herman B, Lee DC. The TGF-alpha precursor expressed on the cell surface binds to the EGF receptor on adjacent cells, leading to signal transduction. Cell 1989; 56(3)495–506
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao J, Chen H, Wang YL, Warburton D. Abrogation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha converting enzyme inhibits embryonic lung morphogenesis in culture. Int J Dev Biol 2001; 45(4)623–631
   Google Scholar
• Zhu Y, Jones FE. The ErbB signaling network is coordinately expressed and activated in the mouse prostate. Prostate 2004; 60: 68–75
   Google Scholar
• Ziober B, Wilson J, Hymphrey L, Childress-Fields K, Brattain M. Autocrine transforming growth factor-a is associated with progression of transformed properties in human colon cancer cells. J Biol Chem 1993; 268(1)691–698
   Google Scholar
• Zushi S, Shinomura Y, Kiyohara T, Miyazaki Y, Tsutsui S, Sugimachi M, Higashimoto Y, Kanayama S, Matsuzawa Y. Role of heparin-binding EGF-related peptides in proliferation and apoptosis of activated ras-stimulated intestinal epithelial cells. Int J Cancer 1997; 73(6)917–923
   Google Scholar