179
Views
33
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

The epidemiology of psychotropic drug use in children and adolescents

&
Pages 181-188 | Published online: 19 Aug 2009

References

  • Abi Khaled, L., Ahmad, F., Brogan, T., Fearnley, J., Graham, J., Macleod, S., et al. (2003). Prescription medicine use by one million Canadian children. Paediatrics & Child Health, 8 (Suppl A), 34A–42A.
  • American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (1998). Practice parameters for the assessment and the treatment of children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of the American Academy Children Adolescents Psychiatry, 37 (10S), 27S–45S.
  • American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV-TR). Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association.
  • Arnold, L. E. (2000). Methylphenidate vs. amphetamine: com-parative review. Journal of Attention Disorder, 3,200–211.
  • Barbaresi, W., Katusic, S., Colligan, R., Weaver, A., Pankratz, V., Mrazek, D., et al. (2004). How common is attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder? Towards resolution of the controversy: results from a population-based study. Acta Paediatrica, 445, 55–59.
  • Banaschewski T., Roessner, V., Dittmann, R. W., Santosh, P. J., & Rothenberger, A. (2004). Non-stimulant medications in the treatment of ADHD. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 13, 1/102–1/116.
  • Barrickman, L. L., Perry, P. J., Allen, A. J., Kuperman, S., Arndt, S. V., Hen-mann, K. J., et al. (1995). Bupropion versus methylphenidate in the treatment of attention-deficit hyper-activity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34, 649–657.
  • Biederman, J., Heiligenstein, J. H., Faries, D. E., Galil, N., Dittmann, R., Emslie, G. J., et al., SE the Atomoxetine ADHD Study Group. (2002). Efficacy of atomoxetine versus placebo in school-age girls with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics, 110, 6. URL: http://www.pediatric.org/cgi/content/ ful1/110/6/e75 (accessed in April 2005).
  • Birmaher, B., Ryan, N. D., Williamson, D. E., Brent, D. A., Kaufman, J., Dahl, R. E., et al. (1996). Childhood and adolescent depression: a review of the past 10 years. Part I.
  • Journal of American Academic Adolescent Psychiatry, 35, 1427-1439.
  • Bonati, M. (1994). Epidemiologic evaluation of drug use in children. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 34, 300-305. Bradley, C. (1937). The behavior of children receiving benzedrine. American Journal of Psychiatry, 29, 773–781.
  • Brent, D. A., & Birmaher, B. (2002). Adolescent depression. New England Journal of Medicine, 347, 667–671.
  • Brown, T. E. (1995). Attention-deficit disorders and comorbidities in children, adolescents, and adults (First Edition). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
  • Charach, A., Ickowicz, A., & Schachar, R. (2004). Stimulant treatment over five years: adherence, effectiveness, and adverse effects. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 43, 559–567.
  • Clavenna, A., Bonati, M., Rossi, E., & De Rosa, M. (2004). Increase in non-evidence based use of antidepressants in children is cause for concern. British Medical Journal, 328, 711–712.
  • Committee on Safety of Medicines. (2003). Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Use in children and adolescents with major depressive disorder. 10 December 2003 available at URL http:// www.mca.gov.uk/ourwork/monitorsafequalmed/safetymessages/ cemssri_101203.pdf (accessed in April 2005).
  • Conners, C. K., Casat, C. D., Gualtieri, C. T., Weller, E., Reader, M., Reiss, R. A., et al. (1996). Bupropion hydro-chloride in attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35, 1314–1321.
  • Connor, D. F., Fletcher, K. E., & Swanson, J. M. (1999). A meta-analysis of clonidine for symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 38, 1551–1559.
  • Delate, T., Gelenberg, A. J., Simmons, V. A., & Motheral, B. R. (2004). Trends in the use of antidepressants in a national sample of commercially insured pediatric patients, 1998 to 2002. Psychiatric Services, 55, 387–391.
  • Editorial (2004). Limited data suggest that the long-term use of stimulants in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder is effective and safe. Drugs & Therapy Perspectives, 20, 14–16.
  • Food and Drug Administration (2004a). Public Health Advisory, 15 October 2004. Suicidality in children and adolescents being treated with antidepressant medications. URL: http://www.fda. gov/cder/drug/antidepressants/SSRIPHA200410.htm (accessed in April 2005).
  • Food and Drug Administration (2004b). New Warning for Strattera. URL: http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ANSWERS/ 2004/anso1335.html (accessed in April 2005).
  • Food and Drug Administration (2003a). Talk paper FDA approves Prozac for pediatric use to treat depression and OCD available at URL: http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ANSWERS/ 2003/ANS01187.html (accessed in April 2005).
  • Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (2003b). Statistical review of Prozac for pediatric OCD and depression. URL: http://www.fda.gov/cder/foi/nda/ 2003/18936S064_Prozac%20Pulvules_statr.pdf (accessed in April 2005).
  • Geller, D. A., Biederman, J., Stewart, S. E., Mullin, B., Martin, A., Spencer, T., et al. (2003). Which SSRI? A meta-analysis of pharmacotherapy trials in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 1919–1928.
  • Hammad, T. A. (2004). Relationship between psychotropic drugs and pediatric suicidality. URL: http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/ dockets/ac/04/briefing/2004-4065b1-10-TAB08-Hammads-Review.pdf (accessed in April 2005).
  • Hazell, P., O'Connell, D., Heathcote, D., & Henry, D. (2002). Tricyclic drugs for depression in children and adolescents. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 2. Art. No.: CD002317. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002317.
  • Hechtman, L., & Greenfield, B. (2003). Long-term of stimulants in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: safety, efficacy, and long-term outcome. Pediatric Drugs, 5, 787–794.
  • Jureidini, J. N., Doecke, C. J., Mansfield, P. R., Haby, M. M., Menkes, D. B., & Tonkin, A. L. (2004). Efficacy and safety of antidepressants for children and adolescents. British Medical Journal, 328, 879–883.
  • Karno, M., Goldin J. M., Sorenson, S. B., & Burnam, A. (1988). The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in five UD communities. Archives of General Psychiatry, 45, 1094–1099.
  • Kelsey, D. K., Summer, C. R., Casat, C. D., Coury, D. L., Quintana, H., Saylor, K. E., et al. (2004). Once-daily atomoxetine treatment for children with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder, including an assessment of evening and morning behavior: A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Peditrics, 114, e 1 -e8. URL: http ://www.pediatrics org/ cgi/content/ful1/114/1/e 1 (accessed in April 2005).
  • Kessler, R. C., Avenevoli, S., & Merikangas, K. R. (2001). Mood disorders in children and adolescents: an epidemiologic perspective. Biological Psychiatry, 49, 1002–1014.
  • Kessler, R. C., & Walters, E. E. (1998). Epidemiology of DSM-III-R major depression and minor depression among adolescents and young adults in the National Comorbidity Survey. Depression and Anxiety, 7, 3–14.
  • Kratochvil, C. J., Heiligenstein, J. H., Dittmann, R., Spencer, T. J., Biederman, J., Wernicke, J., et al. (2002). Atomoxetine and methylphenidate treatment in children with ADHD: A prospective, randomized, open-label trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41, 776–784.
  • Kutcher, S., Aman, M., Brooks, S. J., Buitelaar, J., Van Daalen, E., Fegert, J., et al. (2003). International consensus state-ment on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and disruptive behaviour disorders (DBDs): clinical implica-tions and treatment practice suggestions. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 14, 11–28.
  • Laughren, T. P. (2004). Memorandum, Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research.
  • URL:http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/04/briefing/2004-4065b1-04-Tab02-Laughren-Jan5.pdf (accessed in April 2005).
  • Lord, J., & Paisley, S. (2000). The clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of methylphenidate for hyperactivity in childhood. London: National Institute for Clinical Excellence, version 2.
  • March, J., Silva, S., Petrycki S., Curry, J., Wells, K., Fairbank, J., et al. (2004). Fluoxetine, cognitive-behavioural therapy and their combination for adolescents with depression. Journal of the American Medical Association, 292, 807–820.
  • MTA Cooperative Group (2004a). National institute of mental health multimodal treatment study of ADHD follow-up: 24-month outcomes of treatment strategies for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics, 113, 754–761.
  • MTA Cooperative Group (2004b). National institute of mental health multimodal treatment study of ADHD follow-up: Changes in effectiveness and growth after the end of treatment. Pediatrics, 113, 762–769.
  • Matza, L. S., Rentz, A. M., Secnik, K., Swensen, A. R., Revicki, D. A., Michelson, D., et al. (2004). The link between health-related quality of life and clinical symptoms among children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 25, 166–174.
  • Michelson, D., Buitelaar, J. K., Danckaerts, M., Gillberg, C., Spencer, T. J., Zuddas, A., et al. (2004). Relapse prevention in pediatric patients with ADHD treated with atomoxetine: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 43, 896–904.
  • Michelson, D., Allen, A. J., Busner, J., Casat, C., Dunn, D., Kratochvil, C., et al. (2002). Once-daily atomoxedne treatment for children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 1896–1901.
  • Michelson, D., Faries, D., Wernicke, J., Kelsey, D., Kendrick, K., Sallee, F. R., et al., and The Atomoxetine ADHD Study Group. (2001). Atomoxedne in the treatment of children and ado-lescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A ran-domized, placebo-controlled, dose-response study. Paediatrics, 108, 5. URL: http://www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/ful1/108/5/ e83. (accessed in April 2005.)
  • Murray, M. L., De Vries, C. S., & Wong, I. C. K. (2004). A drug utilisation study of antidepressants in children and adolescents using the General Practice Research Database. Archives Disease in Childhood, 89, 1098–1102.
  • Prince, J. B., Wilens, T. E., Biederman, J., Spencer, T. J., & Wozniak, J. R. (1996). Clonidine for sleep disturbances associated with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a systematic chart review of 62 cases. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35,599–605.
  • Ramchandani, P. (2004). Treatment of major depressive disorder in children and adolescents. British Medical Journal, 328, 3–4.
  • Ramchandani, P., Joughin, C., & Zwi, M. (2003). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Clinical Evidence, 9,318–327.
  • Rappley, M. D. (2005). Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. The New England Journal of Medicine, 352, 165–173.
  • Rey, J. M., & Sawyer, M. G. (2003). Are psychostimulant drugs being used appropriately to treat child and adolescent disorders? British Journal of Psychiatry, 182, 284–286.
  • Richardson, L. P., Di Giuseppe, D., Christakis, D. A., McCauley, E., & Katon, W. (2004). Quality of care for Medicaid-covered youth treated with antidepressant therapy. Archives General Psychiatry, 61, 475–480.
  • Rushton, J. L., Fant, K. E., & Clark, S. J. (2004). Use of practice guidelines in the primary care of children with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics, 114, e23-e28. URL: http://www.pediatrics.orgicgi/content/ful1/114/1/e23. (accessed in April 2005.)
  • Schirm, E., Tobi, H., Magno Zito, J., SE De-Jong-Van Den Berg, L. T. W. (2001). Psychotropic medication in children: A study from the Netherlands. Pediatrics, 108, e25. URL: http:// www.pediatrics.orgicgi/content/ful1/108/2/e25. (accessed in April 2005.)
  • Shireman, T. I., Olson, B. M., & Dewan, N. A. (2002). Patterns of antidepressant use among children and adolescents. Psychiatric Services, 53,1444–1450.
  • Spencer, T., Heiligenstein, J. H., Biederman, J., Faries, D. E., Kratochvil, C. J., Conners, C. K., et al. (2002). Results from two proof-of-concept, placebo-controlled studies of atom-oxetine in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 63,1140–1147.
  • Stewart, S. E., Geller, D. A., Jenike, M., Shaw, D., Mullin, B., SE Faraone, S. V. (2004). Long-term outcome of paediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder: a meta-analysis and qualitative review of the literature. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 110, 4–13.
  • Swanson, J. M., McBurnett, K., Wigal, T., Pfiffner, L. J., Lerner, M. A., Williams, L., et al. (1993). Effect of stimulant medication on children with attention deficit disorder: a review of reviews. Exceptional Children, 60, 154–162.
  • The Clomipramine Collaborative Study Group (1991). Clomipramine in the treatment of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 48, 730–738.
  • Weintrob, N., Cohen, D., Klipper-Aurbach, Y., SE Dickerman, Z. (2002). Decreased growth during therapy with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 156, 696–701.
  • Wernicke, J. F., Adler, L., Spencer, T., West, S. A., Allen, A. J., Heilingenstein, J., et al. (2004). Changes in symptoms and adverse events after discontinuation of atomoxetine in children and adults with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a prospective, placebo-controlled assessment. Journal Clinical Psychopharmacology, 24, 30–35.
  • Whittington, C. J., Kendall, T., Fonagy, P., Cottrell, D., Cotgrove, A., & Boddington, E. (2004). Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in childhood depression: systematic review of published versus unpublished data. Lancet, 363, 1341–1345.
  • Wilens, T. E., Biederman, J., Kwon, A., Chase, R., Greenberg, L., Mick, E., et al. (2003). A systematic chart review of the nature of psychiatric adverse events in children and adolescents treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 13, 143–152.
  • Williams, J., Klinepeter, K., Palmes, G., Pulley, A., & Meschan, J. (2004). Diagnosis and treatment of behavioral health disorders in pediatric practice. Pediatrics, 114, 601–606.
  • Woodruff, T. J., Axelrad, D. A., Kyle, A. D., Nweke, 0., Miller, G. G., & Hurley, B. J. (2004). Trends in environmentally related childhood illnesses. Pediatrics, 113, 1133–1140.
  • Wolraich, M. J. (2003). Annotation: the use of psychotropic medications in children. An American view. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 44, 159–168.
  • World Health Organization (1993). International Classification of Diseases, 10th Edition (ICD10), Geneva.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.