Vitamin D supplementation: much ado about nothing

References

• Fassio A, Rossini M, Gatti D. Vitamin D: no efficacy without deficiency. What’s new?. Reumatismo. 2019;71(2):57–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolland MJ, Avenell A, Grey A. Assessment of research waste part 1: an exemplar from examining study design, surrogate and clinical endpoints in studies of calcium intake and vitamin D supplementation. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2018;18(1):103.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bolland MJ, Grey A, Avenell A. Assessment of research waste part 2: wrong study populations- an exemplar of baseline vitamin D status of participants in trials of vitamin D supplementation. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2018;18(1):101.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bouillon R. Comparative analysis of nutritional guidelines for vitamin D. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2017;13(8):466–479.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holick MF. Resurrection of vitamin D deficiency and rickets. J Clin Invest. 2006;116(8):2062–2072.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolland MJ, Grey A, Avenell A. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on musculoskeletal health: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and trial sequential analysis. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2018;6(11):847–858.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scragg R, Waayer D, Stewart AW, et al. The Vitamin D Assessment (ViDA) Study: design of a randomized controlled trial of vitamin D supplementation for the prevention of cardiovascular disease, acute respiratory infection, falls and non-vertebral fractures. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2016;164:318–325.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holick MF. Vitamin D deficiency. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(3):266–281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouillon R, Marcocci C, Carmeliet G, et al. Skeletal and extra-skeletal actions of vitamin D: Current evidence and outstanding questions. Endocr Rev. 2018;40(4):1109–1151.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manson JE, Bassuk SS, Lee I-M, et al. The VITamin D and OmegA-3 TriaL (VITAL): rationale and design of a large randomized controlled trial of vitamin D and marine omega-3 fatty acid supplements for the primary prevention of cancer and cardiovascular disease. Contemp Clin Trials. 2012;33(1):159–171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• (a) Scragg R, Khaw K-T, Toop L, et al. Monthly high-dose vitamin D supplementation and cancer risk: a post hoc analysis of the vitamin D assessment randomized clinical trial. JAMA Oncol. 2018;4(11):e182178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
  (b) Scragg R, Waayer D, Stewart AW, et al. The Vitamin D Assessment (ViDA) study: design of a randomized controlled trial of vitamin D supplementation for the prevention of cardiovascular disease, acute respiratory infection, falls and non-vertebral fractures. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2016;164:318–325.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pittas AG, Dawson-Hughes B, Sheehan P, et al. Vitamin D supplementation and prevention of type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2019;381(6):520–530.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cashman KD, Dowling KG, Škrabáková Z, et al. Vitamin D deficiency in Europe: pandemic?. Am J Clin Nutr. 2016;103(4):1033–1044.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manios Y, Moschonis G, Lambrinou C-P, et al. A systematic review of vitamin D status in southern European countries. Eur J Nutr. 2018;57(6):2001–2036.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holick MF, Binkley NC, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, et al. Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(7):1911–1930.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scragg R, Stewart AW, Waayer D, et al. Effect of monthly high-dose vitamin D supplementation on cardiovascular disease in the vitamin D assessment study: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Cardiol. 2017;2(6):608–616.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khaw K-T, Stewart AW, Waayer D, et al. Effect of monthly high-dose vitamin D supplementation on falls and non-vertebral fractures: secondary and post-hoc outcomes from the randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled ViDA trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017;5(6):438–447.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reid IR, Horne AM, Mihov B, et al. Effect of monthly high-dose vitamin D on bone density in community-dwelling older adults substudy of a randomized controlled trial. J Intern Med. 2017;282(5):452–460.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macdonald HM, Reid IR, Gamble GD, et al. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D threshold for the effects of vitamin D supplements on bone density: secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial. J Bone Miner Res. 2018;33(8):1464–1469.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sluyter JD, Camargo CA, Stewart AW, et al. Effect of monthly, high-dose, long-term vitamin D supplementation on central blood pressure parameters: a randomized controlled trial substudy. JAHA. 2017;6(10): pii:e006802.
   Google Scholar
• Boscoe FP, Schymura MJ. Solar ultraviolet-B exposure and cancer incidence and mortality in the United States, 1993–2002. BMC Cancer. 2006;6(1):264.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heath AK, Kim IY, Hodge AM, et al. Vitamin D status and mortality: a systematic review of observational studies. Int J Environ Res Public Health . 2019;16(3):383.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manson JE, Cook NR, Lee I-M, et al. Vitamin D supplements and prevention of cancer and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med. 2019;380(1):33–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prieto-Alhambra D, Pagès-Castellà A, Wallace G, et al. Predictors of fracture while on treatment with oral bisphosphonates: a population-based cohort study. J Bone Miner Res. 2014;29(1):268–274.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mosali P, Bernard L, Wajed J, et al. Vitamin D status and parathyroid hormone concentrations influence the skeletal response to zoledronate and denosumab. Calcif Tissue Int. 2014;94(5):553–559.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adami S, Giannini S, Bianchi G, et al. Vitamin D status and response to treatment in post-menopausal osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int. 2009;20(2):239–244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rejnmark L, Bislev LS, Cashman KD, et al. Non-skeletal health effects of vitamin D supplementation: A systematic review on findings from meta-analyses summarizing trial data. PLoS One. 2017;12(7):e0180512.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keum N, Lee DH, Greenwood DC, et al. Vitamin D supplementation and total cancer incidence and mortality: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Ann Oncol off J Eur Soc Med Oncol. 2019;30(5):733–743.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Black DM, Cummings SR, Karpf DB, et al. Randomised trial of effect of alendronate on risk of fracture in women with existing vertebral fractures. Fracture Intervention Trial Research Group. Lancet Lond Engl. 1996;348(9041):1535–1541.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Genant HK, Siris E, Crans GG, et al. Reduction in vertebral fracture risk in teriparatide-treated postmenopausal women as assessed by spinal deformity index. Bone. 2005;37(2):170–174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reginster J, Minne HW, Sorensen OH, et al. Randomized trial of the effects of risedronate on vertebral fractures in women with established postmenopausal osteoporosis. Vertebral Efficacy with Risedronate Therapy (VERT) Study Group. Osteoporos Int J Establ Result Coop Eur Found Osteoporos Natl Osteoporos Found USA. 2000;11(1):83–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cummings SR, Ferrari S, Eastell R, et al. Vertebral fractures after discontinuation of denosumab: a post hoc analysis of the randomized placebo-controlled Freedom Trial and its Extension. J Bone Miner Res. 2018;33(2):190–198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebeling PR, Adler RA, Jones G, et al. Management of endocrine disease: therapeutics of vitamin D. Eur J Endocrinol. 2018;179:R239–R259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giustina A, Adler RA, Binkley N, et al. Controversies in vitamin D: summary statement from an international conference. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019;104(2):234–240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adami S, Romagnoli E, Carnevale V, et al. Guidelines on prevention and treatment of vitamin D deficiency. Italian Society for Osteoporosis, Mineral Metabolism and Bone Diseases (SIOMMMS). Reumatismo. 2011;63(3):129–147.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Degli Esposti L, Girardi A, Saragoni S, et al. Use of antiosteoporotic drugs and calcium/vitamin D in patients with fragility fractures: impact on re-fracture and mortality risk. Endocrine. 2018;64(2):367–377.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lappe JM, Heaney RP. Why randomized controlled trials of calcium and vitamin D sometimes fail. Dermatoendocrinol. 2012;4(2):95–100.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yeh RW, Valsdottir LR, Yeh MW, et al. Parachute use to prevent death and major trauma when jumping from aircraft: randomized controlled trial. BMJ. 2018;363:k5094
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gatti D, El Ghoch M, Viapiana O, et al. Strong relationship between vitamin D status and bone mineral density in anorexia nervosa. Bone. 2015;78:212–215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giollo A, Idolazzi L, Caimmi C, et al. Vitamin D levels strongly influence bone mineral density and bone turnover markers during weight gain in female patients with anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord. 2017;50(9):1041–1049.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar