Substance P Level in Tears as a Potential Biomarker for Contact Lens Discomfort

References

• Nichols KK, Redfern RL, Jacob JT, et al. The TFOS international workshop on contact lens discomfort: report of the definition and classification subcommittee. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2013;54:TFOS14–TFOS19. doi:10.1167/iovs.13-13074.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nichols JJ, Sinnott LT. Tear film, contact lens, and patient-related factors associated with contact lens-related dry eye. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2006;47:1319–1328. doi:10.1167/iovs.05-1392.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richdale K, Sinnott LT, Skadahl E, Nichols JJ. Frequency of and factors associated with contact lens dissatisfaction and discontinuation. Cornea. 2007;26:168–174. doi:10.1097/01.ico.0000248382.32143.86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• González-Méijome JM, Parafita MA, Yebra-Pimentel E, Almeida JB. Symptoms in a population of contact lens and noncontact lens wearers under different environmental conditions. Optom Vis Sci. 2007;84:296–302. doi:10.1097/OPX.0b013e318041f77c.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dumbleton K, Woods CA, Jones LW, Fonn D. The impact of contemporary contact lenses on contact lens discontinuation. Eye Contact Lens. 2013;39:93–99. doi:10.1097/ICL.0b013e318271caf4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thai LC, Tomlinson A, Doane MG. Effect of contact lens materials on tear physiology. Optom Vis Sci. 2004;81:194–204. doi:10.1097/00006324-200403000-00012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maldonado-Codina C, Morgan PB, Schnider CM, Efron N. Short-term physiologic response in neophyte subjects fitted with hydrogel and silicone hydrogel contact lenses. Optom Vis Sci. 2004;81:911–921.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brautaset RL, Nilsson M, Leach N, Miller WL, Gire A. Corneal and conjunctival epithelial staining in hydrogel contact lens wearers. Eye Contact Lens. 2008;34:312–316. doi:10.1097/ICL.0b013e3181891439.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craig JP, Willcox MD, Argüeso P, et al. The TFOS international workshop on contact lens discomfort: report of the contact lens interactions with the tear film subcommittee. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2013;54:TFOS123–TFOS156. doi:10.1167/iovs.13-13235.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Efron N, Jones L, Bron AJ, et al. The TFOS international workshop on contact lens discomfort: report of the contact lens interactions with the ocular surface and adnexa subcommittee. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2013;54:TFOS98–TFOS122. doi:10.1167/iovs.13-13187.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enríquez-de-Salamanca A, Bonini S, Calonge M. Molecular and cellular biomarkers in dry eye disease and ocular allergy. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012;12:523–533. doi:10.1097/ACI.0b013e328357b488.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chao C, Richdale K, Jalbert I, Doung K, Gokhale M. Non-invasive objective and contemporary methods for measuring ocular surface inflammation in soft contact lens wearers - A review. Cont Lens Anterior Eye. 2017;40:273–282. doi:10.1016/j.clae.2017.05.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kallinikos P, Morgan P, Efron N. Assessment of stromal keratocytes and tear film inflammatory mediators during extended wear of contact lenses. Cornea. 2006;25:1–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• González-Pérez J, Villa-Collar C, Sobrino Moreiras T, et al. Tear film inflammatory mediators during continuous wear of contact lenses and corneal refractive therapy. Br J Ophthalmol. 2012;96:1092–1098. doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2012-301527.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dogru M, Ward SK, Wakamatsu T, et al. The effects of 2 week senofilcon-A silicone hydrogel contact lens daily wear on tear functions and ocular surface health status. Cont Lens Anterior Eye. 2011;34:77–82. doi:10.1016/j.clae.2010.12.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poyraz C, Irkec M, Mocan MC. Elevated tear interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 levels associated with silicone hydrogel and conventional hydrogel contact lens wear. Eye Contact Lens. 2012;38:146–149. doi:10.1097/ICL.0b013e3182482910.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yüksel Elgin C, İskeleli G, Talaz S, Akyol S. Comparative analysis of tear film levels of inflammatory mediators in contact lens users. Curr Eye Res. 2016;41:441–447. doi:10.3109/02713683.2015.1037001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• López-de la Rosa A, González-García MJ, Calonge M, Enríquez-de-Salamanca A. Tear inflammatory molecules in contact lens wearers: a literature review. Curr Med Chem. 2019. doi:10.2174/0929867326666190409152921.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamada M, Ogata M, Kawai M, Mashima Y, Nishida T. Substance P in human tears. Cornea. 2003;22:S48–S54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagan S, Martin E, Enríquez-de-Salamanca A. Tear fluid biomarkers in ocular and systemic disease: potential use for predictive, preventive and personalized medicine. Epma J. 2016;7:15. doi:10.1186/s13167-016-0065-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamhane M, Cabrera-Ghayouri S, Abelian G, Viswanath V. Review of biomarkers in ocular matrices: challenges and opportunities. Pharm Res. 2019;36:40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willcox MD, Zhao Z, Naduvilath T, Lazon de la Jara P. Cytokine changes in tears and relationship to contact lens discomfort. Mol Vis. 2015;21:293–305.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• López-de la Rosa A, Martín-Montañez V, López-Miguel A, Calonge M, Enríquez-de-Salamanca A, González-García MJ. Corneal sensitivity and inflammatory biomarkers in contact lens discomfort. Opt Vis Sci. 2016;93:892–900. doi:10.1097/OPX.0000000000000784.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martín-Montañez V, Enríquez-de-Salamanca A, López-de la Rosa A, et al. Effect of environmental conditions on the concentration of tear inflammatory mediators during contact lens wear. Cornea. 2016;35:1192–1198. doi:10.1097/ICO.0000000000000960.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masoudi S, Zhao Z, Stapleton F, Willcox M. Contact Lens-induced discomfort and inflammatory mediator changes in tears. Eye Contact Lens. 2017;43:40–45. doi:10.1097/ICL.0000000000000237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golebiowski B, Chao C, Stapleton F, Jalbert I. Corneal nerve morphology, sensitivity, and tear neuropeptides in contact lens wear. Optom Vis Sci. 2017;94:534–542. doi:10.1097/OPX.0000000000001063.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nichols JJ, Mitchell GL, Nichols KK. An assessment of self-reported disease classification in epidemiological studies of dry eye. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2004;45:3453–3457. doi:10.1167/iovs.04-0468.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiffman RM, Christianson MD, Jacobsen G, Hirsch JD, Reis BL. Reliability and validity of the ocular surface disease index. Arch Ophthalmol. 2000;118:615–621. doi:10.1001/archopht.118.5.615.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terry RL, Schnider CM, Holden BA, et al. CCLRU standards for success of daily and extended wear contact lenses. Optom Vis Sci. 1993;70:234–243. doi:10.1097/00006324-199303000-00011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Q, Wang J, Shen M, et al. Lower volumes of tear menisci in contact lens wearers with dry eye symptoms. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2009;50:3159–3163. doi:10.1167/iovs.08-2794.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aitken RC. Measurement of feelings using visual analogue scales. Proc R Soc Med. 1969;62:989–993.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Del Águila-Carrasco AJ, Ferrer-Blasco T, García-Lázaro S, Esteve-Taboada JJ, Montés-Micó R. Assessment of corneal thickness and tear meniscus during contact-lens wear. Cont Lens Anterior Eye. 2015;38:185–193. doi:10.1016/j.clae.2015.01.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Efron N, Morgan PB, Katsara SS. Validation of grading scales for contact lens complications. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2001;21:17–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Höh H, Schirra F, Kienecker C, Ruprecht KW. Lid-parallel conjunctival folds are a sure diagnostic sign of dry eye. Ophthalmologe. 1995;92:802–808.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pult H, Sickenberger W. LIPCOF and contact lens wearers: a new tool of forecast subjective dryness and degree of comfort of contact lens wearers. Contactologia. 2000;22:74–79.
   Google Scholar
• Korb DR, Herman JP, Solomon JD, Greiner JV, Blackie CA. Lid wiper staining and sequential fluorescein instillation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2006;47:E–Abstract242.
   Google Scholar
• Korb DR, Greiner JV, Herman JP, et al. Lid-wiper epitheliopathy and dry-eye symptoms in contact lens wearers. CLAO J. 2002;28:211–216. doi:10.1097/01.ICL.0000029344.37847.5A.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Belmonte C, Acosta MC, Schmelz M, Gallar J. Measurement of corneal sensitivity to mechanical and chemical stimulation with a CO2 esthesiometer. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1999;40:513–519.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Acosta MC, Belmonte C, Gallar J. Sensory experiences in humans and single-unit activity in cats evoked by polymodal stimulation of the cornea. J Physiol. 2001;534:511–525. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7793.2001.t01-1-00511.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yarnitsky D, Ochoa JL. Studies of heat pain sensation in man: perception thresholds, rate of stimulus rise and reaction time. Pain. 1990;40:85–91. doi:10.1016/0304-3959(90)91055-n.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang AG, Buchner A. G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav Res Methods. 2007;39:175–191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen J. Statistical Power Analysis of the Behavioural Sciences. 2nd. New York, NY: Academic Press; 1988.
   Google Scholar
• R Development Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation For Statistical Computing; 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Helsel DR, Cohn TA Estimation of descriptive statistics for multiply-censored water-quality data. Water Resour Res. 1988;24:1997–2004. doi:10.1029/WR024i012p01997.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee L. NADA: nondetects and data analysis for environmental data. R package version 1.5-6. http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=NADA. Accessed September 12, 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Bates D, Maechler M, Bolker B, Walker S. Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. J Stat Softw. 2015;67:1–48. doi:10.18637/jss.v067.i01.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christensen RHB. Ordinal: regression models for ordinal data. R package version 2015. 6-28. http://www.cran.r-project.org/package=ordinal/ Accessed September 12, 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Begley CG, Chalmers RL, Mitchell GL, Nichols KK. Characterization of ocular surface symptoms from optometric practices in North America. Cornea. 2001;20:610–618. doi:10.1097/00003226-200108000-00011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chalmers RL, Begley CG. Dryness symptoms among an unselected clinical population with and without contact lens wear. Cont Lens Anterior Eye. 2006;29:25–30. doi:10.1016/j.clae.2005.12.004.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Woods CA, Bentley SA, Fonn D. Temporal changes in contact lens comfort over a day of wear. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2016;36:643–648. doi:10.1111/opo.12318.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golebiowski B, Papas EB, Stapleton F. Corneal and conjunctival sensory function: the impact on ocular surface sensitivity of change from low to high oxygen transmissibility contact lenses. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2012;53:1177–1181. doi:10.1167/iovs.11-8416.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stapleton F, Tan ME, Papas EB, et al. Corneal and conjunctival sensitivity to air stimuli. Br J Ophthalmol. 2004;88:1547–1551. doi:10.1136/bjo.2004.044024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Situ P, Simpson TL, Jones LW, Fonn D. Effects of silicone hydrogel contact lens wear on ocular surface sensitivity to tactile, pneumatic mechanical, and chemical stimulation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2010;51:6111–6117. doi:10.1167/iovs.09-4807.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fonn D, Situ P, Simpson T. Hydrogel lens dehydration and subjective comfort and dryness ratings in symptomatic and asymptomatic contact lens wearers. Optom Vis Sci. 1999;76:700–704. doi:10.1097/00006324-199910000-00021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glasson MJ, Stapleton F, Keay L, Sweeney D, Willcox MD. Differences in clinical parameters and tear film of tolerant and intolerant contact lens wearers. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2003;44:5116–5124. doi:10.1167/iovs.03-0685.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pult H, Murphy PJ, Purslow C. A novel method to predict the dry eye symptoms in new contact lens wearers. Optom Vis Sci. 2009;86:E1042–E1050. doi:10.1097/OPX.0b013e3181b598cd.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pult H, Purslow C, Berry M, Murphy PJ. Clinical tests for successful contact lens wear: relationship and predictive potential. Optom Vis Sci. 2008;85:E924–E929. doi:10.1097/OPX.0b013e3181888909.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stapleton F, Golebiowski B, Skotnitsky C, Tan ME, Holden BA. Corneal and conjunctival sensitivity in intolerant contact lens wearers. J Optom. 2015;8:62–63. doi:10.1016/j.optom.2014.05.004.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Markoulli M, Papas E, Cole N, Holden B. Effect of contact lens wear on the diurnal profile of matrix metalloproteinase 9 in tears. Optom Vis Sci. 2013;90:419–429. doi:10.1097/OPX.0b013e31828d7d3b.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benito MJ, González-García MJ, Tesón M, et al. Intra- and inter-day variation of cytokines and chemokines in tears of healthy subjects. Exp Eye Res. 2014;120:43–49. doi:10.1016/j.exer.2013.12.017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masoudi S, Stapleton FJ, Willcox MD. Contact lens-induced discomfort and protein changes in tears. Optom Vis Sci. 2016;93:955–962. doi:10.1097/OPX.0000000000000888.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Q, McDermott AM, Miller WL. Elevated nerve growth factor in dry eye associated with established contact lens wear. Eye Contact Lens. 2009;35:232–237. doi:10.1097/ICL.0b013e3181b3e87f.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masoudi S, Stapleton FJ, Willcox MDP. Differences in tear film biochemistry of symptomatic and asymptomatic lens wearers. Optom Vis Sci. 2017;94:914–918. doi:10.1097/OPX.0000000000001110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gad A, Vingrys AJ, Wong CY, Jackson DC, Downie LE. Tear film inflammatory cytokine upregulation in contact lens discomfort. Ocul Surf. 2019;17:89–97. doi:10.1016/j.jtos.2018.10.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chao C, Stapleton F, Willcox MDP, Golebiowski B, Richdale K. Preinflammatory signs in established reusable and disposable contact lens wearers. Optom Vis Sci. 2017;94:1003–1008. doi:10.1097/OPX.0000000000001129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamada M, Ogata M, Kawai M, Mashima Y. Decreased substance P concentrations in tears from patients with corneal hypesthesia. Am J Ophthalmol. 2000;129:671–672. doi:10.1016/s0002-9394(00)00415-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markoulli M, You J, Kim J, et al. Corneal nerve morphology and tear film substance P in diabetes. Optom Vis Sci. 2017;94:726–731. doi:10.1097/OPX.0000000000001096.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujishima H, Takeyama M, Takeuchi T, Saito I, Tsubota K. Elevated levels of substance P in tears of patients with allergic conjunctivitis and vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Clin Exp Allergy. 1997;27:372–378.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chao C, Golebiowski B, Zhao X, Chen S, Zhou S, Stapleton F. Long-term effects of LASIK on corneal innervation and tear neuropeptides and the associations with dry eye. J Refract Surg. 2016;32:518–524. doi:10.3928/1081597X-20160603-01.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar