The polycystic ovary syndrome and gynecological cancer risk

References

• Azziz R, Carmina E, Dewailly D, et al. Criteria for defining polycystic ovary syndrome as a predominantly hyperandrogenic syndrome: an Androgen Excess Society Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91(11):4237–4245.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rotterdam ESHRE/ASRM-Sponsored PCOS Consensus Workshop Group. Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long-term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril. 2004;81:19–25.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broekmans FJ, Knauff EA, Valkenburg O, et al. PCOS according to the Rotterdam consensus criteria: change in prevalence among WHO-II anovulation and association with metabolic factors. BJOG. 2006;113(10):1210–1217.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valkenburg O, Steegers-Theunissen RP, Smedts HP, et al. A more atherogenic serum lipoprotein profile is present in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a case-control study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93(2):470–476.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goverde AJ, van Koert AJ, Eijkemans MJ, et al. Indicators for metabolic disturbances in anovulatory women with polycystic ovary syndrome diagnosed according to the Rotterdam consensus criteria. Hum Reprod. 2008;24(3):710–717.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christ JP, Gunning MN, Fauser B. Implications of the 2014 Androgen Excess and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Society guidelines on polycystic ovarian morphology for polycystic ovary syndrome diagnosis. Reprod Biomed Online. 2017;35(4):480–483.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teede HJ, Misso ML, Costello MF,et al. International PCOS Network. recommendations from the international evidence-based guideline for the assessment and management of polycystic ovary syndrome. Clin Endocrinol. 2018;89(3):251–268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenfield RL, Ehrmann DA. The pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): the hypothesis of PCOS as functional ovarian hyperandrogenism revisited. Endocr Rev. 2016;37(5):467–520.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Day F, Karaderi T, Jones MR, et al. Large-scale genome-wide meta-analysis of polycystic ovary syndrome suggests shared genetic architecture for different diagnosis criteria. PLOS Genet. 2018;14(12):e1007813.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zore T, Lizneva D, Brakta S, et al. Minimal difference in phenotype between adolescents and young adults with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril. 2019;111(2):389–396.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moghetti P, Tosi F, Bonin C, et al. Divergences in insulin resistance between the different phenotypes of the polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98(4):E628–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan JL, Kar S, Vanky E, et al. Racial and ethnic differences in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its components of metabolic syndrome in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a regional cross-sectional study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2017;217(2):189.e1–189.e8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bozdag G, Mumusoglu S, Zengin D, et al. The prevalence and phenotypic features of polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod. 2016;31(12):2841–2855.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gadducci A, Gargini A, Palla E, et al. Polycystic ovary syndrome and gynecological cancer: is there a link? Gynecol Endocrinol. 2005;20(4):200–208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fanta M. Is polycystic ovary syndrome, a state of relative estrogen excess, a real risk factor for estrogen-dependent malignancies? Gynecol Endocrinol. 2013;29(2):145–147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilbert EW, Tay CT, Hiam DS, et al. Comorbidities and complications of polycystic ovary syndrome: an overview of systematic reviews. Clin Endocrinol. 2018;89(6):683–699.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunn J, Rodriguez GC. Ovarian cancer: etiology, risk factors and epidemiology. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2012;55(1):3–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ali AT. Reproductive factors and the risk of endometrial cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2014;24(3):384–393.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rojas K, Stuckey A. Breast cancer epidemiology and risk factors. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2016;59(4):651–672.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pérez-López FR. Sporadic ovarian and fallopian tube cancer in postmenopausal women. In: Pérez-López FR, editor. Postmenopausal diseases and disorders. Switzerland: Springer Cham; 2019. p. 79–100.
   Google Scholar
• Lundberg FE, Iliadou AN, Rodriguez-Wallberg K, et al. The risk of breast and gynecological cancer in women with a diagnosis of infertility: a nationwide population-based study. Eur J Epidemiol. 2019;34(5):499–507.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noroozzadeh M, Behboudi-Gandevani S, Mosaffa N, et al. High prevalence of benign mammary tumors in a rat model of polycystic ovary syndrome during postmenopausal period. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2019;35(8):679–684.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soran A, Talbott EO, Zborowski JV, et al. The prevalence of benign breast disease in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a review of a 12-year follow-up. Int J Clin Pract. 2005;59(7):795–797.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, et al. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2018;68(6):394–424.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu H, Han Y, Lou J, et al. PDGFRA, HSD17B4 and HMGB2 are potential therapeutic targets in polycystic ovarian syndrome and breast cancer. Oncotarget. 2017;8:69520–69526.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cooney LG, Dokras A. Beyond fertility: polycystic ovary syndrome and long-term health. Fertil Steril. 2018;110(5):794–809.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chittenden BG, Fullerton G, Maheshwari A, et al. Polycystic ovary syndrome and the risk of gynaecological cancer: a systematic review. Reprod Biomed Online. 2009;19(3):398–405.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shobeiri F, Jenabi E. The association between polycystic ovary syndrome and breast cancer: a meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol Sci. 2016;59(5):367–372.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harris HR, Terry KL. Polycystic ovary syndrome and risk of endometrial, ovarian, and breast cancer: a systematic review. Fertil Res Pract. 2016;2:14.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barry JA, Azizia MM, Hardiman PJ. Risk of endometrial, ovarian and breast cancer in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update. 2014;20(5):748–758.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottschau M, Kjaer S, Jensen A, et al. Risk of cancer among women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a Danish cohort study. Gynecol Oncol. 2015;136(1):99–103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yin W, Falconer H, Yin L, et al. Association between polycystic ovary syndrome and cancer risk. JAMA Oncol. 2019;5(1):106–107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Breast cancer and hormonal contraceptives: collaborative reanalysis of individual data on 53 297 women with breast cancer and 100 239 women without breast cancer from 54 epidemiological studies. Lancet. 1996;347:1713–1727.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marchbanks PA, McDonald JA, Wilson HG, et al. Oral contraceptives and the risk of breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(26):2025–2032.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunter DJ, Colditz GA, Hankinson SE, et al. Oral contraceptives and breast cancer: a prospective study of young women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2010;19(10):2496–2502.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morch LS, Skvolund CW, Hannaford PC, et al. Contemporary hormonal contraception and the risk of breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2017;377:2228–2239.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glintborg D, Altinok ML, Mumm H, et al. Body composition is improved during 12 months treatment with metformin alone or combined with oral contraceptives compared to treatment with oral contraceptives in polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99(7):2584–2591.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim J, Mersereau JE, Khankari N, et al. Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), related symptoms/sequelae, and breast cancer risk in a population-based case-control study. Cancer Causes Control. 2016;27(3):403–414.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2016. CA Cancer J Clin. 2016;66(1):7–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein IF, Leventhal ML. Amenorrhea associated with bilateral polycystic ovaries. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1935;29(2):181–191.
   Google Scholar
• Speert H. Carcinoma of the endometrium in young women. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1949;88(3):332–336.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ferreira SR, Motta AB. Uterine function: from normal to polycystic ovarian syndrome alterations. CMC. 2018;25(15):1792–1804.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schindler AE. Progestogen deficiency and endometrial cancer risk. Maturitas. 2009;62(4):334–337.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li X, Pishdari B, Cui P, et al. Regulation of androgen receptor expression alters AMPK phosphorylation in the endometrium: in vivo and in vitro studies in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Int J Biol Sci. 2015;11(12):1376–1389.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noci I, Pillozzi S, Lastraioli E, et al. hLH/hCG-receptor expression correlates with in vitro invasiveness in human primary endometrial cancer. Gynecol Oncol. 2008;111(3):496–501.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fearnley EJ, Marquart L, Spurdle AB, Weinstein P, et al. Polycystic ovary syndrome increases the risk of endometrial cancer in women aged less than 50 years: an Australian case-control study. Cancer Causes Control. 2010;21(12):2303–2308.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Indhavivadhana S, Rattanachaiyanont M, Wongwananuruk T, et al. Endometrial neoplasia in reproductive-aged Thai women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 2018;142(2):170–175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friberg E, Orsini N, Mantzoros CS, et al. Diabetes mellitus and risk of endometrial cancer: a meta-analysis. Diabetologia. 2007;50(7):1365–1374.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedenreich CM, Langley AR, Speidel TP, et al. Case-control study of markers of insulin resistance and endometrial cancer risk. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2012;19(6):785–792.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kabat GC, Kim MY, Lane DS, et al. Serum glucose and insulin and risk of cancers of the breast, endometrium, and ovary in postmenopausal women. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2018;27(3):261–268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saed L, Varse F, Baradaran HR, et al. The effect of diabetes on the risk of endometrial Cancer: an updated a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Cancer. 2019;19(1):527.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perez-Lopez FR, Pasupuleti V, Gianuzzi X, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of metformin treatment on overall mortality rates in women with endometrial cancer and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Maturitas. 2017;101:6–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reid BM, Permuth JB, Sellers TA. Epidemiology of ovarian cancer: a review. Cancer Biol Med. 2017;14(1):9–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang HP, Murphy KR, Pfeiffer RM, et al. Lifetime number of ovulatory cycles and risks of ovarian and endometrial cancer among postmenopausal women. Am J Epidemiol. 2016;183(9):800–814.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cirillo PM, Wang ET, Cedars MI, et al. Irregular menses predicts ovarian cancer: prospective evidence from the child health and development studies. Int J Cancer. 2016;139(5):1009–1017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiao J, Sagnelli M, Shi B, et al. Genetic and epigenetic characteristics in ovarian tissues from polycystic ovary syndrome patients with irregular menstruation resemble those of ovarian cancer. BMC Endocr Disord. 2019;19(1):30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Concha CF, Sir PT, Recabarren SE, et al. Epigenetics of polycystic ovary syndrome. Rev Med Chil. 2017;145(7):907–915.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen B, Xu P, Wang J, et al. The role of MiRNA in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Gene. 2019;706:91–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen CC, Yang AC, Hung JH, et al. A nationwide population-based retrospective cohort study of the risk of uterine, ovarian and breast cancer in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Oncologist. 2015;20(1):45–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris H, Titus L, Cramer D, et al. Long and irregular menstrual cycles, polycystic ovary syndrome, and ovarian cancer risk in a population-based case–control study. Int J Cancer. 2017;140(2):285–291.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olsen CM, Green AC, Nagle CM, et al. Epithelial ovarian cancer: testing the ‘androgens hypothesis. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2008;15(4):1061–1068.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ding DC, Chen W, Wang JH, et al. Association between polycystic ovarian syndrome and endometrial, ovarian, and breast cancer: a population-based cohort study in Taiwan. Medicine. 2018;97(39):e12608.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar