The relationship between dysphagia and the localisation of brain lesion in stroke: is the involvement of the pons and medulla important?

References

• Alberts MJ, Horner J, Gray L, Brazer SR. 1992. Aspiration after stroke: lesion analysis by brain MRI. Dysphagia. 7(3):170–173.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Broadley S, Croser D, Cottrell J, Creevy M, Teo E, Yiu D, Pathi R, Taylor J, Thompson PD. 2003. Predictors of prolonged dysphagia following acute stroke. J Clin Neurosci. 10(3):300–305.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chua KS, Kong K-H. 1996. Functional outcome in brain stem stroke patients after rehabilitation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 77(2):194–197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crary MA, Mann GDC, Groher ME. 2005. Initial psychometric assessment of a functional oral intake scale for dysphagia in stroke patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 86(8):1516–1520.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniels SK, Foundas AL, Iglesia GC, Sullivan MA. 1996. Lesion site in unilateral stroke patients with dysphagia. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 6(1):30–34.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Daniels SK, Foundas AL. 1999. Lesion localization in acute stroke. J Neuroimaging. 9(2):91–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DePippo KL, Holas MA, Reding MJ. 1994. The Burke dysphagia screening test: validation of its use in patients with stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 75(12):1284–1286.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emsley HC, Hopkins SJ. 2008. Acute ischaemic stroke and infection: recent and emerging concepts. Lancet Neurol. 7(4):341–353.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flowers HL, AlHarbi MA, Mikulis D, Silver FL, Rochon E, Streiner D, Martino R. 2017. MRI-based neuroanatomical predictors of dysphagia, dysarthria, and aphasia in patients with first acute ischemic stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis Extra. 7(1):21–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flowers HL, Skoretz SA, Streiner DL, Silver FL, Martino R. 2011. MRI-based neuroanatomical predictors of dysphagia after acute ischemic stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cerebrovasc Dis. 32(1):1–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galovic M, Leisi N, Müller M, Weber J, Abela E, Kägi G, Weder B. 2013. Lesion location predicts transient and extended risk of aspiration after supratentorial ischemic stroke. Stroke. 44(10):2760–2767.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez-Fernandez M, Kleinman JT, Ky PK, Palmer JB, Hillis AE. 2008. Supratentorial regions of acute ischemia associated with clinically important swallowing disorders: a pilot study. Stroke. 39(11):3022–3028.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottlieb D, Kipnis M, Sister E, Vardi Y, Brill S. 1996. Validation of the 50 ml3 drinking test for evaluation of post-stroke dysphagia. Disabil Rehabil. 18(10):529–532.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guyomard V, Fulcher RA, Redmayne O, Metcalf AK, Potter JF, Myint PK. 2009. Effect of dysphasia and dysphagia on inpatient mortality and hospital length of stay: a database study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 57(11):2101–2106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamdy S, Rothwell JC, Brooks DJ, Bailey D, Aziz Q, Thompson DG. 1999. Identification of the cerebral loci processing human swallowing with H2 15O PET activation. J Neurophysiol. 81(4):1917–1926.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han H, Shin G, Jun A, Park T, Ko D, Choi E, Kim Y. 2016. The relation between the presence of aspiration or penetration and the clinical indicators of dysphagia in poststroke survivors. Ann Rehabil Med. 40(1):88–94.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hegland KW, Bolser DC, Davenport PW. 2012. Volitional control of reflex cough. J Appl Physiol (1985). 113(1):39–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Im Moon H, Pyun SB, Kwon HK. 2012. Correlation between location of brain lesion and cognitive function and findings of videofluoroscopic swallowing study. Ann Rehabil Med. 36(3):347–355.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jang S, Yang HE, Yang HS, Kim DH. 2017. Lesion characteristics of chronic dysphagia in patients with supratentorial stroke. Ann Rehabil Med. 41(2):225–230.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jean A. 2001. Brain stem control of swallowing: neuronal network and cellular mechanisms. Physiol Rev. 81(2):929–969.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeon WH, Park GW, Lee JH, Jeong HJ, Sim YJ. 2014. Association between location of brain lesion and clinical factors and findings of videofluoroscopic swallowing study in subacute stroke patients. Brain Neurorehabil. 7(1):54–60.
   Google Scholar
• Katzan IL, Cebul RD, Husak S, Dawson N, Baker D. 2003. The effect of pneumonia on mortality among patients hospitalized for acute stroke. Neurology. 60(4):620–625.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kemmling A, Lev MH, Payabvash S, Betensky RA, Qian J, Masrur S, Schwamm LH. 2013. Hospital acquired pneumonia is linked to right hemispheric peri-insular stroke. PLoS One. 8(8):e71141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler JP, Jean A. 1985. Identification of the medullary swallowing regions in the rat. Exp Brain Res. 57(2):256–263.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kidd D, Lawson J, Nesbitt R, MacMahon J. 1995. The natural history and clinical consequences of aspiration in acute stroke. QJM. 88(6):409–413.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kim D-K. 2009. Post-stroke dysphagia: incidence, complications and pattern relates to brain lesion. Brain Neurorehabil. 2(2):91–97.
   Google Scholar
• Koton S, Tanne D, Green MS, Bornstein NM. 2010. Mortality and predictors of death 1 month and 3 years after first-ever ischemic stroke: data from the first national acute stroke Israeli survey [NASIS 2004]. Neuroepidemiology. 34(2):90–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee CK, Kim JA. 2001. Pattern of post-stroke swallowing disorder according to the brain lesion. Journal of Korean Academy of Rehabilitation Medicine. 25(2):193–201.
   Google Scholar
• Mann G, Hankey GJ, Cameron D. 2000. Swallowing disorders following acute stroke: prevalence and diagnostic accuracy. Cerebrovasc Dis. 10(5):380–386.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin RE, Sessle BJ. 1993. The role of the cerebral cortex in swallowing. Dysphagia. 8(3):195–202.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Martino R, Foley N, Bhogal S, Diamant N, Speechley M, Teasell R. 2005. Dysphagia after stroke: incidence, diagnosis, and pulmonary complications. Stroke. 36(12):2756–2763.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nasra J, Belvisi MG. 2009. Modulation of sensory nerve function and the cough reflex: understanding disease pathogenesis. Pharmacol Ther. 124(3):354–375.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papavasileiou V, Milionis H, Smith CJ, Makaritsis K, Bray BD, Michel P, Manios E, Vemmos K, Ntaios G. 2015. External validation of the prestroke independence, sex, age, national institutes of health stroke scale [isan] score for predicting stroke-associated pneumonia in the athens stroke registry. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 24(11):2619–2624.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robbins J, Levine RL, Maser A, Rosenbek JC, Kempster GB. 1993. Swallowing after unilateral stroke of the cerebral cortex. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 74(12):1295–1300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma J, Fletcher S, Vassallo M, Ross I. 2000. Prognostic value of CT scan features in acute ischaemic stroke and relationship with clinical stroke syndromes. Int J Clin Pract. 54(8):514–518.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smithard D, O'neill P, Park C, Morris J, Wyatt R, England R, et al. 1996. Complications and outcome after acute stroke: does dysphagia matter? Stroke. 27(7):1200–1204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smithard DG, O'Neill PA, England RE, Park CL, Wyatt R, Martin DF, Morris J. 1997. The natural history of dysphagia following a stroke. Dysphagia. 12(4):188–193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinhagen V, Grossmann A, Benecke R, Walter U. 2009. Swallowing disturbance pattern relates to brain lesion location in acute stroke patients. Stroke. 40(5):1903–1906.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suntrup S, Kemmling A, Warnecke T, Hamacher C, Oelenberg S, Niederstadt T, Heindel W, Wiendl H, Dziewas R. 2015. The impact of lesion location on dysphagia incidence, pattern and complications in acute stroke. Part 1: dysphagia incidence, severity and aspiration. Eur J Neurol. 22(5):832–838.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suntrup-Krueger S, Kemmling A, Warnecke T, Hamacher C, Oelenberg S, Niederstadt T, Heindel W, Wiendl H, Dziewas R. 2017. The impact of lesion location on dysphagia incidence, pattern and complications in acute stroke. Part 2: oropharyngeal residue, swallow and cough response, and pneumonia. Eur J Neurol. 24(6):867–874.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Widdicombe J. 1995. Neurophysiology of the cough reflex. Eur Respir J. 8(7):1193–1202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiles C. 1999. The neuroscıentıfıc prıncıples of swallowıng and dysphagıa. Brain. 122(4):788–789.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson RD. 2012. Mortality and cost of pneumonia after stroke for different risk groups. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 21(1):61–67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu KJ, Moon H, Park D. 2018. Different clinical predictors of aspiration pneumonia in dysphagic stroke patients related to stroke lesion: a STROBE-complaint retrospective study. Medicine. 97(52):e13968.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu Y-J, Weng W-C, Su F-C, Peng T-I, Chien Y-Y, Wu C-L, Lee K-Y, Wei Y-C, Lin S-W, Zhu J-X, et al. 2016. Association between pneumonia in acute stroke stage and 3-year mortality in patients with acute first-ever ischemic stroke. J Clin Neurosci. 33:124–128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar