Suggested reading
Women's Health Initiative
- Rossouw J E, Anderson G L, Prentice R L, LaCroix A Z, Kooperberg C, Stefanick M L, Jackson R D, Beresford S A, Howard B V, Johnson K C, , Writing Group for the Women's Health Initiative Investigators, et al. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results from the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. J Am Med Assoc 2002; 288: 321–333
- Manson J E, Hsia J, Johnson K C, Rossouw J E, Assaf A R, Lasser N L, Trevisan M, Black H R, Heckbert S R, Detrano R, Strickland O L, , Women's Health Initiative Investigators, et al. Estrogen plus progestin and the risk of coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med 2003; 349: 523–534
- Chlebowski R T, Hendrix S L, Langer R D, Stefanick M L, Gass M, Lane D, Rodabough R J, Gilligan M A, Cyr M G, Thomson C A, , WHI Investigators, et al. Influence of estrogen plus progestin on breast cancer and mammography in healthy postmenopausal women. The Women's Health Initiative Randomized Trial. J Am Med Assoc 2003; 289: 3243–3253
- The Women's Health Initiative Steering Committee. Effects of conjugated equine estrogen in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: The Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. J Am Med Assoc 2004; 291: 1701–1712
- Jackson R D, LaCroix A Z, Gass M, Wallace R B, Robbins J, Lewis C E, Bassford T, Beresford S A, Black H R, Blanchette P, , Women's Health Initiative Investigators, et al. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of fractures. N Engl J Med 2006; 354: 669–683
- Hsia J, Langer R D, Manson J E, Kuller L, Johnson K C, Hendrix S L, Pettinger M, Heckbert S R, Greep N, Crawford S, , Women's Health Initiative Investigators, et al. Conjugated equine estrogens and coronary heart disease: the Women's Health Initiative. Arch Intern Med 2006; 166: 357–365
- Rossouw J E, Prentice R L, Manson J E, Wu L, Barad D, Barnabei V M, Ko M, LaCroix A Z, Margolis K L, Stefanick M L. Postmenopausal hormone therapy and risk of cardiovascular disease by age and years since menopause. J Am Med Assoc 2007; 297: 1465–1477
Editorials
- Sturdee D W, MacLennan A. HT or HRT, that is the question?. Climacteric 2003; 6: 1
- Gambacciani M, Genazzani A R. The missing R. Gynecol Endocrinol 2003; 17: 91–94
- Karas R H, Clarkson T B. Considerations in interpreting the cardiovascular effects of hormone replacement therapy observed in the WHI: timing is everything. Menopausal Med 2003; 10: 8–12
- Kuhl H. Is the elevated breast cancer risk observed in the WHI study an artifact?. Climacteric 2004; 7: 319–322
- Gambacciani M, Genazzani A R. The study with a million women (and hopefully fewer mistakes). Gynecol Endocrinol 2003; 17: 359–362
- Shapiro S. Effects of HRT on the risks of breast cancer and cardiovascular disease: the validity of the epidemiological evidence. Climacteric medicine – Where do we go? Proceedings of the 4th Workshop of the International Menopause Society, H PG Schneider, F Naftolin. Parthenon Publishing, London/New York 2004; 166–174
- Naftolin F, Taylor H S, Karas R. Early initiation of hormone therapy and clinical cardioprotection: the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) could not have detected cardioprotective effects of starting hormone therapy during the menopausal transition. Fertil Steril 2004; 81: 1498–1501
- Siegfried T. It is all in the timing. Nature 2007; 445: 359–361
- Speroff L. What have we learned from the WHI?. Contemporary OB/GYN. Available from http://www.modernmedicine.com/modernmedicine/Estrogen/Guest-Editorial-What-have-we-learned-from-the-WHI/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/426598
Other clinical trials
- Hulley S, Grady D, Bush T, Furberg C, Herrington D, Riggs B, Vittinghoff E. Randomized trial of estrogen plus progestin for secondary prevention of coronary disease in postmenopausal women. Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study (HERS) Research Group. J Am Med Assoc 1998; 280: 605–613
- Herrington D M, Reboussin D R, Brosnihan K B, Sharp P C, Shumaker S A, Snyder T E, Furberg C D, Kowalchuk G J, Stuckey T D, Rogers W J, et al. Effects of estrogen replacement on the progression of coronary artery atherosclerosis. N Engl J Med 2000; 343: 522–529
- Hays J, Ockene J K, Brunner R L, Kotchen J M, Manson J E, Patterson R E, Aragaki A K, Shumaker S A, Brzyski R G, LaCroix A Z, , Women's Health Initiative Investigators, et al. Effects of estrogen plus progestin on health-related quality of life. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 1839–854
- Lobo R A. Evaluation of cardiovascular event rates with hormone therapy in healthy, early postmenopausal women: results from two large clinical trials. Arch Intern Med 2004; 64: 482–484
- Cushman M, Kuller L H, Prentice R, Rodabough R J, Psaty B M, Stafford R S, Sidney S, Rosendaal F R, Women's Health Initiative Investigators. Estrogen plus progestin and risk of venous thrombosis. J Am Med Assoc 2004; 292: 1573–1580
- Grodstein F, Manson J E, Colditz G A, Willett W C, Speizer F E, Stampfer M J. A prospective, observational study of postmenopausal hormone therapy and primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Ann Intern Med 2000; 133: 933–941
- Grodstein F, Stampfer M J, Colditz G A, Willett W C, Manson J E, Joffe M, Rosner B, Fuchs C, Hankinson S E, Hunter D J, et al. Postmenopausal hormone treatment and mortality. N Engl J Med 1997; 336: 1769–1775
- Joakimsen O, Bønaa K H, Stensland-Bugge E, Jacobsen B K. Population-based study of age at menopause and ultrasound assessed carotid atherosclerosis. J Clin Epidemiol 2000; 53: 525–530
- Hu F B, Stampfer M J, Manson J E, Grodstein F, Colditz G A, Speizer F E, Willett W C. Trends in the incidence of coronary heart disease and changes in diet and lifestyle in women. N Engl J Med 2000; 343: 530–537
- Mack W J, Hameed A B, Xiang M, Roy S, Slater C C, Stanczyk F Z, Lobo R A, Liu C R, Liu C H, Hodis H N. Does elevated body mass modify the influence of postmenopausal estrogen replacement on atherosclerosis progression: results from the estrogen in the prevention of atherosclerosis trial. Atherosclerosis 2003; 168: 91–98
- Adams M R, Kaplan J R, Manuck S B, Koritnik D R, Parks J S, Wolfe M S, Clarkson T B. Inhibition of coronary atherosclerosis by 17β-estradiol in ovariectomized monkeys: lack of an effect of added progesterone. Arteriosclerosis 1990; 10: 1051–1057
- Prentice R L, Langer R D, Stefanick M L, Howard B V, Pettinger M, Anderson G L, Barad D, Curb J D, Kotchen J, Kuller L, , Women's Health Initiative Investigators, et al. Combined analysis of Women's Health Initiative observational and clinical trial data on postmenopausal hormone treatment and cardiovascular disease. Am J Epidemiol 2006; 163: 589–599
- Grodstein F, Manson J E, Stampfer M J. Hormone therapy and coronary heart disease: the role of time since menopause and age at hormone initiation. J Women's Health 2006; 15: 35–44
- Genazzani A R, Gambacciani M, Simoncini T. Menopause and aging, quality of life and sexuality. IMS Statement following 6th IMS Workshop, Pisa, December 2006. Climacteric 2007; 10: 88–96
- Biglia N, Ujcic E, Kubatzki F, Sgandurra P, Robba C, Ponzone R, Sismondi P. Personal use of hormone therapy by postmenopausal women doctors and male doctors' wives in Italy after the publication of WHI trial. Maturitas 2006; 54: 181–192
Senile dementia
- Tang M X, Jacobs D, Stern Y, Marder K, Schofield P, Gurland B, Andrews H, Mayeux R. Effect of oestrogen during menopause on risk and age at onset of Alzheimer's disease. Lancet 1996; 348: 429–432
- Zandi P P, Carlson M C, Plassman B L, Welsh-Bohmer K A, Mayer L S, Steffens D C, Breitner J C, Cache County Memory Study Investigators. Hormone replacement therapy and incidence of Alzheimer disease in older women: the Cache County Study. J Am Med Assoc 2002; 88: 2123–2129
- Shumaker S A, Legault C, Kuller L, Rapp S R, Thal L, Lane D S, Fillit H, Stefanick M L, Hendrix S L, Lewis C E, , Women's Health Initiative Memory Study, et al. Conjugated equine estrogens and incidence of probable dementia and mild cognitive impairment in postmenopausal women: Women's Health Initiative Memory Study. J Am Med Assoc 2004; 291: 2947–2958
- Henderson V W, Benke K S, Green R C, Cupples L A, Farrer L A, MIRAGE Study Group. Postmenopausal hormone therapy and Alzheimer's disease risk: interaction with age. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2005; 76: 103–105
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors/serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors
- Althuser L L. The use of SSRi in depressive disorders in women. J Clin Psychiatry 2002; 63: 3–8
- Burt V K, Hendrrick V C. Women's mental health II. APA Publishing, Washington, (DC) 2001
- Mencacci C, Anniverno R. Le patologie psichiatriche nelle donne. Pacini editore, Pisa 2007
Hemostasis/coagulation
- Straczek C, Oger E, Yon de Jonage-Canonico M B, Plu-Bureau G, Conard J, Meyer G, Alhenc-Gelas M, Lévesque H, Trillot N, Barrellier M T, , Estrogen and Thromboembolism Risk (ESTHER) Study Group, et al. Prothrombotic mutations, hormone therapy, and venous thromboembolism among postmenopausal women: impact of the route of estrogen administration. Circulation 2005; 112: 3495–3500
- Kluft C, Jespersen J, de Maat M PM, Bladbjerg E-M, Skouby S O. Effect of genomics on venous thrombosis: relation to sex steroids. Menopausal Med 2006; 13: 1–5
- Canonico M, Oger E, Plu-Bureau G, Conard J, Meyer G, Lévesque H, Trillot N, Barrellier M T, Wahl D, Emmerich J, Scarabin P Y, Estrogen and Thromboembolism Risk (ESTHER) Study Group. Hormone therapy and venous thromboembolism among postmenopausal women: impact of the route of estrogen administration and progestogens: The ESTHER Study. Circulation 2007; 115: 840–845
Osteoporosis
- Kanis J A, Black D, Cooper C, Dargent P, Dawson-Hughes B, De Laet C, Delmas P, Eisman J, Johnell O, Jonsson B, , International Osteoporosis Foundation; National Osteoporosis Foundation, et al. A new approach to the development of assessment guidelines for osteoporosis. A position paper of the IOF and NOF. Osteoporos Int 2002; 13: 527–536
- Bagger Y Z, Tanko L B, Alexandersen P, Ravn P, Christiansen C. Two to three years of hormone replacement therapy in healthy women have long-term prevention effects on bone mass and osteoporotic fractures: the PERF study. Bone 2004; 34: 728–731
- Delmas P D, Rizzoli R, Cooper C, Reginster J Y. Treatment of patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis is worthwhile. The position of the International Osteoporosis Foundation. Osteoporos Int 2005; 16: 1–5
- Lindsay R, Gallagher J C, Kleerekoper M, Pickar J H. Effect of lower doses of conjugated equine estrogens with and without medroxyprogesterone acetate on bone in early postmenopausal women. J Am Med Assoc 2002; 287: 2668–2676
- Lindsay R, Gallagher J C, Kleerekoper M, Pickar J H. Bone response to treatment with lower dosages of conjugated estrogens with and without medroxyprogesterone acetate in early postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int 2005; 16: 372–379
- Boonen S, Lips P, Bouillon R, Bischoff-Ferrari H A, Vanderschueren D, Haentjens P. Need for additional calcium to reduce the risk of hip fracture with vitamin D supplementation: evidence from a comparative meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92: 1415–1423
- Komulainen M H, Kroger H, Tuppurainen M T, Heikkinen A M, Alhava E, Honkanen R, Saarikoski S. HRT and Vit D in prevention of non-vertebral fractures in postmenopausal women; a 5 year randomized trial. Maturitas 1998; 31: 45–54
Breast cancer
- Bush T L, Whiteman M, Flaws J A. Hormone replacement therapy and breast cancer: a qualitative review. Obstet Gynecol 2001; 98: 498–508
- Beral V. Breast cancer and hormone-replacement therapy in the Million Women Study. Lancet 2003; 362: 419–427
- Russo J, Lareef M H, Balogh G, Guo S, Russo I H. Estrogen and its metabolites are carcinogenic in human breast epithelial cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2003; 87: 1–25
- Kuhl H. Is the elevated breast cancer risk observed in the WHI study an artifact?. Climacteric 2004; 7: 319–323
- Fournier A, Berrino F, Riboli E, Avenel V, Clavel-Chapelon F. Breast cancer risk in relation to different types of hormone replacement therapy in the E3N-EPIC cohort. Int J Cancer 2005; 114: 448–454
- Fournier A, Berrino F, Clavel-Chapelon F. Unequal risks for breast cancer associated with different hormone replacement therapies: results from the E3N cohort study. Breast Cancer Res Treat Feb 27, 2007, [Epub ahead of print]
- Anderson G L, Chlebowski R T, Rossouw J E, Rodabough R J, McTiernan A, Margolis K L, Aggerwal A, David Curb J, Hendrix S L, Allan Hubbell F, et al. Prior hormone therapy and breast cancer risk in The Women's Health Initiative randomized trial of estrogen and progestin. Maturitas 2006; 55: 103–115
- Garcia-Closas M, Sherman M, Brinton L. Clarifying breast cancer risks associated with menopausal hormone therapy. Lancet Oncol 2006; 7: 885–886
- Russo J, Fernandez S V, Russo P A, Fernbaugh R, Sheriff F S, Lareef H M, Garber J, Russo I H. 17β-Estradiol induces transformation and tumorigenesis in human breast epithelial cells. FASEB J 2006; 20: 1622–1634
- Stefanick M L, Anderson G L, Margolis K L, Hendrix S L, Rodabough R J, Paskett E D, Lane D S, Hubbell F A, Assaf A R, Sarto G E, , WHI Investigators, et al. Effects of conjugated equine estrogens on breast cancer and mammography screening in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy. J Am Med Assoc 2006; 295: 1647–1657
Low-dose hormone replacement therapy
- Archer D F, Dorin M, Lewis V, Schneider D L, Pickar J H. Effects of lower doses of conjugated equine estrogens and medroxyprogesterone acetate on endometrial bleeding. Fertil Steril 2001; 75: 1080–1087
- Lobo R A, Bush T, Carr B R, Pickar J H. Effects of lower doses of conjugated equine estrogens and medroxyprogesterone acetate on plasma lipids and lipoproteins, coagulation factors, and carbohydrate metabolism. Fertil Steril 2001; 76: 13–24
- Pickar J H, Yeh I, Wheeler J E, Cunnane M F, Speroff L. Endometrial effects of lower doses of conjugated equine estrogens and medroxyprogesterone acetate. Fertil Steril 2001; 76: 25–31
- Utian W H, Shoupe D, Bachmann G, Pinkerton J V, Pickar J H. Relief of vasomotor symptoms and vaginal atrophy with lower doses of conjugated equine estrogens and medroxyprogesterone acetate. Fertil Steril 2001; 75: 1065–1079
- Lindsay R, Gallagher J C, Kleerekoper M, Pickar J H. Effect of lower doses of conjugated equine estrogens with and without medroxyprogesterone acetate on bone in early postmenopausal women. J Am Med Assoc 2002; 287: 2668–2676
- Pickar J H, Yeh I T, Wheeler J E, Cunnane M F, Speroff L. Endometrial effects of lower doses of conjugated equine estrogens and medroxyprogesterone acetate: two-year substudy results. Fertil Steril 2003; 80: 1234–1240