Postural stability in strabismus and amblyopia

References

• Nouraeinejad A. Binocular Vision Anomalies. London: Moorfields Eye Hospital; 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Nouraeinejad A. Differential Diagnosis in Optometry and Ophthalmology. 2nd ed. Iran: Noruzi Publication; 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Nouraeinejad A. Team Working in Rehabilitation. London: Moorfields Eye Hospital; 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Sinno S, Dumas G, Mallinson A, et al. Changes in the sensory weighting strategies in balance control throughout maturation in children. J Am Acad Audiol. 2021;32(2):122–136. doi:10.1055/s-0040-1718706.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horak FB. Postural orientation and equilibrium: what do we need to know about neural control of balance to prevent falls? Age Ageing. 2006;35(S2):ii7–ii11. doi:10.1093/ageing/afl077.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Largo RH, Caflisch JA, Hug F, et al. Neuromotor development from 5 to 18 years. Part 1: timed performance. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2001;43(7):436–443. doi:10.1017/S0012162201000810.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zipori AB, Colpa L, Wong AMF, Cushing SL, Gordon KA, Dahlmann-Noor A. Postural stability and visual impairment: assessing balance in children with strabismus and amblyopia. PLoS One. 2018;13(10):e0205857. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0205857.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandt T. Vertigo: Its Multisensory Syndromes. 2nd ed. London: Springer; 2003. doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-3801-8.
   Google Scholar
• Rajendran V, Roy FG. An overview of motor skill performance and balance in hearing impaired children. Ital J Pediatr. 2011;37(33):1824–7288. doi:10.1186/1824-7288-37-33.
   Google Scholar
• Weisz S. Studies in equilibrium reaction. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1938;88(2):150–162. doi:10.1097/00005053-193808000-00002.
   Google Scholar
• Losse A, Henderson SE, Elliman D, Hall D, Knight E, Jongmans M. Clumsiness in children—do they grow out of it? A 10-year follow-up study. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1991;33(1):55–68. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.1991.tb14785.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nouraeinejad A. Neuro-optometry, neuro-optometrist, and neuro-optometric rehabilitative implications. J Mod Rehabil. 2018;12:77–84.
   Google Scholar
• Gibbs J, Appleton J, Appleton R. Dyspraxia or developmental coordination disorder? Unravelling the enigma. Arch Dis Child. 2007;92(6):534–539. doi:10.1136/adc.2005.088054.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nashner LM. Adapting reflexes controlling the human posture. Exp Brain Res. 1976;26(1):59–72. doi:10.1007/BF00235249.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandt T, Krafczyk S, Malsbenden I. Postural imbalance with head extension: improvement by training as a model for ataxia therapy. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1981;374(1):636–649. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1981.tb30907.x.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jackson RT, Epstein CM. Effect of head extension on equilibrium in normal subjects. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1991;100(1):63–67. doi:10.1177/000348949110000110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterka RJ, Benolken MS. Role of somatosensory and vestibular cues in attenuating visually induced human postural sway. Exp Brain Res. 1995;105(1):101–110. doi:10.1007/BF00242186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winter DA. Human balance and posture control during standing and walking. Gait Posture. 1995;3(4):193–214. doi:10.1016/0966-6362(96)82849-9.
   Google Scholar
• Maurer C, Mergner T, Bolha B, Hlavacka F. Vestibular, visual, and somatosensory contributions to human control of upright stance. Neurosci Lett. 2000;281(2–3):99–102. doi:10.1016/S0304-3940(00)00814-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borel L, Harlay F, Magnan J, Lacour M. How changes in vestibular and visual reference frames combine to modify body orientation in space. Neuroreport. 2001;12(14):3137–3141. doi:10.1097/00001756-200110080-00031.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterka RJ. Sensorimotor integration in human postural control. J Neurophysiol. 2002;88(3):1097–1118. doi:10.1152/jn.2002.88.3.1097.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nolan L, Grigorenko A, Thorstensson A. Balance control: sex and age differences in 9- to 16-year-olds. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2005;47(7):449–454. doi:10.1017/S0012162205000873.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greffou S, Bertone A, Hanssens J-M, Faubert J. Development of visually driven postural reactivity: a fully immersive virtual reality study. J Vis. 2008;8(11):15, 1–10. doi:10.1167/8.11.15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horak FB. Postural compensation for vestibular loss and implications for rehabilitation. Restor Neurol Neurosci. 2010;28(1):57–68. doi:10.3233/RNN-2010-0515.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuisinier R, Olivier I, Vaugoyeau M, Nougier V, Assaiante C. Reweighting of sensory inputs to control quiet standing in children from 7 to 11 and in adults. PLoS One. 2011;6(5):e19697. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0019697.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaerlan GM, Alpert PT, Cross C, Louis M, Kowalski S. Postural balance in young adults: the role of visual, vestibular and somatosensory systems. J Am Acad Nurse Pract. 2012;24(6):375–381. doi:10.1111/j.1745-7599.2012.00699.x.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tomaz A, Ganança MM, Garcia AP, Kessler N, Caovilla HH. Postural control in underachieving students. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2014;80(2):105–110. doi:10.5935/1808-8694.20140024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patti A, Bianco A, Sahin N, et al. Postural control and balance in a cohort of healthy people living in Europe. Medicine. 2018;97(52):e13835. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000013835.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim SY, Cho HG, Moon BY, Yu DS. Fusional single vision with prism-induced vergence has more influence than diplopia on postural stability. Optom Vis Sci. 2020;97(3):218–226. doi:10.1097/OPX.0000000000001483.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nieto-Guisado A, Solana-Tramunt M, Marco-Ahulló A, et al. The mediating role of vision in the relationship between proprioception and postural control in older adults, as compared to teenagers and younger and middle-aged adults. Healthcare. 2022;10(1):103. doi:10.3390/healthcare10010103.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pollock AS, Durward BR, Rowe PJ, Paul JP. What is balance? Clin Rehabil. 2000;14(4):402–406. doi:10.1191/0269215500cr342oa.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leibowitz HW, Johnson CA, Isabelle E. Peripheral motion detection and refractive error. Science. 1972;177(4055):1207–1208. doi:10.1126/science.177.4055.1207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oie KS, Kiemel T, Jeka JJ. Multisensory fusion: simultaneous re-weighting of vision and touch for the control of human posture. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res. 2002;14(1):164–176. doi:10.1016/S0926-6410(02)00071-X.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mahboobin A, Loughlin PJ, Redfern MS, Sparto PJ. Sensory reweighting in human postural control during moving scene perturbations. Exp Brain Res. 2005;167(2):260–267. doi:10.1007/s00221-005-0053-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Travis RC. An experimental analysis of dynamic and static equilibrium. J Exp Psychol. 1945;35(3):216–234. doi:10.1037/h0059788.
   Google Scholar
• Henriksson NG, Johansson G, Olsson LG, Östlund H. Electric analysis of the Romberg test. Acta Otolaryngol. 1966;63(Suppl. 224):272–279. doi:10.3109/00016486709123592.
   Google Scholar
• Lord SR, Ward JA. Age-associated differences in sensori-motor function and balance in community dwelling women. Age Ageing. 1994;23(6):452–460. doi:10.1093/ageing/23.6.452.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allum JHJ, Adkin AL, Carpenter MG, Held-Ziolkowska M, Honegger F, Pierchala K. Trunk sway measures of postural stability during clinical balance tests: effects of a unilateral vestibular deficit. Gait Posture. 2001;14(3):227–237. doi:10.1016/S0966-6362(01)00132-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goble DJ, Coxon JP, Wenderoth N, Van Impe A, Swinnen SP. Proprioceptive sensibility in the elderly: degeneration, functional consequences and plastic-adaptive processes. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2009;33(3):271–278. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.08.012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards AS. Body sway and vision. J Exp Psychol. 1946;36(6):526–535. doi:10.1037/h0059909.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• van Parys JA, Njiokiktjien CJ. Romberg’s sign expressed in a quotient. Agressologie. 1976;17 specno:95–99.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Paulus WM, Straube A, Brandt T. Visual stabilization of posture. Physiological stimulus characteristics and clinical aspects. Brain. 1984;107(Pt 4):1143–1163. doi:10.1093/brain/107.4.1143.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rubenstein LZ, Josephson KR. The epidemiology of falls and syncope. Clin Geriatr Med. 2002;18(2):141–158. doi:10.1016/S0749-0690(02)00002-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anand V, Buckley J, Scally A, Elliott DB. The Effect of refractive blur on postural stability. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2002;22(6):528–534. doi:10.1046/j.1475-1313.2002.00067.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anand V, Buckley JG, Scally A, Elliott DB. Postural stability in the elderly during sensory perturbations and dual tasking: the influence of refractive blur. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2003;44(7):2885–2891. doi:10.1167/iovs.02-1031.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim SY, Moon BY, Cho HG. Body balance under ametropic conditions induced by spherical lenses in an upright position. J Phys Ther Sci. 2015;27(3):615–618. doi:10.1589/jpts.27.615.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sayah DN, Asaad K, Hanssens JM, Giraudet G, Faubert J. Myopes show greater visually induced postural responses than emmetropes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2016;57(2):551–556. doi:10.1167/iovs.15-17478.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heasley K, Buckley JG, Scally A, Twigg P, Elliott DB. Falls in older people: effects of age and blurring vision on the dynamics of stepping. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2005;46(10):3584–3588. doi:10.1167/iovs.05-0059.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anand V, Buckley JG, Scally A, Elliott DB. Postural stability changes in the elderly with cataract simulation and refractive blur. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2003;44(11):4670–4675. doi:10.1167/iovs.03-0455.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jack CI, Smith T, Neoh C, Lye M, McGalliard JN. Prevalence of low vision in elderly patients admitted to an acute geriatric unit in Liverpool: elderly people who fall are more likely to have low vision. Gerontology. 1995;41(5):280–285. doi:10.1159/000213695.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaffer S, Harrison A. Aging of the somatosensory system: a translation perspective. Phys Ther. 2007;87(2):194–207. doi:10.2522/ptj.20060083.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Proske U, Gandevia SC. The proprioceptive senses: their roles in signaling body shape, body position and movement, and muscle force. Physiol Rev. 2012;92(4):1651–1697. doi:10.1152/physrev.00048.2011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilman S. Joint position sense and vibration sense: anatomical organisation and assessment. J Neurol, Neurosurg & Psychiatry. 2002;73(5):473–477. doi:10.1136/jnnp.73.5.473.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Odenrick P, Sandstedt P, Lennerstrand G. Postural sway and gait of children with convergent strabismus. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1984;26(4):495–499. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.1984.tb04477.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Legrand A, Quoc EB, Vacher SW, et al. Postural control in children with strabismus: effect of eye surgery. Neurosci Lett. 2011;501(2):96–101. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2011.06.056.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaertner C, Creux C, Espinasse-Berrod M-A, Orssaud C, Dufier J-L, Kapoula Z. Postural control in nonamblyopic children with early-onset strabismus. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2013;54(1):529–536. doi:10.1167/iovs.12-10586.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lions C, Bui-Quoc E, Bucci MP. Postural control in strabismic children versus non strabismic age-matched children. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2013;251(9):2219–2225. doi:10.1007/s00417-013-2372-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickmann A, Di Sipio E, Simbolotti C, et al. Balance in subjects with congenital or early onset strabismus: influence of age. Neurosci Lett. 2016;623:28–35. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2016.04.041.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bucci MP, Soufi H, Villeneuve P, Colleville L, Bui-Quoc E, Lions C. Importance of proprioceptive information for postural control in children with strabismus before and after strabismus surgery. Front Syst Neurosci. 2016;10:67. doi:10.3389/fnsys.2016.00067.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buckley JG, Panesar GK, MacLellan MJ, Pacey IE, Barrett BT. Changes to control of adaptive gait in individuals with long-standing reduced stereoacuity. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2010;51(5):2487–2495. doi:10.1167/iovs.09-3858.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gentaz R. Imbalance of the postural system studied by light stimulation in children with strabismus. Agressologie. 1991;32:187–189.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Daum KM, McCormack GL, eds. Fusion and binocularity. In: Benjamin WJ, eds. Borish’s Clinical Refraction. 2nd ed. St. Louis, MO: Butterworth-Heinemann; 2006:145–191. doi:10.1016/B978-0-7506-7524-6.50010-7.
   Google Scholar
• Bronstein AM. Visual vertigo syndrome: clinical and posturography findings. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1995;59(5):472–476. doi:10.1136/jnnp.59.5.472.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayhoe M, Gillam B, Chajka K, Vecellio E. The role of binocular vision in walking. Vis Neurosci. 2009;26(1):73–80. doi:10.1017/S0952523808080838.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Przekoracka-Krawczyk A, Nawrot P, Czaińska M, Michalak KP. Impaired body balance control in adults with strabismus. Vision Res. 2014;98:35–45. doi:10.1016/j.visres.2014.03.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engel-Yeger B. Evaluation of gross motor abilities and self perception in children with amblyopia. Disabil Rehabil. 2008;30(4):243–248. doi:10.1080/09638280701257221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Legrand A, Bui-Quoc E, Bucci MP. Re-alignment of the eyes, with prisms and with eye surgery, affects postural stability differently in children with strabismus. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2012;250(6):849–855. doi:10.1007/s00417-011-1845-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsuo T, Narita A, Senda M, Hasebe S, Ohtsuki H. Body sway increases immediately after strabismus surgery. Acta Med Okayama. 2006;60(1):13–24. doi:10.18926/AMO/30754.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lennerstrand G. Central motor control in concomitant strabismus. Graefe’s Archive For Clinical And Experimental Ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv Fur Klinische Undexperimentelle Ophthalmologie. 1988;226(2):172–174. doi:10.1007/BF02173311.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsuo T, Yabuki A, Hasebe K, Shira YH, Imai S, Ohtsuki H. Postural stability changes during the prism adaptation test in patients with intermittent and constant exotropia. Invest Ophthalmol & Visual Sci. 2010;51(12):6341–6347. doi:10.1167/iovs.10-5840.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drover JR, Stager DR Sr., Morale SE, Leffler JN, Birch EE. Improvement in motor development following surgery for infantile esotropia. J Am Assoc Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2008;12(2):136–140. doi:10.1016/j.jaapos.2007.08.013.
   Google Scholar
• Steinbach MJ, Smith DR, Crawford JS. Egocentric localization changes following unilateral strabismus surgery. J Pediatric Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1988;25(3):115–118. doi:10.3928/0191-3913-19880501-05.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Buisseret P. Influence of extraocular muscle proprioception on vision. Physiol Rev. 1995;75(2):323–338. doi:10.1152/physrev.1995.75.2.323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee DN, Aronson E. Visual proprioceptive control of standing in human infants. Percept Psychophys. 1974;15(3):529–532. doi:10.3758/BF03199297.
   Google Scholar
• Forssberg H, Nashner LM. Ontogenetic development of postural control in man: adaptation to altered support and visual conditions during stance. J Neurosci. 1982;2(5):545–552. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.02-05-00545.1982.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shumway-Cook A, Woollacott MH. The growth of stability: postural control from a development perspective. J Mot Behav. 1985;17(2):131–147. doi:10.1080/00222895.1985.10735341.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woollacott M, Debu B, Mowatt M. Neuromuscular control of posture in the infant and child: is vision dominant? J Mot Behav. 1987;19(2):167–186. doi:10.1080/00222895.1987.10735406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riach CL, Hayes KC. Maturation of postural sway in young children. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1987;29(5):650–658. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.1987.tb08507.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woollacott MH, Shumway-Cook A. Changes in posture control across the life span–a systems approach. Phys Ther. 1990;70(12):799–807. doi:10.1093/ptj/70.12.799.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterka RJ, Black FO. Age-related changes in human posture control: sensory organization tests. J Vestibular Res. 1990;1(1):73–85. doi:10.3233/VES-1990-1108.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Aust G. Vestibular disorders in old age. HNO. 1991;39:460–466.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Assaiante C, Amblard B. Ontogenesis of head stabilization in space during locomotion in children: influence of visual cue. Exp Brain Res. 1993;93(3):499–515. doi:10.1007/BF00229365.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foudriat BA, Di Fabio RP, Anderson JH. Sensory organization of balance responses in children 3–6 years of age: a normative study with diagnostic implications. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 1993;27(3):255–271. doi:10.1016/0165-5876(93)90231-Q.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hay L, Fleury M, Bard C, Teasdale N. Resolving power of the perceptual and sensorimotor systems in 6- to 10-year-old children. J Mot Behav. 1994;26(1):36–42. doi:10.1080/00222895.1994.9941659.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirabayashi S, Iwasaki Y. Developmental perspective of sensory organization on postural control. Brain Dev. 1995;17(2):111–113. doi:10.1016/0387-7604(95)00009-Z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foster EC, Sveistrup H, Woollacott MH. Transitions in visual proprioception: a cross-sectional developmental study of the effect of visual flow on postural control. J Mot Behav. 1996;28(2):101–112. doi:10.1080/00222895.1996.99417370.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grasso R, Assaiante C, Pre´vost P, Berthoz A. Development of anticipatory orienting strategies during locomotor tasks in children. Neurosci Biobehav Revi. 1998;22(4):533–539. doi:10.1016/S0149-7634(97)00041-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barela JA, Jeka JJ, Clark JE. Postural control in children. Coupling to dynamic somatosensory information. Exp Brain Res. 2003;150(4):434–442. doi:10.1007/s00221-003-1441-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minshew NJ, Sung K, Jones BL, Furman JM. Underdevelopment of the postural control system in autism. Neurology. 2004;63(11):2056–2061. doi:10.1212/01.WNL.0000145771.98657.62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sparto PJ, Redfern MS, Jasko JG, Casselbrant ML, Mandel EM, Furman JM. The influence of dynamic visual cues for postural control in children aged 7-12 years. Exp Brain Res. 2006;168(4):505–516. doi:10.1007/s00221-005-0109-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steindl R, Kunz K, Schrott-Fischer A, Scholtz AW. Effect of age and sex on maturation of sensory systems and balance control. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2006;48(6):477–482. doi:10.1017/S0012162206001022.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casselbrant ML, Mandel EM, Sparto PJ, et al. Longitudinal posturography and rotational testing in children three to nine years of age: normative data. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2010;142(5):708–714. doi:10.1016/j.otohns.2010.01.028.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandt T, Wenzel D, Dichgans J. Visual stabilization of free stance in infants: a sign of maturity (author’s transl). Archiv fur Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten. 1976;223(1):1–13. doi:10.1007/BF00367449.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar