Growth differentiation factor 15 and its role in carcinogenesis: an update

References

• Arafat, K., R. Iratni, T. Takahashi, K. Parekh, Y. Al Dhaheri, T. E. Adrian, and S. Attoub. 2013. “Inhibitory Effects of Salinomycin on Cell Survival, Colony Growth, Migration, and Invasion of Human Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer A549 and LNM35: Involvement of NAG-1.” PLoS One 8 (6): e66931.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Auyeung, K. K., and J.K. Ko. 2009. “Coptis Chinensis Inhibits Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Growth through Nonsteroidal anti-Inflammatory Drug-Activated Gene Activation.” International Journal of Molecular Medicine 24 (4): 571–577.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baek, K. E., S. R. Yoon, J.-T. Kim, K. S. Kim, S. H. Kang, Y. Yang, J.-S. Lim, et al. 2009. “Upregulation and Secretion of Macrophage Inhibitory Cytokine-1 (MIC-1) in Gastric Cancers.” Clinica Chimica Acta 401 (1–2): 128–133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanchette-Farra, N., D. Kita, A. Konstorum, L. Tesfay, D. Lemler, P. Hegde, K. P. Claffey, F. M. Torti, and S. V. Torti. 2018. “Contribution of Three-Dimensional Architecture and Tumor-Associated Fibroblasts to Hepcidin Regulation in Breast Cancer.” Oncogene 37 (29): 4013–4032.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyle, G. M., J. Pedley, A. C. Martyn, K. J. Banducci, G. M. Strutton, D. A. Brown, S. N. Breit, and P. G. Parsons. 2009. “Macrophage Inhibitory Cytokine-1 Is Overexpressed in Malignant Melanoma and Is Associated with Tumorigenicity.” Journal of Investigative Dermatology 129 (2): 383–391.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bray, F., J. Ferlay, I. Soerjomataram, R. L. Siegel, L. A. Torre, and A. Jemal. 2018. “Global Cancer Statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries.” CA Cancer Journal for Clinicians 68 (6): 394–424.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breit, S. N., H. Johnen, A. D. Cook, V. W. W. Tsai, M. G. Mohammad, T. Kuffner, H. P. Zhang, et al. 2011. “The TGF-β Superfamily Cytokine, MIC-1/GDF15: A Pleotrophic Cytokine with Roles in Inflammation, Cancer and Metabolism.” Growth Factors 29 (5): 187–195.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, D. A. 2006. “Measurement of Serum Levels of Macrophage Inhibitory Cytokine 1 Combined with Prostate-Specific Antigen Improves Prostate Cancer Diagnosis.” Clinical Cancer Research 12 (1): 89–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, D. A., F. Lindmark, P. Stattin, K. Balter, H.-O. Adami, S. L. Zheng, J. Xu, et al. 2009. “Macrophage Inhibitory Cytokine 1: A New Prognostic Marker in Prostate Cancer.” Clinical Cancer Research 15 (21): 6658–6664.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, D. A., R. L. Ward, P. Buckhaults, T. Liu, K. E. Romans, N. J. Hawkins, A. R. Bauskin, et al. 2003. “MIC-1 Serum Level and Genotype: Associations with Progress and Prognosis of Colorectal Carcinoma.” Clinical Cancer Research 9 (7): 2642–2650.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruzzese, F., C. Hagglof, A. Leone, E. Sjoberg, M. S. Roca, S. Kiflemariam, T. Sjoblom, et al. 2014. “Local and Systemic Protumorigenic Effects of Cancer-Associated Fibroblast-Derived GDF-15.” Cancer Research 74 (13): 3408–3417.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cekanova, M., S.-H. Lee, R. L. Donnell, M. Sukhthankar, T. E. Eling, S. M. Fischer, and S. J. Baek. 2009. “Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug-Activated Gene-1 (NAG-1) Expression Inhibits Urethane-Induced Pulmonary Tumorigenesis in Transgenic Mice.” Cancer Prevention Research (Research) 2 (5): 450–458.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang, J. T.-C., S.-H. Chan, C.-Y. Lin, T.-Y. Lin, H.-M. Wang, C.-T. Liao, T.-H. Wang, L.-Y. Lee, and A.-J. Cheng. 2007. “Differentially Expressed Genes in Radioresistant Nasopharyngeal Cancer Cells: Gp96 and GDF-15.” Molecular Cancer Therapeutics 6 (8): 2271–2279.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, S.-J., D. Karan, S. L. Johansson, F.-F. Lin, J. Zeckser, A. P. Singh, S. K. Batra, and M.-F. Lin. 2007. “Prostate-Derived Factor as a Paracrine and Autocrine Factor for the Proliferation of Androgen Receptor-Positive Human Prostate Cancer Cells.” The Prostate 67 (5): 557–571.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Codó, P., M. Weller, K. Kaulich, D. Schraivogel, M. Silginer, G. Reifenberger, G. Meister, and P. Roth. 2016. “Control of Glioma Cell Migration and Invasiveness by GDF-15.” Oncotarget 7 (7): 7732–7746.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Corre, J., B. Hébraud, and P. Bourin. 2013. “Concise Review: Growth Differentiation Factor 15 in Pathology: A Clinical Role?” STEM CELLS Translational Medicine 2 (12): 946–952.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desmedt, S., V. Desmedt, L. D. Vos, J. R. Delanghe, R. Speeckaert, and M. M. Speeckaert. 2019. “Growth Differentiation Factor 15: A Novel Biomarker with High Clinical Potential.” Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences 56 (5): 333–350.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donnelly, S. M., E. Paplomata, B. M. Peake, E. Sanabria, Z. Chen, and R. Nahta. 2013. “P38 MAPK Contributes to Resistance and Invasiveness of HER2-Overexpressing Breast Cancer.” Current Medicinal Chemistry 21 (4): 501–510.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eling, T. E., S. J. Baek, M. Shim, and C. H. Lee. 2006. “NSAID Activated Gene (NAG-1), a Modulator of Tumorigenesis.” BMB Reports 39 (6): 649–655.
   Google Scholar
• Fisher, O. M., A. J. Levert-Mignon, S. J. Lord, K. K. M. Lee-Ng, N. K. Botelho, D. Falkenback, M. L. Thomas, et al. 2015. “MIC-1/GDF-15 in Barrett’s Oesophagus and Oesophageal Adenocarcinoma.” British Journal of Cancer 112 (8): 1384–1391.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griner, S. E., J. P. Joshi, and R. Nahta. 2013. “Growth Differentiation Factor 15 Stimulates Rapamycin-Sensitive Ovarian Cancer Cell Growth and Invasion.” Biochemical Pharmacology 85 (1): 46–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo, J., Y. Bian, Y. Wang, L. Chen, A. Yu, and X. Sun. 2016. “S100A4 Influences Cancer Stem Cell-like Properties of MGC803 Gastric Cancer Cells by Regulating GDF-15 Expression.” International Journal of Oncology 49 (2): 559–568.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han, M., D. Dai, N. A. Yousafzai, F. Wang, H. Wang, Q. Zhou, H. Lu, et al. 2017. “CXXC4 Activates Apoptosis through up-Regulating GDF-15 in Gastric Cancer.” Oncotarget 8 (61): 103557–103567.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Huh, S. J., C.-Y. Chung, A. Sharma, and G. P. Robertson. 2010. “Macrophage Inhibitory Cytokine-1 Regulates Melanoma Vascular Development.” The American Journal of Pathology 176 (6): 2948–2957.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Husaini, Y., M. R. Qiu, G. P. Lockwood, X. W. Luo, P. Shang, T. Kuffner, V. W.-W. Tsai, et al. 2012. “Macrophage Inhibitory Cytokine-1 (MIC-1/GDF15) Slows Cancer Development but Increases Metastases in TRAMP Prostate Cancer Prone Mice.” PLoS One 7 (8): e43833.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishige, T., M. Nishimura, M. Satoh, M. Fujimoto, M. Fukuyo, T. Semba, S. Kado, et al. 2016. “Combined Secretomics and Transcriptomics Revealed Cancer-Derived GDF-15 Is Involved in Diffuse-Type Gastric Cancer Progression and Fibroblast Activation.” Science Report 6 (1): 21681.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ji, H., H.-W. Lu, Y.-M. Li, L. Lu, J.-L. Wang, Y.-F. Zhang, and H. Shang. 2015. “Twist Promotes Invasion and Cisplatin Resistance in Pancreatic Cancer Cells through Growth Differentiation Factor 15.” Molecular Medicine Reports 12 (3): 3841–3848.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joshi, J. P., N. E. Brown, S. E. Griner, and R. Nahta. 2011. “Growth Differentiation Factor 15 (GDF-15)-Mediated HER2 Phosphorylation Reduces Trastuzumab Sensitivity of HER2-Overexpressing Breast Cancer Cells.” Biochemical Pharmacology 82 (9): 1090–1099.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang, S. U., Y. S. Shin, H. S. Hwang, S. J. Baek, S.-H. Lee, and C.-H. Kim. 2012. “Tolfenamic Acid Induces Apoptosis and Growth Inhibition in Head and Neck Cancer: Involvement of NAG-1 Expression.” PLoS One 7 (4): e34988.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaur, S., S. Chakraborty, M. J. Baine, K. Mallya, L. M. Smith, A. Sasson, R. Brand, et al. 2013. “Potentials of Plasma NGAL and MIC-1 as Biomarker(s) in the Diagnosis of Lethal Pancreatic Cancer.” PLoS One 8 (2): e55171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, C. H., M. Y. Kim, J. Y. Moon, J. W. Hwang, S. Y. Lee, Y. M. Joo, S. Han, H. G. Park, and H. S. Kang. 2008. “Implication of NAG-1 in Synergistic Induction of Apoptosis by Combined Treatment of Sodium Salicylate and PI3K/MEK1/2 Inhibitors in A549 Human Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells.” Biochemical Pharmacology 75 (9): 1751–1760.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, K.-K., J. J. Lee, Y. Yang, K.-H. You, and J.-H. Lee. 2008. “Macrophage Inhibitory Cytokine-1 Activates AKT and ERK-1/2 via the Transactivation of ErbB2 in Human Breast and Gastric Cancer Cells.” Carcinogenesis 29 (4): 704–712.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, Y., N. Noren Hooten, and M. K. Evans. 2018. “CRP Stimulates GDF15 Expression in Endothelial Cells Through p53.” Mediators of Inflammation 2018: 1–9.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, K.-H., S.-H. Park, K. H. Do, J. Kim, K. U. Choi, and Y. Moon. 2016. “NSAID-Activated Gene 1 Mediates Pro-Inflammatory Signaling Activation and Paclitaxel Chemoresistance in Type I Human Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Stem-like Cells.” Oncotarget 7 (44): 72148–72166.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee, Y.-C., M. S. Gajdosik, D. Josic, J. G. Clifton, C. Logothetis, L.-Y. Yu-Lee, G. E. Gallick, S. N. Maity, and S.-H. Lin. 2015. “Secretome Analysis of an Osteogenic Prostate Tumor Identifies Complex Signaling Networks Mediating Cross-Talk of Cancer and Stromal Cells Within the Tumor Microenvironment.” Molecular & Cellular Proteomics 14 (3): 471–483.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, D. H., Y. Yang, S. J. Lee, K.-Y. Kim, T. H. Koo, S. M. Shin, K. S. Song, et al. 2003. “Macrophage Inhibitory Cytokine-1 Induces the Invasiveness of Gastric Cancer Cells by Up-Regulating the Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator System.” Cancer Research 63 (15): 4648–4655.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, Y. L., J. T. Chang, L. Y. Lee, K. H. Fan, Y. C. Lu, Y. C. Li, C. H. Chiang, et al. 2017. “GDF-15 Contributes to Radioresistance and Cancer Stemness of Head and Neck Cancer by Regulating Cellular Reactive Oxygen Species via a SMAD-Associated Signaling Pathway.” Oncotarget 8 (1): 1508–1528.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Li, S., Y. M. Ma, P. S. Zheng, P. Zhang. 2018. “GDF-15 Promotes the Proliferation of Cervical Cancer Cells by Phosphorylating AKT1 and Erk1/2 Through the Receptor ErbB2.” Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research 37 (1): 80.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Li, J., R. W. Veltri, Z. Yuan, C. S. Christudass, and W. Mandecki. 2015. “Macrophage Inhibitory Cytokine 1 Biomarker Serum Immunoassay in Combination with PSA Is a More Specific Diagnostic Tool for Detection of Prostate Cancer.” PLoS One 10 (4): e0122249.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, C., X. Wang, I. Casal, J. Wang, P. Li, W. Zhang, E. Xu, M. Lai, and H. Zhang. 2016. “Growth Differentiation Factor 15 Is a Promising Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarker in Colorectal Cancer.” Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine 20 (8): 1420–1426.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, C., J. Wang, J. Kong., J. Tang, Y. Wu, E. Xu, H. Zhang, M. Lai. 2015. “GDF15 Promotes EMT and Metastasis in Colorectal Cancer.” Oncotarget 7 (1): 860–872.
   Google Scholar
• Liu, X., X. Chi, Q. Gong, L. Gao, Y. Niu, X. Chi, M. Cheng, et al. 2015. “Association of Serum Level of Growth Differentiation Factor 15 with Liver Cirrhosis and Hepatocellular Carcinoma.” PLoS One 10 (5): e0127518.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, Y.-N., X.-B. Wang, T. Wang, C. Zhang, K.-P. Zhang, X.-Y. Zhi, W. Zhang, and K.-L. Sun. 2016. “Macrophage Inhibitory Cytokine-1 as a Novel Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarker in Stage I and II Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.” Chinese Medical Journal 129 (17): 2026–2032.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu, L., G.-Q. Ma, X.-D. Liu, R.-R. Sun, Q. Wang, M. Liu, and P.-Y. Zhang. 2017. “Correlation Between GDF-15, MMP7 and Gastric Cancer and Its Prognosis.” European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 21 (3): 535–541.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin, G. S. 2003. “Cell Signaling and Cancer.” Cancer Cell 4 (3): 167–174.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maule, M., and F. Merletti. 2012. “Cancer Transition and Priorities for Cancer Control.” The Lancet Oncology 13 (8): 745–746.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehta, R. S., D. Q. Chong, M. Song, J. A. Meyerhardt, K. Ng, R. Nishihara, Z. Qian, et al. 2015. “Association between Plasma Levels of Macrophage Inhibitory Cytokine-1 before Diagnosis of Colorectal Cancer and Mortality.” Gastroenterology 149 (3): 614–622.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meier, J. C., B. Haendler, H. Seidel, P. Groth, R. Adams, K. Ziegelbauer, B. Kreft, et al. 2015. “Knockdown of Platinum-Induced Growth Differentiation Factor 15 Abrogates p27-Mediated Tumor Growth Delay in the Chemoresistant Ovarian Cancer Model A2780cis.” Cancer Medicine 4 (2): 253–267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mimeault, M., and S. K. Batra. 2010. “Divergent Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Pleiotropic Functions of Macrophage Inhibitory Cytokine-1 in Cancer.” Journal of Cellular Physiology 224 (3): 626–635.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, Y. J., H. S. Lee, and J. H. Lee. 2010. “Macrophage Inhibitory Cytokine-1 Transactivates ErbB Family Receptors via the Activation of Src in SK-BR-3 Human Breast Cancer Cells.” BMB Reports 43 (2): 91–96. Feb
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peake, B. F., S. M. Eze, L. Yang, R. C. Castellino, and R. Nahta. 2017. “Growth Differentiation Factor 15 Mediates Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition and Invasion of Breast Cancers through IGF-1R-FoxM1 Signaling.” Oncotarget 8 (55): 94393–94406.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roth, P., M. Junker, I. Tritschler, M. Mittelbronn, Y. Dombrowski, S. N. Breit, G. Tabatabai, et al. 2010. “GDF-15 Contributes to Proliferation and Immune Escape of Malignant Gliomas.” Clinical Cancer Research 16 (15): 3851–3859.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sasahara, A., K. Tominaga, T. Nishimura, M. Yano, E. Kiyokawa, M. Noguchi, M. Noguchi, et al. 2017. “An Autocrine/Paracrine Circuit of Growth Differentiation Factor (GDF) 15 Has a Role for Maintenance of Breast Cancer Stem-like Cells.” Oncotarget 8 (15): 24869–24881.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schiegnitz, E., P. W. Kämmerer, F. P. Koch, M. Krüger, M. Berres, and B. Al-Nawas. 2012. “GDF 15 as an Anti-Apoptotic, Diagnostic and Prognostic Marker in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma.” Oral Oncology 48 (7): 608–614.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiegnitz, E., P. W. Kämmerer, K. Rode, T. Schorn, J. Brieger, and B. Al-Nawas. 2016. “Growth Differentiation Factor 15 as a Radiation-Induced Marker in Oral Carcinoma Increasing Radiation Resistance.” Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine 45 (1): 63–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schilling-Tóth, B., N. Sándor, F. Walter, A. Bocsik, G. Sáfrány, and H. Hegyesi. 2014. “Role of GDF15 in Radiosensitivity of Breast Cancer Cells.” Open Life Sciences 9 (10): 982–992.
   Google Scholar
• Selander, K. S., D. A. Brown, G. B. Sequeiros, M. Hunter, R. Desmond, T. Parpala, J. Risteli, S. N. Breit, and A. Jukkola-Vuorinen. 2007. “Serum Macrophage Inhibitory Cytokine-1 Concentrations Correlate with the Presence of Prostate Cancer Bone Metastases.” Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention 16 (3): 532–537.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Senapati, S., S. Rachagani, K. Chaudhary, S. L. Johansson, R. K. Singh, and S. K. Batra. 2010. “Overexpression of Macrophage Inhibitory Cytokine-1 Induces Metastasis of Human Prostate Cancer Cells through the FAK–RhoA Signaling Pathway.” Oncogene 29 (9): 1293–1302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shin, D. Y., G. Y. Kim, N. D. Kim, J. H. Jung, S. K. Kim, H. S. Kang, Y. H. Choi. 2008. “Induction of Apoptosis by Pectenotoxin-2 Is Mediated with the Induction of DR4/DR5, Egr-1 and NAG-1, Activation of Caspases and Modulation of the Bcl-2 Family in p53-Deficient Hep3B Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells.” Oncology Reports 19 (2): 517–526.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shnaper, S., I. Desbaillets, D. A. Brown, A. Murat, E. Migliavacca, M. Schluep, S. Ostermann, et al. 2009. “Elevated Levels of MIC-1/GDF15 in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients Are Associated with Glioblastoma and Worse Outcome.” International Journal of Cancer 125 (11): 2624–2630.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Si, Y., X. Liu, M. Cheng, M. Wang, Q. Gong, Y. Yang, T. Wang, and W. Yang. 2011. “Growth Differentiation Factor 15 Is Induced by Hepatitis C Virus Infection and Regulates Hepatocellular Carcinoma-Related Genes.” PLoS One 6 (5): e19967.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skipworth, R. J. E., D. A. C. Deans, B. H. L. Tan, K. Sangster, S. Paterson-Brown, D. A. Brown, M. Hunter, et al. 2010. “Plasma MIC-1 Correlates with Systemic Inflammation but Is Not an Independent Determinant of Nutritional Status or Survival in Oesophago-Gastric Cancer.” British Journal of Cancer 102 (4): 665–672.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staff, A. C., A. J. Bock, C. Becker, T. Kempf, K. C. Wollert, and B. Davidson. 2010. “Growth Differentiation Factor-15 as a Prognostic Biomarker in Ovarian Cancer.” Gynecologic Oncology 118 (3): 237–243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staff, A. C., J. Trovik, E. A. G. Zahl, E. Wik, K. C. Wollert, T. Kempf, and H. B. Salvesen. 2011. “Elevated Plasma Growth Differentiation Factor-15 Correlates with Lymph Node Metastases and Poor Survival in Endometrial Cancer.” Clinical Cancer Research 17 (14): 4825–4833.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suesskind, D., A. Schatz, S. Schnichels, S. E. Coupland, S. L. Lake, B. Wissinger, K. U. Bartz-Schmidt, and S. Henke-Fahle. 2012. “GDF-15: A Novel Serum Marker for Metastases in Uveal Melanoma Patients.” Graefe’s Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 250 (6): 887–895.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trovik, J., H. B. Salvesen, T. Cuppens, F. Amant, and A. C. Staff. 2014. “Growth Differentiation Factor-15 as Biomarker in Uterine Sarcomas.” International Journal of Gynecologic Cancer 24 (2): 252–259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsui, K.-H., Y.-L. Chang, T.-H. Feng, L.-C. Chung, T.-Y. Lee, P.-L. Chang, and H.-H. Juang. 2012. “Growth Differentiation Factor-15 Upregulates Interleukin-6 to Promote Tumorigenesis of Prostate Carcinoma PC-3 Cells.” Journal of Molecular Endocrinology 49 (2): 153–163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallin, U., B. Glimelius, K. Jirström, S. Darmanis, R Y. Nong, F. Pontén, C. Johansson, L. Påhlman, and H. Birgisson. 2011. “Growth Differentiation Factor 15: A Prognostic Marker for Recurrence in Colorectal Cancer.” British Journal of Cancer 104 (10): 1619–1627.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, X.-B., X.-R. Jiang, X.-Y. Yu, L. Wang, S. He, F.-Y. Feng, L.-P. Guo, W. Jiang, and S.-H. Lu. 2014. “Macrophage Inhibitory Factor 1 Acts as a Potential Biomarker in Patients with Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Is a Target for Antibody-Based Therapy.” Cancer Science 105 (2): 176–185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, X., Y. Li, H. Tian, J. Qi, M. Li, C. Fu, F. Wu, et al. 2014. “Macrophage Inhibitory Cytokine 1 (MIC-1/GDF-15) as a Novel Diagnostic Serum Biomarker in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma.” BMC Cancer 14 (1): 578.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang, L., Y. Liu, W. Li, and Z. Song. 2017. “Growth Differentiation Factor 15 Promotes Cell Viability, Invasion, Migration, and Angiogenesis in Human Liver Carcinoma Cell Line HepG2.” Clinics and Research in Hepatology and Gastroenterology 41 (4): 408–414.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, T., B. Mao, C. Cheng, Z. Zou, J. Gao, Y. Yang, T. Lei, et al. 2018. “Yap Promotes Breast Cancer Metastasis by Repressing Growth Differentiation Factor-15.” Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) – Molecular Basis of Disease 1864 (5): 1744–1753.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, X., Z. Yang, H. Tian, Y. Li, M. Li, W. Zhao, C. Zhang, et al. 2017. “Circulating MIC-1/GDF-15 Is a Complementary Screening Biomarker with CEA and Correlates with Liver Metastasis and Poor Survival in Colorectal Cancer.” Oncotarget 8 (15): 24892–24901.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weide, B., T. Schäfer, A. Martens, A. Kuzkina, L. Uder, S. Noor, C. Garbe, et al. 2016. “High GDF-15 Serum Levels Independently Correlate with Poorer Overall Survival of Patients with Tumor-Free Stage III and Unresectable Stage IV Melanoma.” Journal of Investigative Dermatology 136 (12): 2444–2452.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welsh, J. B., L. M. Sapinoso, S. G. Kern, D. A. Brown, T. Liu, A. R. Bauskin, R. L. Ward, et al. 2003. “Large-Scale Delineation of Secreted Protein Biomarkers Overexpressed in Cancer Tissue and Serum.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100 (6): 3410–3415.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Windrichova, J., R. Fuchsova, R. Kucera, O. Topolcan, O. Fiala, J. Finek, and D. Slipkova. 2017. “MIC1/GDF15 as a Bone Metastatic Disease Biomarker.” Anticancer Research 37 (3): 1501–1505.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, Q., H. X. Xu, J. P. Li, S. Wang, Z. Fu, J. Jia, L. Wang, Z. F. Zhu, R. Lu, Z. Yao. 2017. “Growth Differentiation Factor 15 Induces Growth and Metastasis of Human Liver Cancer Stem-like Cells via AKT/GSK-3β/β-Catenin Signaling.” Oncotarget 8 (10): 16972–16987.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yamaguchi, K., S.-H. Lee, T. E. Eling, and S. J. Baek. 2004. “Identification of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug-Activated Gene (NAG-1) as a Novel Downstream Target of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/AKT/GSK-3β Pathway.” Journal of Biological Chemistry 279 (48): 49617–49623.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, C. Z., J. Ma, D. W. Zhu, Y. Liu, B. Montgomery, L. Z. Wang, J. Li, et al. 2014. “GDF-15 Is a Potential Predictive Biomarker for TPF Induction Chemotherapy and Promotes Tumorigenesis and Progression in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma.” Annals of Oncology 25 (6): 1215–1222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, Y., W. Hua, L.-C. Niu, S.-M. Li, Y.-M. Wang, L. Shang, C. Zhang, et al. 2016. “Elevated Growth Differentiation Factor 15 Expression Predicts Poor Prognosis in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Patients.” Tumor Biology 37 (7): 9423–9431.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhang, X., Y. Kang, T. Huo, R. Tao, X. Wang, Z. Li, Q. Guo, and L. Zhao. 2017. “GL-V9 Induced Upregulation and Mitochondrial Localization of NAG-1 Associates with ROS Generation and Cell Death in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells.” Free Radical Biology and Medicine 112: 49–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, Y., X. Wang, M. Zhang, Z. Zhang, L. Jiang, L. Li. 2018. “GDF15 Promotes Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in Colorectal Carcinoma.” Artificial Cells Nanomedicine and Biotechnology 17:1–7.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, Z., L. Wu, J. Wang, G. Li, D. Feng, B. Zhang, L. Li, et al. 2014. “Opposing Effects of PI3K/Akt and Smad-Dependent Signaling Pathways in NAG-1-Induced Glioblastoma Cell Apoptosis.” PLoS One 9 (4): e96283.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, L., X. Yang, H.-Y. Pan, X.-J. Zhou, J. Li, W.-T. Chen, L.-P. Zhong, and Z.-Y. Zhang. 2009. “Expression of Growth Differentiation Factor 15 Is Positively Correlated with Histopathological Malignant Grade and in Vitro Cell Proliferation in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma.” Oral Oncology 45 (7): 627–632.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, D., X. Wang, and W. Zhang. 2018. “GDF15 Predict Platinum Response During First-Line Chemotherapy and Can Act as a Complementary Diagnostic Serum Biomarker with CA125 in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer.” BMC Cancer 18 (1): 328.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar