Metformin metabolic and vascular effects in normal weight hyperinsulinemic polycystic ovary syndrome patients treated with contraceptive vaginal ring. A pilot study

References

• Battaglia C, Mancini F, Fabbri R, et al. Polycystic ovary syndrome and cardiovascular risk in young patients treated with drospirenone-ethinylestradiol or contraceptive vaginal ring. A prospective, randomized, pilot study. Fertil Steril. 2010;94(4):1417–1425.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baillargeon JP, McClish DK, Essah PA, et al. Association between the current use of low-dose oral contraceptives and cardiovascular arterial disease: a meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90(7):3863–3870.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. WHO collaborative study of cardiovascular disease and steroid hormone contraception. Acute myocardial infarction and combined oral contraceptives: results of an international multicentre case-control study. Lancet. 1997;349:1202–1209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer C, McGrath BP, Teede HJ. Overweight women with polycystic ovary syndrome have evidence of subclinical cardiovascular disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90(10):5711–5716.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diamanti-Kandarakis E, Alexandraki K, Protogerou A, et al. Metformin administration improves endothelial function in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol. 2005;152(5):749–756.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Legro RS. Polycystic ovary syndrome and cardiovascular disease: a premature association? Endocr Rev. 2003;24(3):302–312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mancini F, Cianciosi A, Marchesini Reggiani G, et al. Endothelial function and its relationship to leptin, homocysteine, and insulin resistance in lean and overweight eumenorrheic women and PCOS patients: a pilot study. Fertil Steril. 2009;91(6):2537–2544.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Battaglia C, Mancini F, Cianciosi A, et al. Vascular risk in young women with polycystic ovary and polycystic ovary syndrome. Obstet Gynecol. 2008;111(2):385–395.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Battaglia C, Mancini F, Battaglia B, et al. L-arginine plus drospirenone-ethinyl estradiol in the treatment of patients with PCOS: a prospective, placebo controlled, randomised, pilot study. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2010;26(12):861–868.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nestler JE, Stovall D, Akhter N, et al. Strategies for the use of insulin-sensitizing drugs to treat infertility in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril. 200;77(2):209–215.
   Google Scholar
• Harborne L, Fleming R, Lyall H, et al. Descriptive review of the evidence for the use of metformin in polycystic ovary syndrome. Lancet. 2003;361(9372):1894–1901.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harborne L, Fleming R, Lyall H, et al. Metformin or antiandrogen in the treatment of hirsutism in polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88(9):4116–4123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morotti E, Artini PG, Persico N, et al. Metformin metabolic and vascular effects in overweight/moderately obese hyperinsulinemic PCOS patients treated with contraceptive vaginal ring: a pilot study. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2019;35(10):854–861.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rotterdam ESHRE/ASRM-sponsored PCOS Consensus Worldshop Group. Revised 2003 Consensus on diagnostic criteria and long-term healthy risks related to polycystic ovary syndorme. Fertil Steril. 2004;81:19–25.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Battaglia C, Mancini F, Regnani G, et al. Hormone therapy and ophthalmic artery blood flow changes in women with primary open-angle glaucoma. Menopause. 2004;11(1):69–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gosling RG, Lo PTS, Taylor MG. Interpretation of pulsatility index in feeder arteries to low-impedance vascular beds. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 1991;1(3):175–179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corretti MC, Anderson TJ, Benjamin EJ, et al. International brachial artery reactivity task force. Guidelines for the ultrasound assessment of endothelial-dependent flow-mediated vasodilatation of the brachial artery. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;39(2):257–265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS. Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem. 1972;18(6):499–502.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan MH, Johns D, Glazer BN. Pioglitazone reduces atherogenic index of plasma in patients with type 2 diabetes. Clin Chem. 2004;50(7):1184–1188.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Modan M, Harris MI, Halkin H. Evaluation of WHO and NDDG criteria for impaired glucose tolerance. Results from two national samples. Diabetes. 1989;38(12):1630–1635.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Velazquez EM, Mendoza S, Hamer T, et al. Metformin therapy in polycystic ovary syndrome reduces hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, hyperandrogenemia, and systolic blood pressure, while facilitating normal menses and pregnancy. Metab Clin Exp. 1994;43(5):647–654.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diamanti-Kandarakis E, Baillargeon JP, Iuorno MJ, et al. A modern medical quandary: polycystic ovary syndrome, insulin resistance, and oral contraceptive pill. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88(5):1927–1932.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naderpoor N, Shorakae S, de Courten B, et al. Metformin and lifestyle modification in polycystic ovary syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update. 2015;21(5):560–574.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lashen H. Role of metformin in the management of polycystic ovary syndrome. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab. 2010;1(3):117–128.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kirpichnikov D, McFarlane SI, Sowers JR. Metformin: an update. Ann Intern Med. 2002;137(1):25–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powers WJ, Press GA, Grubb RL, Jr, et al. The effect of hemodynamically significant carotid artery disease on the hemodynamic status of the cerebral circulation. Ann Intern Med. 1987;106(1):27–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seligman BG, Biolo A, Polanczyk CA, et al. Increased plasma levels of endothelin 1 and von Willebrand factor in patients with type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia. Diabetes Care. 2000;23(9):1395–1400.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang YW, He SJ, Feng X, et al. Metformin: a review of its potential indications. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2017;11:2421–2429.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jadhav S, Ferrell W, Greer IA, et al. Effects of metformin on microvascular function and exercise tolerance in women with angina and normal coronary arteries: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48(5):956–963.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar