References
- Ashton, H. (1994). Guidelines for the rational use of benzo-diazepines. When and what to use. Drugs, 48, 25–40.
- Barnas, C., Fleishhacker, W. W., Whitworth, A. B., Schett, P., Stuppack, C., & Hinterhuber, H. (1991). Characteristics of benzodiazepine long-term users: investigation of benzo-diazepine consumers among pharmacy customers. Psycho-pharmacology (Berl.),103, 233–239.
- Barter, G., & Cormack, M. (1996). The long-term use of benzodiazepines: patients' views, accounts and experiences. Family Practice, 13, 491–497.
- Bateson, A. N. (2002). Basic pharmacologic mechanisms involved in benzodiazepine tolerance and withdrawal. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 8, 5–21.
- Busto, U., Sellers, E. M., Naranjo, C. A., Cappell, H., Sanchez-Craig, M., & Sykora, K. (1986). Withdrawal reaction after long-term therapeutic use of benzodiazepines. New England Journal of Medicine, 315, 854–859.
- Busto, U., & Sellers, E. M. (1991). Pharmacological aspects of benzodiazepine tolerance and dependence. Journal of Substance Abuse and Treatment, 8, 29–33.
- Busto, U. E., Ruiz, I., Busto, M., & Gacitua. (1996). Benzodia-zepine use in Chile: impact of availability on use, abuse, and dependence. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 16, 363–372.
- Couvee, J. E., Bakker, A., & Zitman, F. G. (2002). The relevance of psychiatric and somatic comorbidity in depressed chronic benzodiazepine users. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 71, 263–268.
- CPS (2003). Compendium of Pharmaceutical and Specialities. 38th edition. Canadian Pharmaceutical Association of Canada, Ottawa, Canada.
- Damestoy, N., Collin, J., & Lalande, R (1999). Prescribing psychotropic medication for elderly patients: some physi-cians' perspectives. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 161, 143–145.
- De Las Cuevas, C., Sanz, E., De La Fuente, J. A., Cabrera, C., & Mateos, A. (1999). Prescribed daily doses and 'risk' factors associated with the use of benzodiazepines in primary care. Pharmacoepiclemiology and Drug Safety, 8, 207–216.
- Egan, M., Moride, Y., Wolfson, C., & Monette J. (2000). Long-term continuous use of benzodiazepines by older adults in Quebec: prevalence and risk factors. Journal of the American Geriatric Society, 48, 811–816.
- Fourrier, A., Letenneur, L., Dartigues, J. F., Moore, N., & Begaud, B. (2001). Benzodiazepines use in an elderly community-dwelling population. Characteristics of users and factors associated with subsequent use. European Journal of Pharmacology, 57, 419–425.
- Gales, B. J., & Menard, S. M. (1995). Relationship between the administration of selected medications and falls in hospitalized elderly patients. Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 29, 534–538.
- Gray, S. L., Eggen, A. E., Blough, D., Buchner, D., & Lacroix, A. Z. (2003). Benzodiazepine use in older adults enrolled in a health maintenance organization. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 11, 568–576.
- Hajak, G., Clarenbach, P., Fisher, W., Rodenbeck, A., Bandelow, B., Broocks, A., et al. (1998). Rebound insomnia after hypnotic withdrawal in insomniac outpatients. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 248, 148–156.
- Holbrook, A. M., Crowther, R., Lotter, A., Cheng, C., & King, D. (2000). The diagnosis and management of insomnia in clinical practice: a practical evidence-based approach. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 62, 216–220.
- Holden, J. D., Hughes, I. M., & Tree, A. (1994). Benzodiazepine prescribing and withdrawal for 3234 patients in 15 practices. Family Practice, 11, 358–362.
- Ishigooka, J., Sugiyama, T., Suzuki, M., Kobayashi, K., Takeuchi, H., & Murasaki, M. (1998). Survival analytic approach to long-term prescription of benzodiazepine hypnotics. Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 52, 541–545.
- Kallin, K., Jensen, J., Olsson, L. L., Nyberg, L., & Gustafson, Y. (2004). Why the elderly fall in residential care facilities and suggested remedies. Journal of Family Practice, 53, 41–52.
- Lader, M. (1992). Rebound insomnia and newer hypnotics. Psychopharmacology (Berlin), 108, 248–455.
- Lader, M. (1997). Zopiclone: is there any dependence and abuse potential? Journal of Neurology, 244(4 Suppl 1), S18–S22.
- Lenze, E. J., Pollock, B. G., Shear, M. K., Mulsant, B. H., Bharucha, A., & Reynolds, C.F., 3rd. (2003). Treatment considerations for anxiety in the elderly. Central Nervous System Spectrum, 8(12 Suppl 3), 6–13.
- Levine, J., Cole, D. P., Chengappa, K. N. R., & Gershon, S. (2001). Anxiety disorders and major depression, together or apart. Depression and Anxiety, 14, 94–104.
- Linden, M., Bar, T., & Geiselmann, B. (1998). Patient treatment insistence and medication craving in long-term low-dosage benzodiazepine prescriptions. Psychological Medicine, 28, 721–729.
- Magrini, N., Vaccheri, A., Parma, E., D'Aessandro, R., Bottoni, A., Occhionero, M., et al. (1996). Use of benzo-diazepines in the Italian general population: prevalence, pattern of use and risk factors for use. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 50, 19–25.
- Mah, L., & Upshur, R E. (2002). Long term benzodiazepine use for insomnia in patients over the age of 60: discordance of patient and physician perceptions. BMC Family Practice, http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2296/3/9:1–6.
- McNutt, L. A., Coles, F. B., McAuliffe, T., Baird, S., Morse, D. L., Strogatz, D. S., et al. (1994). Impact of regulation on benzodiazepine prescribing to a low-income elderly population, New York State. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 47, 613–625.
- Mendelson, W. B., & Jain, B. (1995). An assessment of short-acting hypnotics. Drug Safety, 13, 257–270.
- Naja, W. J., Pelissolo, A., Haddad, R. S., Baddoura, R., & Baddoura, C. (2000). A general population survey on patterns of benzodiazepine use and dependence in Lebanon. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 102, 429–431.
- Nelson, J., & Chouinard, G. (1999). Guidelines for the clinical use of benzodiazepines: pharmokinetics, dependency, rebound and withdrawal. Canadian Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 6,69–83.
- Neutel, C. I. (1995). Risk of traffic accident injury after a prescription for a benzodiazepine. Annals of Epidemiolology, 5, 239–244.
- Neutel, C. I., Hirdes, J. P, Maxwell, C. J., & Patten, S. B. (1996). New evidence on benzodiazepine use and falls: the time factor. Age and Aging, 25, 273–278.
- Neutel, C. I., Perry, S., & Maxwell, C. (2002). Medication use and risk of falls. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety, 11, 97–104.
- Neutel, C. I., Walop, W., & Patten, S. B. (2003). Can continuing benzodiazepine use be predicted? Canadian Journal Clinical Pharmacology, 10, 202–206.
- Noble, S., Langtry, H. D., & Lamb, H. M. (1998). Zopiclone. An update of its pharmacology, clinical efficacy and tolerability in the treatment of insomnia. Drugs, 55, 277–302.
- Patented Medicine Prices Review Board (1994). ATC Classification System for Human Medicines. Patented Medicine Prices Review Board, Ottawa, Canada.
- Pimlott, N. J., Hux, J. E., Wilson, L. M., Kahan, M., Li, C., & Rosser, W. W. (2003). Educating physicians to reduce benzodiazepine use by elderly patients: a randomized controlled trial. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 168, 835–839.
- Ray, W. A., Griffin, M. R., Schaffner, W., Baugh, D. K., SE Melton 3rd, L. J. (1987). Psychotropic drug use and the risk of hip fracture. New England Journal of Medicine, 316, 363–369.
- Rickels, K., Schweizer, E., Case, W. G., & Greenblatt, D. J. (1990). Long-term therapeutic use of benzodiazepines. I. Effects of abrupt discontinuation. Archives of General Psychiatry, 47, 899–907.
- Rickels, K., Lucki, I., Schweizer, E., Garcia-Espana, F., & Case, W. G. (1999). Psychomotor performance of long-term benzodiaze-pine users before, during, and after benzodiazepine discontinua-tion. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 19, 107–113.
- Salzman, C. (1993). Issues and controversies regarding benzodia-zepine use. In: J. R. Cooper, D. J. Czechowicz & S. P. Molinari (Eds), Impact of prescription drug diversion control systems on medical practice and patient care. Rockville, USA: Department of Health and Human Services.
- Schweizer, E., Rickels, K., Case, W. G., & Greenblatt, D. J. (1990). Long-term therapeutic use of benzodiazepines. II. Effects of gradual taper. Archives of General Psychiatry, 47, 908–915.
- Tu, K., Marndani, M. M., Hux, J. E., SE Tu, J. B. (2001). Progressive trends in the prevalence of benzodiazepine prescribing in older people in Ontario, Canada. Journal of the American Geriatric Society, 49, 1341–1345.
- Vgontzas, A. N., Kales, A., & Bixler, E. 0. (1995). Benzodiazepines side effects: role of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Pharmacology, 51, 205–223.
- Walop, W., & Semenchuk, M. (2002). Coding of drugs used by respondents of the Canadian study of health and aging. Canadian Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 9,64–68.
- Weintraub, M., Singh, S., Byrne, L., Maharaji, K., & Guttmacher, L. (1991). Consequences of the 1989 New York State triplicate benzodiazepine prescription regulations. Journal of the American Medical Association, 266, 2392–2397.
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology/ Nordic Council on Medicines.