References
- Barzilai N, Crandall JP, Kritchevsky SB, et al. Metformin as a tool to target aging. Cell Metab. 2016;23(6):1060–1065.
- Bahrambeigi S, Yousefi B, Rahimi M, et al. Shafiei-Irannejad V. Metformin; an old antidiabetic drug with new potentials in bone disorders. Biomed Pharmacother. 2019;109:1593–1601.
- Prospective Diabetes Study UK. (UKPDS) Group. Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). Lancet. 1998;352:854–865.
- Kooy A, de Jager J, Lehert P, et al. Long-term effects of metformin on metabolism and microvascular and macrovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169(6):616–625.
- Ng TP, Feng L, Yap KB, et al. Long-term metformin usage and cognitive function among older adults with diabetes. J Alzheimers Dis. 2014;41(1):61–68.
- Justice JN, Niedernhofer L, Robbins PD, et al. Development of clinical trials to extend healthy lifespan. Cardiovasc Endocrinol Metab. 2018;7(4):80–83.
- Riggs BL, Melton LJ, iii 3rd, Robb RA, et al. Population-based study of age and sex differences in bone volumetric density, size, geometry, and structure at different skeletal sites. J Bone Miner Res. 2004;19(12):1945–1954.
- Riera-Espinoza G. Epidemiology of osteoporosis in Latin America 2008. Salud Pública Méx. 2009;51:S52–S5.
- WHO Study Group. WHO technical report series 8, editor. Assessment of fracture risk and its application to screening for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 1994.
- Rosner B. Fundamentals of biostatistics. 8th ed. Boston (MA): Cengage Learning; 2016.
- Accok A. A gentle introduction to stata. 4th ed. College Station (TX): Stata Press; 2014.
- Hilbe J. Logistic regression models. Boca de Raton (FL): Chapman & Hall/CRC; 2009.
- Nattino G, Lemeshow S, Phillips G, et al. Assessing the calibration of dichotomous outcome models with the calibration belt. Stata J. 2017;17(4):1003–1014.
- Hui F, Zhang Y, Ren T, et al. Role of metformin in overweight and obese people without diabetes: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2019;75(4):437–450.
- Borges J, Bilezikian J, Jones Leone A, et al. A randomized, parallel group, double‐blind, multicentre study comparing the efficacy and safety of Avandamet (rosiglitazone/metformin) and metformin on long‐term glycaemic control and bone mineral density after 80 weeks of treatment in drug‐naïve type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2011;13:1036–1046.
- Zhao J, Li Y, Zhang H, et al. Preventative effects of metformin on glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis in rats. J Bone Miner Metab. 2019;37(5):805–814.
- Vestergaard P, Rejnmark L, Mosekilde L. Relative fracture risk in patients with diabetes mellitus, and the impact of insulin and oral antidiabetic medication on relative fracture risk. Diabetologia. 2005;48(7):1292–1299.
- Melton LJ, 3rd, Leibson CL, Achenbach SJ, et al. Fracture risk in type 2 diabetes: update of a population based study. J Bone Miner Res. 2008;23(8):1334–1342.
- Salari-Moghaddam A, Sadeghi O, Keshteli AH, et al. Metformin use and risk of fracture: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Osteoporos Int. 2019;30(6):1167–1173.
- Cai ZY, Yang B, Shi YX, et al. High glucose downregulates the effects of autophagy on osteoclastogenesis via the AMPK/mTOR/ULK1 pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2018;503(2):428–435.
- Asadipooya K, Uy EM. Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs), receptor for AGEs, diabetes, and bone: review of the literature. J Endocr Soc. 2019;3(10):1799–1818.
- Ma L, Oei L, Jiang L, et al. Association between bone mineral density and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Eur J Epidemiol. 2012;27(5):319–332.
- Khosla S, Farr JN, Kirkland J. Inhibiting cellular senescence: a new therapeutic paradigm for age-related osteoporosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018;103(4):1282–1290.
- Fassio A, Idolazzi L, Rossini M, et al. The obesity paradox and osteoporosis. Eat Weight Disord. 2018;23(3):293–302.
- Chung JH, Hwang HJ, Shin HY, et al. Association between sarcopenic obesity and bone mineral density in middle-aged and elderly Korean. Ann Nutr Metab. 2016;68(2):77–84.
- Jiating L, Buyun J, Yinchang Z. Role of metformin on osteoblast differentiation in type 2 diabetes. Biomed Res Int. 2019;2019:1–6.
- Wells G, Tugwell P, Shea B, et al. Osteoporosis methodology group and the osteoporosis research advisory group. Meta-analyses of therapies for postmenopausal osteoporosis. V. Meta-analysis of the efficacy of hormone replacement therapy in treating and preventing osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Endocr Rev. 2002;23:529–539.
- Crandall CJ, Aragaki A, Cauley JA, et al. Associations of menopausal vasomotor symptoms with fracture incidence. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015;100(2):524–534.
- Blümel JE, Chedraui P, Baron G, et al. Collaborative Group for Research of the Climacteric in Latin America (REDLINC). A large multinational study of vasomotor symptom prevalence, duration, and impact on quality of life in middle-aged women. Menopause. 2011;18(7):778–785.
- Kyvernitakis I, Kostev K, Hars O, et al. Discontinuation rates of menopausal hormone therapy among postmenopausal women in the post-WHI study era. Climacteric. 2015;18(5):737–742.