Postpartum mood disorders

REFERENCES

• AFFONSO, D.D. & MAYBERRY, L.J. (1990). Common stressors reported by a group of childbearing American women. Health Care Women International, 11, 331–345
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• AHOKAS, A., KAUKORANTA, j., WAHLBECK, K. & AITO, M. (2001). Estrogen deficiency in severe postpartum depression: successful treatment with sublingual phy-siologic 17beta-estradiol: a preliminary study. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 62, 332–336
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS (1997). Breastfeeding and the use of human milk. American Academy of Pediatrics. Work Group on Breastfeeding. Pediatrics, 100, 1035–1039
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC ASSOCIATION (1968). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (2nd edn). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association
   Google Scholar
• AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC ASSOCIATION (1980). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd edn). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association
   Google Scholar
• AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC ASSOCIATION (1987). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd, rev. edn). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association
   Google Scholar
• AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC ASSOCIATION (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th edn). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association
   Google Scholar
• AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC ASSOCIATION (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th, text revision. edn). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association
   Google Scholar
• AMINO, N., Mom, H., IWATANI, Y., TANIZAWA, O., KAWASHIMA, M., TSUGE, I., IBARAGI, K., KUMAHARA, Y. & MIYAI, K. (1982). High prevalence of transient postpartum thyrotoxicosis and hypothyroidism. New England journal of Medicine, 306, 849–852
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• APPLEBY, L., WARNER, R., WHITTON, A. & FARAGHER, B. (1997). A controlled study of fluoxetine and cognitive-behavioural counselling in the treatment of postnatal depression. BMJ, 314, 932–936
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BAKER, A.A., MolusoN, M., GAME, J.A. & THORPE, J.G. (1961). Admitting schizophrenic mothers with their babies. Lancet, ii, 237–239
   Google Scholar
• BALLINGER, C.B., BUCKLEY, D.E., NAYLOR, G.J. & STANSFIELD, D.A. (1979). Emotional disturbance fol-lowing childbirth: clinical findings and urinary excretion of cyclic AMP (adenosine 3‘5‘cyclic monophosphate). Psychological Medicine, 9, 293–300
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BALLINGER, C.B., KAY, D.S., NAYLOR, G.J. & SMITH, A.H. (1982). Some biochemical findings during pregnancy and after delivery in relation to mood change. Psychological Medicine, 12, 549–556
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BENVENUTI, P., CABRAS, P.L., SERVI, P., ROSSETI, S., MARCHETTI, G. & PAZZAGLI, A. (1992). Puerperal psychoses: a clinical case study with follow-up. Journal of Affective Disorders, 26, 25–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BLOCH, M., SCHMIDT, P.J., DANACEAU, M., MURPHY, j., NIEMAN, L. & RUBINOW, D.R. (2000). Effects of gonadal steroids in women with a history of postpartum depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 924–930
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BOKHARI, R., BHATARA, V.S., BANDETTINI, F. & MCMILLIN, J.M. (1998). Postpartum psychosis and postpartum thyroiditis. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 23, 643–650
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BROCKINGTON, I.F., CERNIK, K. F., SCHOFIELD, E.M., DOWNING, A.R., FRANCIS, A.F. & KEELAN, C. (1981). Puerperal psychosis. Phenomena and diagnosis. Archives of General Psychiatry, 38, 829–833
   Google Scholar
• BROCKINGTON, I.F., MARTIN, C., BROWN, G.W.3 GOLDBERG, D. & MARGISON, F. (1990). Stress and puerperal psychosis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 331–334
   Google Scholar
• BROCKINGTON, I.F. (1996). Motherhood and mental health. Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press
   Google Scholar
• BuRKE, L. (2003). The impact of maternal depression on familial relationships. International Review of Psychiatry, 15, 243–255
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BURT, V. K.3 SUM, R., ALTSHULER, L., STOWE, Z., HENDRICK, V.C. & MUNTEAN, E. (2001). The use of psychotropic medications during breast-feeding. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 1001–1009
   Google Scholar
• CHAUDRON, L.H., KLEIN, M.H., REMINGTON, P., PALTA, M., ALLEN, C. & ESSEX, M.J. (2001). Predictors, prodromes and incidence of postpartum depression. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynecology, 22, 103–112
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• COHEN, L.S., SICHEL, D.A., ROBERTSON, L.M., HECKSCHER, E. & ROSENBAUM, J.F. (1995). Postpartum prophylaxis for women with bipolar disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 1641–1645
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• COHEN, L.S., VIGUERA, A.C., BOUFFARD, S.M., NONACS, R.M., MORABITO, C., COLLINS, M.H. & ABLON, J.S. (2001). Venlafaxine in the treatment of postpartum depression. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 62, 592–596
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• COOPER, P.J., CAMPBELL, E.A., DAY, A.3 KENNERLEY, H. & BoND, A. (1988). Non-psychotic psychiatric disorder after childbirth. A prospective study of prevalence, incidence, course and nature. British Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 799–806
   Google Scholar
• COOPER, P.J. & MURRAY, L. (1995). Course and recurrence of postnatal depression. Evidence for the specificity of the diagnostic concept. British journal of Psychiatry, /66, 191–195
   Google Scholar
• Cox, J.L., CONNOR, Y. & KENDELL, R.E. (1982). Prospective study of the psychiatric disorders of child-birth. British Journal of Psychiatry, 140, 111–117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox, J.L., HOLDEN, J.M. & SAGOVSKY, R. (1987). Detection of postnatal depression. Development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. British Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 782–786
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox, J.L., MURRAY, D. & CHAPMAN, G. (1993). A controlled study of the onset, duration and prevalence of postnatal depression. British journal of Psychiatry, /63, 27–31
   Google Scholar
• Cox, J.L., CHAPMAN, G., MURRAY, D. & JONES, P. (1996). Validation of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) in non-postnatal women. Journal of Affective Disorders, 39, 185–189
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• COYLE, N., JONES, I., ROBERTSON, E., LENDON, C. & CRADDOCK, N. (2000). Variation at the serotonin transporter gene influences susceptibility to bipolar affective puerperal psychosis. Lancet, 356, 1490–1491
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CurRoNA, C.E. (1983). Causal attributions and perinatal depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 92, 161–172
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D‘ORBAN, P.T. (1979). Women who kill their children. British Journal of Psychiatry, 134, 560–571
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DALTON, K. (1971). Prospective study into puerperal depression. British Journal of Psychiatry, 118, 689–692
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DALTON, K. (1985). Progesterone prophylaxis used successfully in postnatal depression. Practitioner, 229, 507–508
   Google Scholar
• DAVIDSON, J.R.T. (1972). Postpartum mood change in Jamaican women: a description and discussion on its significance. British Journal of Psychiatry, 121, 659–663
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DAVIDSON, J. & ROBERTSON, E. (1985). A follow-up study of postpartum illness, 1946-1978. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 71, 451–457
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DEAN, C., WILLIAMS, R.J. & BROCKINGTON, I.F. (1989). Is puerperal psychosis the same as bipolar manic-depressive disorder? A family study. Psychological Medicine, /9, 637–647
   Google Scholar
• DEMAND, N.H. (1994). Birth, death, and motherhood in Classical Greece. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press
   Google Scholar
• DENNERSTEIN, L.3 MORSE, C.A. & VARNAVIDES, K. (1988). Premenstrual tension and depression-Is there a relationship? Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynecology, 8, 45–52
   Google Scholar
• DOWLATSHAIII, D. & PAYKEL, E.S. (1990). Life events and social stress in puerperal psychoses: absence of effect. Psychological Medicine, 20, 655–662
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EBERHARD-GRAN, M., ESIULD, A., TAMS, K., OPJORDSMOEN, S. & SAMUELSEN, S.O. (2001). Review of validation studies of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 104, 243–249
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FEKSI, A., HARms, B., RR. F . 3 RIAD-FAHMY, D. & NEWCOMBE, R.G. (1984). ‘Maternity blues‘ and hormone levels in saliva. Journal of Affective Disorders, 6, 351–355
   Google Scholar
• FRANK, E., KUPFER, D.J., JACOB, M., BLUMENTHAL, S. J. & JARRETT, D.B. (1987). Pregnancy-related affective episodes among women with recurrent depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 288–293
   Google Scholar
• GARD, P.R., HANDLEY, S .L. 3 PARSONS, A.D. & WALDRON, G. (1986). A multivariate investigation of postpartum mood disturbance. British Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 567–575
   Google Scholar
• GEORGE, A.J. & WILSON, K.C. (1981). Monoamine oxidase activity and the puerperal blues syndrome. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 25, 409–413
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GLINOER, D., DE NAYER, P., BOURDOUX3 P., LEMONE, M., ROBYN, C., VAN STEIRTEGHEM, A., KINTHAERT, J. & LEJEUNE, B. (1990). Regulation of maternal thyroid during pregnancy. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 71, 276–287
   Google Scholar
• GOTLIB, . E. 3 WALLACE, P.M. & MouNT, J.H. (1991). Prospective investigation of postpartum depression: factors involved in onset and recovery. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 122–132
   Google Scholar
• GREGOIRE, A.J., KumAR, R., EVEIUTT, B., HENDERSON, A.F. & STUDD, J.W. (1996). Transdermal oestrogen for treatment of severe postnatal depression. Lancet, 347, 930–933
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GUREL, S. & GUREL, H. (2000). The evaluation of deter-minants of early postpartum low mood: the importance of parity and inter-pregnancy interval. European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 9/, 21–24
   Google Scholar
• HANDLEY, S .L. 3 DUNN, T .L. 3 BAKER, J.M. 3 CO CKSHOTT, C. & GOULD, S. (1977). Mood changes in puerperium, and plasma tryptophan and cortisol concentrations. British Medical journal, 2, 18–20
   Google Scholar
• HANDLEY, S.L.3 Du, T.L.3 WALDRON, G. & BAKER, J.M. (1980). Tryptophan, cortisol and puerperal mood. British Journal of Psychiatry, /36, 498–508
   Google Scholar
• HANNAH, P., ADAMS, D., I .FF3 A., GLOVER, V. & SANDLER, M. (1992). Links between early postpartum mood and postnatal depression. British Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 777–780
   Google Scholar
• HAPGOOD, C C .3 ELKIND, G.S. & WRIGHT, J.J. (1988). Maternity blues: phenomena and relationship to later postpartum depression. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 22, 299–306
   Google Scholar
• HARRIS, B. (1980). Maternity blues. British journal of Psychiatry, /36, 520–521
   Google Scholar
• HARRIS, B. (1981). ‘Maternity blues‘ in East African clinic attenders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 38, 1293–1295
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HARRIS, B.
   Google Scholar
• HARRIS, B., LOVETT, L., NEWCOMBE, R. G. 3 READ, G. F . 3 WALKER, R. & RIAD-FAHMY, D. (1994). Maternity blues and major endocrine changes: Cardiff puerperal mood and hormone study II. British Medical Journal, 308, 949–953
   Google Scholar
• HENDRICK, V., ALTSHULER, L., STROUSE, T. & GROSSER, S. (2000). Postpartum and non-postpartum depression: differences in presentation and response to pharmaco-logic treatment. Depression and Anxiety, 11, 66–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HOPKINS, J., CAMPBELL, S.B. & MARCUS, M. (1989). Postpartum depression and postpartum adaptation: overlapping constructs? Journal of Affective Disorders, /7, 251–254
   Google Scholar
• IMPASTATO, D. & GABRIEL, A. (1964). Electroshock therapy during the puerperium. Journal of the American Medical Association, /63, 1017–1022
   Google Scholar
• JONES, I., MIDDLE, F., MCCANDLESS, F., COYLE, N., ROBERTSON, E.3 BROCKINGTON3 I., LENDON, C. & CRADDOCK, N. (2000). Molecular genetic studies of bipolar disorder and puerperal psychosis at two polymorphisms in the estrogen receptor alpha gene (ESR 1). American Journal of Medical Genetics, 96, 850–853
   Google Scholar
• JONES, I. & CRADDOCK, N. (2001). Familiality of the puerperal trigger in bipolar disorder: results of a family study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 913–917
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JOSEFSSON, A., BERG, G., NORDIN, C. & SYDSJO, G. (2001). Prevalence of depressive symptoms in late pregnancy and postpartum. Acta Obstetrica et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 80, 251–255
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JOSEFSSON, A., ANGELSIO O, BERG, L., EKSTROM, G., C .M., GUNNERVIK, NORDIN, C., C. & SYDSJO, G. (2002). Obstetric, somatic, and demographic risk factors for postpartum depressive symptoms. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 99, 223–228
   Google Scholar
• KENDELL, R. E. 3 MCGUIRE, R.J. 3 CONNOR, Y. & Cox, J.L. (1981). Mood changes in the first three weeks after childbirth. Journal of Affective Disorders, 3, 317–326
   Google Scholar
• KENDELL, R.E. (1985). Emotional and physical factors in the genesis of puerperal mental disorders. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 29, 3–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KENDELL, R.E.3 CHALMERS, J. C . & PLATZ, C. (1987). Epidemiology of puerperal psychoses. British Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 662–673
   Google Scholar
• KENNERLEY, H. & GATH, D. (1989a). Maternity blues. I. Detection and measurement by questionnaire. British Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 356–362
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KENNERLEY, H. & GATH, D. (1989b). Maternity blues. III. Associations with obstetric, psychological, and psychia-tric factors. British Journal of Psychiatry, /55, 367–373
   Google Scholar
• KESSLER, R.C., MCGONAGLE, K.A., ZHAo, S., NELSON, C .B .3 HUGHES, M., ESHLEMAN, S., WITTCHEN, H.U. & KENDLER, K.S. (1994a). Lifetime and 12-month pre-valence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States. Results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51, 8–19
   Google Scholar
• KESSLE R, . C ., MCGONAGLE, K.A., NELSON, C B HUGHES, M., SWARTZ, M. & BLAZER, D.G. (1994b). Sex and depression in the National Comorbidity Survey. II: Cohort effects. Journal of Affective Disorders, 30, 15–26
   Google Scholar
• KLOMPENHOUWER, J.L. & VAN HULST, A.M. (1991). Classification of postpartum psychosis: a study of 250 mother and baby admissions in The Netherlands. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 84, 255–261
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KumAR, R. & RoBsoN, K.M. (1984). A prospective study of emotional disorders in childbearing women. British Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 35–47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kum R (1994). Postnatal mental illness: a trans-cultural perspective. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 29, 250–264
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KumAR, C., McIvoR, R.J., DAvtEs, T., BROWN, N., PAPADOPOULOS, A., WIECK3 A., CHECKLEY, S.A., CAMPBELL, I. C . & MARKS, M.N. (2003). Estrogen administration does not reduce the rate of recurrence of affective psychosis after childbirth. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 64, 112–118
   Google Scholar
• LLEWELLYN, A. & STOWE, Z.N. (1998). Psychotropic medications in lactation. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 59(Suppl 2), 41–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MARKS, M.N., WIECK, A., CHECKLEY, S.A. & . (1992). Contribution of psychological and social factors to psychotic and non-psychotic relapse after childbirth in women with previous histories of affective disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 24, 253–263
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MARTIN, C .J., BROWN, G.W., GOLDBERG, D.P. & BROCIUNGTON, I.F. (1989). Psycho-social stress and puerperal depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 16, 283–293
   Google Scholar
• McNE1L, T.F. (1988). Women with non-organic psycho-sis: psychiatric and demographic characteristics of cases with versus without postpartum psychotic episodes. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 78, 603–609
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MEAKIN, C.J., BROCKINGTON, I.F., LYNCH, S. & JONES, S.R. (1995). Dopamine supersensitivity and hormonal status in puerperal psychosis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 166, 73–79
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MIDDLE, F .3 JONES, 1.3 ROBERTSON, E.3 MOREY, J.3 LENDON, C. & CRADDOCK, N. (2003). Variation in the coding sequence and flanking splice junctions of the estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) gene does not play an important role in genetic susceptibility to bipolar disorder or bipolar affective puerperal psychosis. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 118B, 72–75
   Google Scholar
• MILLER, L.J. & RUKSTALIS, M. (1999). Beyond the ‘blues‘: Hypotheses about postpartum reactivity. In: L.J. MILLER (Ed), Postpartum mood disorders (pp. 3–20). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press
   Google Scholar
• MURRAY, L. & CAROTHERS, A.D. (1990). The validation of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale on a community sample. British Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 288–290
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NAGATA, M.3 NAGAI, Y.3 SOBAJIMA, H.3 ANDO3 T.3 NISHIDE, Y. & How, S. (2000). Maternity blues and attachment to children in mothers of full-term normal infants. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 101, 209–217
   Google Scholar
• NAPPI, R.E., PETRAGLIA, F., Luis‘, S., PoLAT-n, F., FARINA, C. & GENAZZANI, A.R. (2001). Serum allopregnanolone in women with postpartum ‘blues‘. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 97, 77–80
   Google Scholar
• NOLEN-HOEKSEMA, S. & GIRGUS, J.S. (1994). The emer-gence of gender differences in depression during adolescence. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 424–443
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NOTT P.N., FRANKLIN, M.3 ARMITAGE, C. & GELDER, M.G. (1976). Hormonal changes and mood in the puerper-ium. British Journal of Psychiatry, 128, 379–383
   Google Scholar
• O‘HARA, M.W., REHm, L.P. & CAMPBELL, S.B. (1982). Predicting depressive symptomatology: cognitive-beha-vioral models and postpartum depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 91, 457–461
   Google Scholar
• O‘HARA, M.W., REHm, L.P. & CAMPBELL, S.B. (1983). Postpartum depression. A role for social network and life stress variables. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 171, 336–341
   Google Scholar
• O‘HARA, M.W., NEUNABER, D.J. & ZEKOSKI, E.M. (1984). Prospective study of postpartum depression: prevalence, course, and predictive factors. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 93, 158–171
   Google Scholar
• O‘HARA, M.W. (1986). Social support, life events, and depression during pregnancy and the puerperium. Archives of General Psychiatry, 43, 569–573
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O‘HARA, M.W., ZEKOSKI, E.M., PHILIPPS, L.H. & WRIGHT, E.J. (1990). Controlled prospective study of postpartum mood disorders: comparison of childbearing and non-childbearing women. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 99, 3–15
   Google Scholar
• O‘HARA, M.W., SCHLECHTE, J.A., LEWIS, D.A. & WRIGHT, E.J. (1991a). Prospective study of postpartum blues. Biologic and psychosocial factors. Archives of General Psychiatry, 48, 801–806
   Google Scholar
• O‘HARA, M.W., SCHLECHTE, J.A., LEWIS, D.A. & VARNER, M.W. (1991b). Controlled prospective study of post-partum mood disorders: psychological, environmental, and hormonal variables. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 63–73
   Google Scholar
• O‘HARA, M.W. (1995). Postpartum depression: causes and consequences. New York: Springer-Verlag
   Google Scholar
• O‘HARA, M.W. & SWAIN, A.M. (1996). Rates and risk of postpartum depression-a meta-analysis. International Review of Psychiatry, 8, 37–54
   Google Scholar
• O‘HARA, M.W., STUART, S., GORMAN, L.L. & WENZEL, A. (2000). Efficacy of interpersonal psychotherapy for postpartum depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57, 1039–1045
   Google Scholar
• PAFFENBARGE R. (1961). The picture puzzle of post-partum psychoses. journal of Chronic Diseases, /3, 161–173
   Google Scholar
• PAYKEL, E.S., EMMS, E.M., FLETCHER, J. & RASSABY, E.S. (1980). Life events and social support in puer-peral depression. British Journal of Psychiatry, /36, 339–346
   Google Scholar
• PAYKEL, E.S., DEL CAMPO, WHITE A.M.,, W. & HORTON, R. (1991). Neuroendocrine challenge studies in puerperal psychoses. Dexamethasone suppression and TRH stimulation. British Journal of Psychiatry, /59, 262–266
   Google Scholar
• PHILIPPS, L.H. & O‘HARA, M.W. (1991). Prospective study of postpartum depression: 4 1/2-year follow-up of women and children. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 151–155
   Google Scholar
• PITT, B. (1968). ‘Atypical‘ depression following childbirth. British Journal of Psychiatry, 114, 1325–1335
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PITT, B. (1973). ‘Maternity blues‘. British Journal of Psychiatry, 122, 431–433
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PLATZ, C. & KENDELL, R.E. (1988). A matched-control follow-up and family study of ‘puerperal psychoses‘. British Journal of Psychiatry, /53, 90–94
   Google Scholar
• PLAYFAIR, H.R. & GOWERS, J.I. (1981). Depression follow-ing childbirth-a search for predictive signs. Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners, 3/, 201–208
   Google Scholar
• Pop, V.J., DE ROOY, VADER H.A.,, H.L., VAN DER HEIDE, D., VAN SON, KOMPROE, M., I.H., EssED, G.G. & DE GEUS, C.A. (1991). Postpartum thyroid dysfunc-tion and depression in an unselected population. New England Journal of Medicine, 324, 1815–1816
   Google Scholar
• REED, P .3 SERMIN, N.3 APPLEBY, L. & FARAGHER, B. (1999). A comparison of clinical response to electroconvulsive therapy in puerperal and non-puerperal psychoses. Journal of Affective Disorders, 54, 255–260
   Google Scholar
• REGIER, D.A., NARROW, W.E., RAE, D.S., MANDERSCHEID, R.W., LocKE, B.Z. & GooDwIN, F.K. (1993). The de facto US mental and addictive disorders service system. Epidemiologic catchment area prospective one-year prevalence rates of disorders and services. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50, 85–94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• REICH, T. & WINOKUR, G. (1970). Postpartum psychoses in patients with manic-depressive disease. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 151, 60–68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RESNICK, P.J. (1969). Child murder by parents: a psychiatric review of filicide. American Journal of Psychiatry, 126, 325–334
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RHODE, A. & MARNEROS, A. (1993). Postpartum psychoses: onset and long-term course. Psychopathology, 26, 203–209
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RIGHETTI-VELTEMA, M.3 CONNE-PERREARD, E.3 BOUSQUET, A. & MANZANO, J. (1998). Risk factors and predictive signs of postpartum depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 49, 167–180
   Google Scholar
• SCHOPF, J.3 BRYOIS3 C3 JONQUIERE, M. & LE, P.K. (1984). On the nosology of severe psychiatric post-partum disorders. Results of a catamnestic investigation. European Archives of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences, 234, 54–63
   Google Scholar
• SCHOPF, J. & RUST, B. (1994). Follow-up and family study of postpartum psychoses. Part I: Overview. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 244, 101–111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SICHEL, D.A., COHEN, L. S., ROBERTSON, L.M., RUTTENBERG, A. & ROSENBAUM, J.F. (1995). Prophylactic estrogen in recurrent postpartum affective disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 38, 814–818
   Google Scholar
• SNEDDON, J. & KERRY, R.J. (1984). Puerperal psychosis: a suggested treatment model. American Journal of Social Psychiatry, 4, 30–34
   Google Scholar
• STANTON, J. & SIMPSON, A. (2002). Filicide: a review. International Journal of Law Psychiatry, 25, 1–14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• STEIN, G., MILTON, F., BEBBINGToN, P., WOOD, K. & COPPEN, A. (1976). Relationship between mood disturbances and free and total plasma tryptophan in postpartum women. British Medical Journal, 2, 457
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• STEIN, G.S. (1980). The pattern of mental change and body weight change in the first postpartum week. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 24, 165–171
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• STEIN, G., MARSH, A. & MORTON, J. (1981). Mental symptoms, weight changes, and electrolyte excretion in the first postpartum week. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 25, 395–408
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• STEWART, D.E., ADDISON, A.M., ROBINSON, G.E., JorrE, R, BURROW, G.N. & OLmsTED, M.P. (1988). Thyroid function in psychosis following childbirth. American Journal of Psychiatry, 145, 1579–1581
   Google Scholar
• STEWART, D.E., KLOMPENHOUWER, J.L., KENDELL, R.E. & VAN HULST, A.M. (1991). Prophylactic lithium in puerperal psychosis. The experience of three centres. British Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 393–397
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• STOWE, Z.N., CASARELLA, J. & LANDRY, J. (1995). Sertraline in the treatment of women with antenatal and postpartum depression. Depression, 3,49–55
   Google Scholar
• TERP, I.M. & MORTENSEN, P.B. (1998). Postpartum psychoses. Clinical diagnoses and relative risk of admission after parturition. British Journal of Psychiatry, 172, 521–526
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WARNER, R., APPLEBY, L., WHITTON, A. & FARAGHER, B. (1996). Demographic and obstetric risk factors for postnatal psychiatric morbidity. British Journal of Psychiatry, 168, 607–611
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WATSON, J.P., Fijorr, S.A., Ruoo, A.J. & BROUGH, D.I. (1984). Psychiatric disorder in pregnancy and the first postnatal year. British Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 453–462
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WIECK, A., KUMAR, R., HIRST, A.D., MARKS, M.N., CAMPBELL, I.C. & CHECKLEY, S.A. (1991). Increased sensitivity of dopamine receptors and recurrence of affective psychosis after childbirth. British Medical Journal, 303, 613–616
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WILE, J. & ARECHIGA, M. (1999). Sociocultural aspects of postpartum depression. In: L.J. MILLER (Ed), Postpartum mood disorders (pp. 83–98). Washington DC: American Psychiatric Press
   Google Scholar
• WISNER, K.L. & WHEFT FR, S.B. (1994). Prevention of recurrent postpartum major depression. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 45, 1191–1196
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• WISNER, K.L., PEINDL, K. & HANUSA, B.H. (1994). Symptomatology of affective and psychotic illnesses related to childbearing. Journal of Affective Disorders, 30, 77–87
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WISNER, K.L., PEREL, J.M. & FINDLING, R.L. (1996). Antidepressant treatment during breast-feeding. American Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 1132–1137
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WISNER, K.L., PEINDL, K.S., GIGLIOTTI, T. & HANUSA, B.H. (1999). Obsessions and compulsions in women with postpartum depression. journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 60, 176–180
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WISNER, K.L., PEREL, J.M., PEINDL, K.S., HANUSA, B.H., FINDLING, R.L. & RAPPORT, D. (2001). Prevention of recurrent postpartum depression: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 62, 82–86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (1992). The ICD-10 classi-fication of mental and behavioural disorders: clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO
   Google Scholar
• YALOM, I.D., LUNDE, D.T., Moos, R.H. & HAMBURG, D.A. (1968). ‘Postpartum blues‘ syndrome. A description and related variables. Archives of General Psychiatry, 18, 16–27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZELKOWITZ, P. & MILET, T.H. (1995). Screening for postpartum depression in a community sample. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 40, 80–86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar