References
- Kurman RJ, Kalminski PF, Norris HJ. The behavior of endometrial hyperplasia. A long-term study of 'untreated' hyperplasia in 170 patients. Cancer 1985; 56:403–12
- American Cancer Society. Surveillance Research, Cancer Facts and Figures 2001. Atlanta, GA: American Cancer Society, 2001:5
- McPherson CP, Sellers TA, Potter JD, et al. Repro-ductive factors and risk of endometrial cancer. The Iowa women's health study. Am J Epidemiol 1996; 143:1195–202
- Smith DC, Prentice R, Thompson DJ, et al. Associa-tion of exogenous estrogen and endometrial cancer. N Engl J Med 1975;293:1164–7
- Brinton LA, Berman ML, Mortel R, et al. Repro-ductive, menstrual, and medical risk factors for endometrial cancer: results from a case—control study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992;167:1317–25
- La Vecchia C, Negri E, Franceschi S, et al. A case—control study of diabetes mellitus and cancer risk. BrJ Cancer 1994;7:950–3
- Brown R. Carbohydrate metabolism in patients with endometrial cancer. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw 1974;81:940–6
- Vishnevsky AS, Bobrov JF, Tsyrlina EV, et al. Hyperinsulinemia as a factor modifying sensitivity of endometrial carcinoma to hormonal influences. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 1993;14:127–30
- Rutanen EM, Stenman S, Blum W, etal. Relationship between carbohydrate metabolism and serum insulin like growth factor system in post menopausal women: comparison of endometrial cancer patients and con-trols. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993;77:199–204
- Yam D, Ben-Hur H, Fink A, etal. Insulin and glucose status, tissue and plasma lipids in patients with tumours of the ovary or endometrium: possible dietary implications. Br J Cancer 1994;7:1186–7
- Stumvoll M, Nurjhan N, Perriello G, et al. Meta-bolic effects of metformin in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1995;333:550–4
- Hundal RS, Krssak M, Dufour S, et al. Mechanism by which metformin reduces glucose production in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 2000;49:2063–9
- Moller DE, Yokota JF, Caro JF, etal. Tissue-specific expression of two alternatively spliced insulin receptor mRNAs in man. Mol Endocrinol 1989;3:1263–9
- Frasca F, Pandini G, Scalia P, et al. Insulin receptor isofoma A, a newly recognized, high-affinity insulin-like growth factor II receptor in fetal and cancer cells. Mot Cell Biol 1999;19:3278–88
- Talavera F, Reynolds RK, Roberts JA, et al. Insulin-like growth factor I receptors in normal and neoplastic human endometrium. Cancer Res 1990;50:3019–24
- Kleinman D, Roberts CT, LeRoith D, et al. Regula-tion of endometrial cancer growth by insulin-like growth factors and the luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone antagonist SB-75. Regul Pept 1993;48:91–8
- Rutanen EM, Nyman T, Lehtovirta P, et al. Suppressed expression of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 mRNA in the endometrium: a molecular mechanism associating endometrial cancer with its risk factors. Int J Cancer 1994;59:307–12
- Giudice LC, Dsupin BA, Irwin JC. Steroid and peptide regulation of insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins secreted by human endometrial stromal cells is dependent on stromal differentiation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992;75:1235–41
- Calanog A, Sall S, Gordon GG, etal. Androstenedione metabolism in patients with endometrial cancer. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1977;129:553–6
- Schapira DV, Kumar NB, Lyman GH, et al. Upper-body fat distribution and endometrial cancer risk. J Am Med Assoc 1991;266:1808–11
- Elliot EA, Matanoski GM, Rosenshein NB, et al. Body fat patterning in women with endometrial cancer. Gynecol Oncol 1990;39:253–8
- Dijkhuizen FP, Mol BW, Brolmann HA, et al. The accuracy of endometrial sampling in the diagnosis of patients with endometrial carcinoma and hyperplasia: a meta-analysis. Cancer 2000;89:1765–72