91
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

Periodic limb movements and other movement disorders in sleep: Neuropsychiatric dimensions

&
Pages 283-292 | Published online: 11 Jul 2009

  • Aikens, J., Vanable, P., Tadimeti, L., Caruana-Montaldo, B., & Mendelson, W. (1999). Differential rates of psychopathology symptoms in periodic limb movement disorder, obstructive sleep apnea, psychophysiological insomnia, and insomnia with psychiatric disorder. Sleep, 22, 775–780.
  • Allen, R. (2004). Dopamine and iron in the pathophysiology of restless legs syndrome (RLS). Sleep Medicine, 5, 385–391.
  • Allen, R. P., Picchietti, D., Hening, W. A., Trenkwalder, C., Walters, A. S., & Montplaisir, J. (2003). Restless legs syndrome: Diagnostic criteria, special considerations, and epidemiology. A report from the restless legs syndrome diagnosis and epidemiology workshop at the National Institutes of Health. Sleep Medicine, 4, 101–119.
  • Al-Semaan, Y., Clay, H., & Meltzer, H. (1997). Clozapine in treatment of Bromocriptine-induced psychosis. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 17, 126–128.
  • Ancoli-Israel, S., Kripke, D. F., Klauber, M. R., Mason, W. J., Fell, R., & Kalan, 0. (1991). Periodic limb movements in sleep in community-dwelling elderly. Sleep, 14, 496–500.
  • Ancoli-Israel, S., Martin, J., Jones, D.W., Caligiuri, M., Patterson, T., Harris, M. J., et al. (1999). Sleep-disordered breathing and periodic limb movements in sleep in older patients with schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry, 45, 1426–1432.
  • Anic-Labat, S., Guilleminault, C., Kraemer, H. C., Meehan, J., Arrigoni, J., & Mignot, E. (1999). Validation of a cataplexy questionnaire in 983 sleep-disorders patients. Sleep, 22, 77–87.
  • Barabas, G., Matthews, W., & Ferrari, M. (1984). Disorders of arousal in Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome. Neurology, 34, 815–817.
  • Barili, P., De Carolis, G., Zaccheo, D., & Amenta, F. (1998). Sensitivity to ageing of the limbic dopaminergic system: A review. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development, 106, 57–92.
  • Becker, P., Jamieson, A., & Brown, W. (1993). Dopaminergic agents in restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movements of sleep: Response and complications of extended treatment in 49 cases. Sleep, 16, 713–716.
  • Benes, H., Heinrich, C. R., Ueberall, M. A., & Kohnen, R. (2004). Long-term safety and efficacy of cabergoline for the treatment of idiopathic restless legs syndrome: Results from an open-label six-month clinical trial. Sleep, 27, 674–682.
  • Bonati, M. T., Ferni-Strambi, L., Aridon, P., Oldani, A., Zucconi, M., & Casari, G. (2003). Autosomal dominant restless legs syndrome maps on chromosome 14q. Brain, 126, 1485–1492.
  • Boyd, A. (1995). Bromocriptine and psychosis: A literature review. Psychiatric Quarterly, 66,87–95.
  • Brotini, S., & Gigl, G. (2004). Epidemiology and clinical features of sleep disorders in extrapyramidal disease. Sleep Medicine, 5, 169–179.
  • Brown, T. E., & McMullen Jr, W. J. (2001). Attention deficit disorders and sleep/arousal disturbance. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 931, 271–286.
  • Chen, S., Ondo, W. G., Rao, S., Li, L., Chen, Q., & Wang, Q. (2004). Genome-wide linkage scan identifies a novel suscept-ibility locus for restless legs syndrome on chromosome 9p. American Journal of Human Genetics, 74, 876–885.
  • Cirignotta, F., Lugaresi, E., & Montagn, P. (1989). Nocturnal paroxysmal dystonia. In M. H. Kryger, T. Roth & W. C. Dement (Eds), Principles and practice of sleep medicine. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders.
  • Cohrs, S., Rasch, T., Altmeyer, S., Kinkelbur, J., Kostanecka, T., Rothenberger, A., et al. (2001). Decreased sleep quality and increased sleep related movements in patients with Tourette's syndrome. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 70, 192–197.
  • Coleman, R. M., Bliwise, D. L., & Sajben, N. (1983). Epidemiology of periodic movements during sleep. In
  • C.Guilleminault & E. Lugaresi (Eds), Sleep/ wake disorders:Natural history, epidemiology and long-term evolution. New York: Raven Press.
  • Comings, D. E., & Comings, B. G. (1987). A controlled study of Tourette syndrome. VI. Early development, sleep problems, allergies and handedness. American Journal of Human Genetics, 41, 822–838.
  • Dahl, R., Holttum, J., & Trubnick, L. (1994). A clinical picture of child and adolescent narcolepsy. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 33,834–841.
  • Dauvilliers, Y., Billiard, M., SE Montplaisir, J. (2003a). Clinical aspects and pathophysiology of narcolepsy. Clinical Neurophysiology, 114, 2000–2017.
  • Dauvilliers, Y., Baumann, C. R., Carlander, B., Bischof, M., Blatter, T., Lecendreux, M., et al. (2003b). CSF hypocretin-1 levels in narcolepsy, Kleine-Levin syndrome, and other hypersomnias and neurological conditions. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 74, 1667–1673.
  • Desautels, A., Turecki, G., Montplaisir, J., Sequeira, A., Verne A., & Rouleau, G. A. (2001). Identification of a major susceptibility locus for restless legs syndrome on chromosome 12q. American Journal of Human Genetics, 69,1266–1270.
  • Dorsey, C. M., Lukas, S. E., & Cunningham, S. L. (1996). Fluoxetine-induced sleep disturbance in depressed patients. Neuropsychopharmacology, 14, 437–442.
  • Douglas, N. J. (1998). The psychosocial aspects of narcolepsy. Neurology, 50 (Suppl. 1), S27–S30.
  • Douglass, A. B., Hays, P., Pazderka, F., & Russell, J. M. (1991). Florid refractory schizophrenias that turn out to be treatable variants of HLA-associated narcolepsy. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 179, 12–17.
  • Douglass, A. B. (2003). Narcolepsy: Differential diagnosis or etiology in some cases of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia? CNS Spectrums, 8, 120–126.
  • Dremencov, E., Gispan-Herman, I., Rosenstein, M., Mendelman, A., Overstreet, D. H., Zohar, J., et al. (2004). The serotonin-dopamine interaction is critical for fast-onset action of antidepressant treatment: In vivo studies in an animal model of depression. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 28, 141–147.
  • Eisensehr, I., Wetter, T. C., Linke, R., Noachtar, S., Von Lindeiner, H., Gildehaus, F. J., et al. (2001). Normal IPT and IBZM SPECT in drug-naive and levodopa-treated idiopathic restless legs syndrome. Neurology, 57, 1307–1309.
  • Ekbom, K. (1960). Restless legs syndrome. Neurology, 10, 868–873.
  • Feldman, N. T. (2003). Narcolepsy. Southern Medical Journal, 96, 277–282.
  • Fish, D., Sawyers, D., Allen, P., Blackie, J., Lees, A., & Marsden, C. (1991). The effect of sleep on the dyskinetic movements of Parkinson's disease, Gilles de la Tourette syndrome, Huntington's disease and torsion dystonia. Archives of Neurology, 48, 210–214.
  • Freeman, R. D., Fast, D. K., Burd, L., Kerbeshian, J., Robertson, M. M., SE Sandor, P. (2000). An international perspective on Tourette syndrome: Selected findings from 3500 individuals in 22 countries. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 42, 436–447.
  • Garcia-Borreguero, D., Larrosa, 0., & Bravo, M. (2003). Parkinson's disease and sleep. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 7, 115–129.
  • Garcia-Borreguero, D., Odin, P., & Schwarz, D. (2004). Restless legs syndrome: An overview of the current understanding and management. Acta Neurologka Scandinavica, 109, 303–317.
  • Gardner, J. R., & Grossman, W. (1975). Normal motor patterns in sleep in man. In E. D. Weitzman (Ed.), Advances in sleep research. New York: Spectrum Publications.
  • Germain, A., & Nielsen, T. (2003). Sleep pathophysiology in posttraumatic stress disorder and idiopathic nightmare sufferers. Biological Psychiatry, 54, 1092–1098.
  • Glaze, D., Frost, J., & Jankovic, J. (1983). Sleep in Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome: Disorder of arousal. Neurology, 33, 586–592.
  • Golan, N., Shahar, E., Ravid, S., & Pillar, G. (2004). Sleep disorders and daytime sleepiness in children with attention-deficit/hyperactive disorder. Sleep, 27, 261–266.
  • Guilleminault, C., & Pelayo, R. (1998). Narcolepsy in prepubertal children. Annals of Neurology, 43, 135–142.
  • Gulyani, S., Wu, M.-F., Nienhuis, R., John, J., & Siegel. J. M. (2002). Cataplexy-related neurons in the amygdala of the narcoleptic dog. Neuroscience, 112, 355–365.
  • Hood, B., & Bruck, D. (2002). A comparison of sleep deprivation and narcolepsy in terms of complex cognitive performance and subjective sleepiness. Sleep Medicine, 3, 259–266.
  • Hornykiewicz, 0. (1998). Biochemical aspects of Parkinson's disease. Neurology, 51 (Suppl. 2), S2–S9.
  • Jankovic, J., & Rohaidy, H. (1987). Motor, behavioural and pharmacologic findings in Tourette's syndrome. Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences, 14, 541–546.
  • Kanbayashi, T., Inoue, Y., Chiba, S., Aizawa, R., Saito, Y., Tsukamoto, H., et al. (2002). CSF hypocretin-1 (orexin-A) concentrations in narcolepsy with and without cataplexy and idiopathic hypersomnia. Journal of Sleep Research, 11, 91–93.
  • Karadeniz, D., Ondze, B., Besset, A., & Billiard, M. (2000). EEG arousals and awakenings in relation with periodic leg move-ments during sleep. Journal of Sleep Research, 9,273–277.
  • Kleitman, N., Cooperman, N., & Mullin, F. (1933). Studies on the physiology of sleep. IX. Motility and body temperature during sleep. American Journal of Physiology, 105, 574–584.
  • Kostanecka-Endress, T., Banaschewski, T., Kinkelbur, J., Wiillner, I., Lichtblau, S., Cohrs, S., et al. (2003). Disturbed sleep in children with Tourette syndrome. A polysomnographic study. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 55, 23–29.
  • Krahn, L. E., Pankratz, V. S., Oliver, L., Boeve, B. F., & Silber, M. H. (2002). Hypocretin (orexin) levels in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with narcolepsy: Relationship to cataplexy and HLA DQB1*0602 status. Sleep, 25, 733–736.
  • Lambert, G., Johansson, M., Agren, H., & Friber, G. P. (2000). Reduced brain norepinephrine and dopamine release in treatment-refractory depressive illness: Evidence in support of the catecholamine hypothesis of mood disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57, 787–793.
  • Lazzarini, A., Walters, A. S., Hickey, K., Coccagna, G., Lugaresi, E., Ehrenberg, B. L., et al. (1999). Studies of penetrance and anticipation in five autosomal-dominant restless legs syndrome pedigrees. Movement Disorders, 14, 111–116.
  • Lugaresi, E., Cirignotta, F., & Montagna, P. (1986). Nocturnal paroxysmal dystonia. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 49, 375–380.
  • Maitre, M. (1997). The y-hydroxybutyrate signalling system in brain: Organization and functional implications. Progress in Neurobiology, 51, 337–361.
  • Mendelson, W. (1996). Are periodic leg movements associated with clinical sleep disturbance? Sleep, 19, 219–223.
  • Mendelson, W., Caine, E., Goyer, P., Ebert, M., SE Gillin, J. (1980). Sleep in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Biological Psychiatry, 15, 339–343.
  • Meyer, J. H., Kruger, S., Wilson, A. A., Christensen, B. K., Goulding, V. S., Schaffer, A., et al. (2001). Lower dopamine transporter binding potential in striatum during depression. NeuroReport, 12, 4121–4125.
  • Montplaisir, J., Boucher, S., Nicolas, A., Lespérance, P., Gosselin, A., Rompre, P., et al. (1998). Immobilization tests and periodic leg movements in sleep for the diagnosis of restless leg syndrome. Movement Disorders, 13, 324–329.
  • Montplaisir, J., Boucher, S., Poirier, G., Lavigne, G., Lapierre, 0., & Lespérance, P. (1997). Clinical, polysomnographic, and genetic characteristics of restless legs syndrome: A study of 133 patients diagnosed with new standard criteria. Movement Disorders, 12, 61–65.
  • Montplaisir, J., Lorrain, D., & Godbout, R. (1991). Restless legs syndrome and period leg movements in sleep: The primary role of dopaminergic mechanism. European Neurology, 31, 41–43.
  • Morrish, E., King, M., Smith, I., & Shneerson, J. (2004). Factors associated with a delay in the diagnosis of narcolepsy. Sleep Medicine, 5, 37–41.
  • Naitoh, P., Muzet, A., Johnson, L., & Moses, J. (1973). Body movements during sleep after sleep loss. Psychophysiology, 10, 363–368.
  • Nicolas, A., Lespérance, P., & Montplaisir, J. (1998). Is excessive daytime sleepiness with periodic leg movements during sleep a specific diagnostic category? European Neurology, 40, 22–26.
  • Nishimatsu, 0., Horiguchi, J., Inami, Y., Sukegawa, T., & Sasaki, A. (1997). Periodic limb movement disorder in neuroleptic-induced akathisia. Kobe Journal of Medical Sciences, 43, 169–177.
  • Nishino, S., Okura, M., & Mignot, E. (2000). Narcolepsy: Genetic predisposition and neuropharmacological mechanisms. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 4, 57–99.
  • Ohayon, M., & Roth, T. (2002). Prevalence of restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder in the general population. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 53, 547–554.
  • Ondo, W., & Jankovic, J. (1996). Restless legs syndrome: Clinicoetiologic correlates. Neurology, 47, 1435–1441.
  • Oswald, I. (1959). Sudden bodily jerks on falling asleep. Brain, 82, 92–103.
  • Overeem, S., Mignot, E., Gertvandijk, J., & Lammers, G. J. (2001). Narcolepsy: Clinical features, new pathophysiologic insights, and future perspectives. Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology, 18, 78–105.
  • Pal, P. K., Calne, S., Samii, A., & Fleming, J. (1999). A review of normal sleep and its disturbances in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders, 5, 1–17.
  • Phillips, B. (2004). Movement disorders. A sleep specialist's perspective. Neurology, 62 (Suppl. 2), S9–S16.
  • Phillips, B., Young, T., Finn, L., Asher, K., Hening, W., & Purvis, C. (2000). Epidemiology of restless legs syndrome in adults. Archives of Internal Medicine, 160, 2137–2141.
  • Picchietti, D. L., Underwood, D. J., Farris, W. A., Walters, A. S., Shah, M. M., Dahl, R. E., et al. (1999). Further studies on periodic limb movement disorder and restless legs syndrome in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Movement Disorders, 14, 1000–1007.
  • Plazzi, G. (2004). REM sleep behaviour disorders in Parkinson's disease and other parkinsonian disorders. Sleep Medicine, 5, 195–199.
  • Pralong, E., Magistretti, P., & Stoop, R. (2002). Cellular perspectives on the glutamate-monoamine interactions in limbic lobe structures and their relevance for some psychiatric disorders. Progress in Neurobiology, 67,173–202.
  • Renard, C. E., Fiocco, A. J., Clenet, F., Hascoet, M., & Bourin, M. (2001). Is dopamine implicated in the antidepres-sant-like effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in the mouse forced swimming test? Psychopharmacologia, 159, 42–50.
  • Ross, R. J., Ball, W. A., Dinges, D. F., Kribbs, N. B., Morrison, A. R., Silver, S. M., et al. (1994). Motor dysfunction during sleep in post-traumatic stress disorder. Sleep, 17, 723–732.
  • Rothdach, A. J., Trenkwalder, C., Haberstock, J., Keil, U., & Berger, K. (2000). Prevalence and risk factors of RLS in an elderly population: The MEMO study. Neurology, 54, 1064–1068.
  • Ruottinen, H., Partinen, M., Hublin, C., Bergman, J., Haaparanta, M., Solin, 0., et al. (2000). An FDOPA PET study in patients with periodic limb movement disorder and restless legs syndrome. Neurology, 54, 502–504.
  • Sachdev, P. (1995). Akathisia and restless legs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Saletu, M., Anderer, P., Saletu, B., Lindeck-Pozza, L., Hauer, C., & Saletu-Zyhlarz, G. (2002). EEG mapping in patients with restless legs syndrome as compared with normal controls. Psychiatry Research, 115, 49–61.
  • Schenck, C., Bundlie, S., & Mahowald, M. (1995). Delayed emergence of Parkinson's disease in 38% of 29 older males initially diagnosed with idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder. Neurology, 46,388–393.
  • Sevim, S., Dogu, 0., Kaleagasi, H., Aral, M., Metin, 0., & Camdeviren, H. (2004). Correlation of anxiety and depression symptoms in patients with restless legs syndrome: A population based survey. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 75, 226–230.
  • Silber, M. H., Ehrenberg, B. L., Allen, R. P., Buchfuhrer, M. J., Earley, C. J., Hening, W. A., et al. (2004). Medical Advisory Board of the Restless Legs Syndrome Foundation. An algorithm for the management of restless legs syndrome. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 79,916–922.
  • Silvestri, R., Raffaele, M., De Domenico, P., Tisano, A., Mento, G., Casella, C., et al. (1995). Sleep features in Tourette's syndrome, neuroacanthocytosis and Huntington's chorea. Neuraphysiologie Clinique, 25, 66–77.
  • Singer, H., & Minzer, K. (2003). Neurobiology of Tourette's syndrome: Concepts of neuroanatomic localisation and neuro-chemical abnormalities. Brain & Development, 25\(Suppl. 1), S70–S84.
  • Staedt, J., Stoppe, G., Kögler, A., Munz, D., Riemann, H., Emrich, D., et al. (1993). Dopamine D2 receptor alteration in patients with periodic movements in sleep (nocturnal myoclo-nus). Journal of Neural Transmission-General Section, 93,71–74.
  • Staedt, J., Dewes, D., Danos, P., & Stoppe, G. (2000). Can chronic neuroleptic treatment promote sleep disturbances in elderly schizophrenic patients? International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 15, 170–176.
  • Stiasny, K., Oertel, W., & Trenkwalder, C. (2002). Clinical symptomatology and treatment of restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 6, 253–265.
  • Stockmeier, C. (2003). Involvement of serotonin in depression: Evidence from post-mortem and imaging studies of serotonin receptors and the serotonin transporter. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 37, 357–373.
  • Suckling, E., Koenig, E., Hoffman, B., & Brooks, C. (1957). The physiological effects of sleeping on hard or soft beds. Human Biology, 29, 274–288.
  • Szftcs, A., Janszky, J., Holló, A., Migléczi, G., & Halász, P. (2003). Misleading hallucinations in unrecognized narcolepsy. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 108, 314–316.
  • Trenkwalder, C., & Paulus, W. (2004). Why do restless legs occur at rest? Pathophysiology of neuronal structures in RLS. Neurophysiology of RLS (part 2). Clinical Neurophysiology, 115, 1975–1988.
  • Tribl, G., Asenbaum, S., Klosch, G., Mayer, K., Bonelli, R. M., Auff, E., et al. (2002). Normal IPT and IBZM SPECT in drug naive and levodopa-treated idiopathic restless legs syndrome. Neurology, 59, 649–650.
  • Turjanski, N., Lees, A. J., & Brooks, D. J. (1999). Striatal dopaminergic function in restless legs syndrome: 18F-dopa and "C-raclopride PET studies. Neurology, 52, 932–937.
  • Ulfberg, J., Nystrom, B., Carter, N., & Edling, C. (2001). Prevalence of restless legs syndrome among men aged 18 to 64 years: An association with somatic disease and neuropsychiatric symptoms. Movement Disorders, 16, 1159–1163.
  • Vandeputte, M., & De Weerd, A. (2003). Sleep disorders and depressive feelings: A global survey with the Beck depression scale. Sleep Medicine, 4, 343–345.
  • Voderholzer, U., Muller, N., Haag, C., Riemann, D., & Straube, A. (1997). Periodic limb movements during sleep are a frequent finding in patients with Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome. Journal of Neurology, 244, 521–526.
  • Walters, A., & Hening, W. (1987). Review of the clinical presentation and neuropharmacology of restless legs syndrome. Clinical Neuropharmacology, 10, 225–237.
  • Walters, A., Hening, W., Rubinstein, M., & Chokrovery, S. (1991). A clinical and polysomnograpic comparison of neuroleptic-induced akathisa and the idiopathic restless legs syndrome. Sleep, 14, 339–345.
  • Ware, J. C., Brown, F. W., Moorad Jr, P. J., Pittard, J. T., Murphy, M., & Franklin, D. (1984). Nocturnal myoclonus and tricyclic antidepressants. Sleep Research, 13, 72.
  • Wetter, T. C., Collado-Seidel, V., Pollmächer, T., Yassouridis, A., & Trenkwalder, C. (2000). Sleep and periodic leg movement patterns in drug-free patients with Parkinson's disease and multiple system atrophy. Sleep, 23, 361–367.
  • Winkelman, J., Wetter, T. C., Collado-Seidel, V., Gasser, T., Dichgans, M., Yassouridis, A., et al. (2000). Clinical character-istics and frequency of the hereditary restless legs syndrome in a population of 300 patients. Sleep, 23, 597–602.
  • Wise, M. (1998). Childhood narcolepsy. Neurology, 50 (Suppl. 1), S37—S42.
  • Yamashita, H., Horiguchi, J., Mizuno, S., Kuramoto, Y., Yamawaki, S., & Inami, Y. (1999). A case of neuroleptic-induced unilateral akathisia with periodic limb movements in the opposite side during sleep. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 53, 291–293.
  • Youngstedt, S. D., Kripke, D. F., Klauber, M. R, Sepulveda, R. S., & Mason, W. J. (1998). Periodic leg movements during sleep and sleep disturbances in elders. Journal of Gerontology Series A-Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 53, M391—M394.
  • Zucconi, M., & Ferini-Strambi, L. (2004). Epidemiology and clinical findings of restless legs syndrome. Sleep Medicine, 5, 293–299.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.