Visual Processing in Amblyopia: Animal Studies

REFERENCES

• Bartfeld E, Grinvald A. Relationships between orientation-preference pinwheels, cytochrome oxidase blobs, and ocular-dominance columns in primate striate cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992; 89: 11905–11909, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blakemore C, Vital-Durand F. Effects of visual deprivation on the development of the monkey's lateral geniculate nucleus. J Physiol. 1986; 380: 493–511, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blasdel G G. Differential imaging of ocular dominance and orientation selectivity in monkey striate cortex. J Neurosci. 1992a; 12: 3115–3138, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blasdel G G. Orientation selectivity, preference, and continuity in monkey striate cortex. J Neurosci. 1992b; 12: 3139–3161, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Britten K H, Shadlen M N, Newsome W T, Movshon J A. The analysis of visual motion: a comparison of neuronal and psychophysical performance on a direction discrimination task. J Neurosci. 1992; 12: 4745–4765, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Celebrini S, Newsome W T. Microstimulation of extrastriate area MST influences performance on a direction discrimination task. J Neurophysiol. 1995; 73: 437–448, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chino Y M, Smith E L, 3rd, Wada H, et al. Disruption of binocularly correlated signals alters the postnatal development of spatial properties in cat striate cortical neurons. J Neurophysiol. 1991; 65: 841–859, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Constantinescu T, Schmidt L, Watson R, Hess R F. A residual deficit for global motion processing after acuity recovery in deprivation amblyopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2005; 46: 3008–3012, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford M LJ, Harwerth R S. Ocular dominance width and contrast sensitivity in monkeys reared with strabismus or anisometropia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2004; 45: 3036–3042, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford M LJ, Harwerth R S, Chino Y M, Smith E L, 3rd. Binocularity in prism-reared monkeys. Eye 1996; 10: 161–166, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crewther D P, Crewther S G. Neural site of strabismic amblyopia in cats: spatial frequency deficit in primary cortical neurons. Exp Brain Res. 1990; 79: 615–622, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crewther S G, Crewther D P. Amblyopia and suppression in binocular cortical neurons of strabismic cat. Neuro Report 1993; 4: 1083–1086, [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dakin S C. The detection of structure in Glass patterns: psychophysics and computational models. Vision Res. 1997; 37: 2227–2246, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellemberg D, Hess R F, Arsenault A S. Lateral interactions in amblyopia. Vision Res. 2002; 42: 2471–2478, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gingras G, Mitchell D E, Hess R F. The spatial localization deficit in visually deprived kittens. Vision Res. 2005; 45: 975–989, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glass L. Moire effects from random dots. Nature 1969; 223: 578–580, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hariharan S, Levi D M, Klein S A. “Crowding” in normal and amblyopic vision assessed with Gaussian and Gabor C's. Vision Res. 2005; 45: 617–633, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hegde J, Van Essen D C. Strategies of shape representation in macaque visual area V2. Vis Neurosci. 2003; 20: 313–328, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horton J C, Hocking D R, Kiorpes L. Pattern of ocular dominance columns and cytochrome oxidase activity in a macaque monkey with naturally occurring anisometropic amblyopia. Vis Neurosci. 1997; 14: 681–689, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hubel D H, Wiesel T N, LeVay S. Plasticity of ocular dominance columns in monkey striate cortex. Phil Trans R Soc Lond B. 1977; 278: 377–409, [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kersten D, Hess R F, Plant G T. Assessing contrast sensitivity behind cloudy media. Clin Vision Sci. 1988; 2: 143–158, [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Kiorpes L. Sensory Processing: animal models of amblyopia. Amblyopia: a multidisciplinary approach, M Moseley, A Fielder. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, UK 2002, chapt 1
   Google Scholar
• Kiorpes L. Amblyopic deficits in contrast sensitivity do not predict deficits in global perception. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2003; 44, E-abstr. 3185[CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiorpes L, Kiper D C, O'Keefe L P, Cavanaugh J R, Movshon J A. Neuronal correlates of amblyopia in the visual cortex of macaque monkeys with experimental strabismus and anisometropia. J Neurosci. 1998; 18: 6411–6424, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiorpes L, McKee S P. Neural mechanisms underlying amblyopia. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 1999; 9: 480–486, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiorpes L, Movshon J A. Neural limitations on visual development in primates. The Visual Neurosciences, L M Chalupa, J S Werner. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA 2003, chapt 12
   Google Scholar
• Kiorpes L, Movshon J A. Development of sensitivity to visual motion in macaque monkeys. Vis Neurosci. 2004; 21: 851–859, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiorpes L, Price T A, Movshon J A. Deficits in global form perception in amblyopic monkeys. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2005; 6, E-abstr. 3592[CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Kiorpes L, Tang C, Movshon J A. Factors limiting contrast sensitivity in experimentally amblyopic monkeys. Vision Res. 1999; 39: 4152–4160, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiorpes L, Tang C, Movshon J A. Sensitivity to global visual motion in amblyopic macaque monkeys. Vis Neurosci. 2006, (in press)[CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozma P, Kiorpes L. Contour integration in amblyopic monkeys. Vis Neurosci. 2003; 20: 577–588, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumagami T, Zhang B, Smith E L, 3rd, Chino Y M. Effect of onset age of strabismus on the binocular responses of neurons in the monkey visual cortex. Invest Ophthalmol. Vis Sci. 2000; 41: 948–954, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levi D M. Visual processing in amblyopia: Human studies. Strabismus 2006; 14(1)11–19, [CSA]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Levi D M, Hariharan S, Klein S A. Suppressive and facilitatory spatial interactions in amblyopic vision. Vision Res. 2002; 42: 1379–1394, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levitt J B, Schumer R A, Sherman S M, Spear P D, Movshon J A. Visual response properties of neurons in the LGN of normally reared and visually deprived macaque monkeys. J Neurophysiol. 2001; 85: 2111–2129, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Löwell S. Ocular dominance column development: strabismus changes the spacing of adjacent columns in cat visual cortex. J Neurosci. 1994; 14: 7451–7468, [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Löwell S, Engelmann R. Neuroanatomical and neurophysiological consequences of strabismus: changes in the structural and functional organization of primary visual cortex in cats with alternating fixation and strabismic amblyopia. Strabismus 2002; 10: 95–105, [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Löwell S, Singer W. Selection of intrinsic horizontal connections in the visual cortex by correlated neuronal activity. Science 1992; 255: 209–212, [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malach R, Amir Y, Harel M, Grinvald A. Relationship between intrinsic connections and functional architecture revealed by optical imaging and in vivo targeted biocytin injections in primate striate cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993; 90: 10469–10473, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKee S P, Levi D M, Movshon J A. The pattern of visual deficits in amblyopia. J Vision 2003; 3: 380–405, [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mori T, Matsuura K, Zhang B, Smith E L, 3rd, Chino Y M. Effect of the duration of early strabismus on the binocular responses of neurons in the monkey visual cortex. Invest Ophthalmol. Vis Sci. 2002; 43: 1262–1269, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Movshon J A, Eggers H M, Gizzi M S, et al. Effects of early unilateral blur on the macaque's visual system: III. Physiological observations. J Neurosci. 1987; 7: 1340–1351, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy K M, Duffy K R, Jones D G. Experience-dependent changes in NMDAR1 expression in the visual cortex of an animal model for amblyopia. Vis Neurosci. 2004; 21: 653–670, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy K M, Pegado V D, Fenstemaker S B, et al. Spacing of cytochrome oxidase blobs in normal and strabismic monkeys. Cereb Cortex 1998; 8: 237–244, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newsome W T, Pare E B. A selective impairment of motion perception following lesions of the middle temporal visual area (MT). J Neurosci. 1988; 8: 2201–2211, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nordmann J P, Freeman R D, Cassanova C. Contrast sensitivity in amblyopia: masking effects of noise. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1992; 33: 2975–2985, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pelli D G, Levi D M, Chung S TL. Using visual noise to characterize amblyopic letter identification. J Vision 2004; 4: 904–920, [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polat U, Sagi D, Norcia A M. Abnormal long-range spatial interactions in amblyopia. Vision Res. 1997; 37: 737–744, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roelfsema P R, Konig P, Engel A K, Sireteanu R, Singer W. Reduced synchronization in the visual cortex of cats with strabismic amblyopia. Eur J Neurosci. 1994; 6: 1645–1655, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt K E, Singer W, Galuske R AW. Processing deficits in primary visual cortex of amblyopic cats. J Neurophysiol. 2004; 91: 1661–1671, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schroder J H, Fries P, Roelfsema P R, Singer W, Engel A K. Ocular dominance in extrastriate cortex of strabismic amblyopic cats. Vision Res. 2002; 42: 29–39, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sengpiel F, Blakemore C. The neural basis of suppression and amblyopia in strabismus. Eye 1996; 10: 250–258, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simmers A J, Ledgeway T, Hess R F. The influence of visibility and anomalous integration processes on the perception of global spatial form versus motion in human amblyopia. Vision Res. 2005; 45: 449–460, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith E L, 3rd, Chino Y M, Ni J, et al. Residual binocular interactions in striate cortex of monkeys reared with abnormal binocular vision. J Neurophysiol. 1997; 78: 1353–1362, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith M A, Bair W, Movshon J A. Signals in macaque striate cortical neurons that support the perception of Glass patterns. J Neurosci. 2002; 22: 8334–8345, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang C, Kiorpes L, Movshon J A. Motion detection in amblyopic macaque monkeys. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1998; 39S: 330, [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Ts'o D Y, Frostig R D, Lieke E E, Grinvald A. Functional organization of primate visual cortex revealed by high resolution optical imaging. Science 1990; 249: 417–420, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tychsen L, Burkhalter A. Nasotemporal asymmetries in VI: Ocular dominance columns of infant, adult, and strabismic macaque monkeys. J Comp Neurol. 1997; 388: 32–46, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tychsen L, Wong A MF, Burkhalter A. Paucity of horizontal connections for binocular vision in VI of naturally strabismic macaques: cytochrome oxidase compartment specificity. J Comp Neurol. 2004; 474: 261–275, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wensveen J M, Harwerth R S, Smith E L, 3rd. Binocular deficits associated with early alternating monocular defocus. I. Behavioral observations. J Neurophysiol. 2003; 90: 3001–3011, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiesel T N. Postnatal development of the visual cortex and the influence of the environment. Nature 1982; 299: 583–591, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiesel T N, Hubel D H. Single-cell responses in striate cortex of kittens deprived of vision in one eye. J Neurophysiol. 1963; 26: 1003–1017, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiesel T N, Hubel D H. Comparison of the effects of unilateral and bilateral eye closure on cortical unit responses in kittens. J Neurophysiol. 1965; 28: 1029–1040, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson H R, Wilkinson F. Detection of global structure in Glass patterns: implications for form vision. Vision Res. 1998; 38: 2933–2947, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong A MF, Burkhalter A, Tychsen L. Suppression of metabolic activity caused by infantile strabismus and strabismic amblyopia in striate visual cortex of macaque monkeys. J Am Assoc Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2005; 9: 37–47, [CROSSREF], [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Yin Z Q, Crewther S G, Yang M, Crewther D P. Distribution and localization of NMDA receptor subunit 1 in the visual cortex of strabismic and anisometropic amblyopic cats. Neuro Report 1996; 7: 2997–3003, [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshioka T, Blasdel G G, Levitt J B, Lund J S. Relation between patterns of intrinsic lateral connectivity, ocular dominance, and cytochrome oxidase-reactive regions in macaque monkey striate cortex. Cereb Cortex 1996; 6: 297–310, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang B, Matsuura K, Mori T, et al. Binocular deficits associated with early alternating monocular defocus. II. Neurophysiological observations. J Neurophysiol. 2003; 90: 3012–3023, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar