References
- Afonso, R. F., Balardin, J. B., Lazar, S., Sato, J. R., Igarashi, N., Santaella, D. F., Lacerda, S. S., Amaro, E., & Kozasa, E. H. (2017). Greater cortical thickness in elderly female yoga practitioners–A cross-sectional study. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 9, 201. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2017.00201
- Bangalore, N. G., & Varambally, S. (2012). Yoga therapy for Schizophrenia. International Journal of Yoga, 5(2), 85–91. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-6131.98212
- Bershadsky, S., Trumpfheller, L., Kimble, H. B., Pipaloff, D., & Yim, I. S. (2014). The effect of prenatal Hatha yoga on affect, cortisol and depressive symptoms. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 20(2), 106–113. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2014.01.002
- Cabral, P., Meyer, H. B., & Ames, D. (2011). Effectiveness of yoga therapy as a complementary treatment for major psychiatric disorders: A meta-analysis. The Primary Care Companion to CNS Disorders, 13(4):PMC3219516.
- Chu, I.-H., Wu, W.-L., Lin, I.-M., Chang, Y.-K., Lin, Y.-J., & Yang, P.-C. (2017). Effects of yoga on heart rate variability and depressive symptoms in women: A randomized controlled trial. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 23(4), 310–316. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2016.0135
- Cramer, H., Lauche, R., Anheyer, D., Pilkington, K., Manincor, M., de Dobos, G., & Ward, L. (2018). Yoga for anxiety: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Depression and Anxiety, 35(9), 830–843. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22762
- Cramer, H., Lauche, R., Langhorst, J., & Dobos, G. (2013). Yoga for depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Depression and Anxiety, 30(11), 1068–1083. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22166
- Dutt, R., Shankar, N., Srivastava, S., Yadav, A., & Ahmed, R. S. (2020). Cardiac autonomic tone, plasma BDNF levels and paroxetine response in newly diagnosed patients of generalised anxiety disorder. International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13651501.2020.1723642
- Gallegos, A. M., Crean, H. F., Pigeon, W. R., & Heffner, K. L. (2017). Meditation and yoga for posttraumatic stress disorder: A meta-analytic review of randomized controlled trials. Clinical Psychology Review, 58, 115–124. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2017.10.004
- Gard, T., Taquet, M., Dixit, R., HöLzel, B. K., de Montjoye, Y.-A., Brach, N., Salat, D. H., Dickerson, B. C., Gray, J. R., & Lazar, S. W. (2014). Fluid intelligence and brain functional organization in aging yoga and meditation practitioners. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 6, 76. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2014.00076
- Gard, T., Taquet, M., Dixit, R., HöLzel, B. K., Dickerson, B. C., & Lazar, S. W. (2015). Greater widespread functional connectivity of the caudate in older adults who practice kripalu yoga and vipassana meditation than in controls. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 9, 137. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2015.00137
- Gothe, N. P., Hayes, J. M., Temali, C., & Damoiseaux, J. S. (2018). Differences in Brain structure and function among yoga practitioners and controls. Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience, 12, 26. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3389/fnint.2018.00026
- Gothe, N. P., Khan, I., Hayes, J., Erlenbach, E., & Damoiseaux, J. S. (2019). Yoga effects on brain health: A systematic review of the current literature. Brain Plasticity, 5(1), 105–122. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3233/BPL-190084
- Halappa, N. G., Thirthalli, J., Varambally, S., Rao, M., Christopher, R., & Nanjundaiah, G. B. (2018). Improvement in neurocognitive functions and serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in patients with depression treated with antidepressants and yoga. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 60(1), 32–37. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_154_17
- Hannestad, J., DellaGioia, N., & Bloch, M. (2011). The effect of antidepressant medication treatment on serum levels of inflammatory cytokines: A meta-analysis. Neuropsychopharmacology, 36(12), 2452–2459. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2011.132
- Hariprasad, V. R., Varambally, S., Shivakumar, V., Kalmady, S. V., Venkatasubramanian, G., & Gangadhar, B. N. (2013). Yoga increases the volume of the hippocampus in elderly subjects. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 55(Suppl 3), S394. https://doi:10.4103/0019-5545.116309
- Hernández, S. E., Suero, J., Barros, A., González-Mora, J. L., & Rubia, K. (2016). Increased grey matter associated with long-term sahaja yoga meditation: A voxel-based morphometry study. PLoS One, 11(3), e0150757. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0150757
- Infante, J. R., Torres-Avisbal, M., Pinel, P., Vallejo, J. A., Peran, F., Gonzalez, F., Contreras, P., Pacheco, C., Latre, J. M., & Roldan, A. (2001). Catecholamine levels in practitioners of the transcendental meditation technique. Physiology & Behavior, 72(1–2), 141–146. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9384(00)00386-3
- Ionson, E., Limbachia, J., Rej, S., Puka, K., Newman, R. I., Wetmore, S., Burhan, A. M., & Vasudev, A. (2019). Effects of Sahaj Samadhi meditation on heart rate variability and depressive symptoms in patients with late-life depression. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 214(4), 218–224. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2018.265
- Iyengar, B. K. S. (1996). Light on the yoga sutras of patanjali. Philosophy East and West, 46(2), 291. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/1399412
- Janakiramaiah, N., Gangadhar, B. N., Naga Venkatesha Murthy, P. J., Harish, M. G., Subbakrishna, D. K., & Vedamurthachar, A. (2000). Antidepressant efficacy of Sudarshan Kriya Yoga (SKY) in melancholia: A randomized comparison with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and imipramine. Journal of Affective Disorders, 57(1–3), 255–259. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-0327(99)00079-8
- Jayaram, N., Varambally, S., Behere, R. V., Venkatasubramanian, G., Arasappa, R., Christopher, R., & Gangadhar, B. N. (2013). Effect of yoga therapy on plasma oxytocin and facial emotion recognition deficits in patients of schizophrenia. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 55(7), 409–413. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5545.116318
- Khanna, S., & Greeson, J. M. (2013). A narrative review of yoga and mindfulness as complementary therapies for addiction. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 21(3), 244–252. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2013.01.008
- Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., Bennett, J. M., Andridge, R., Peng, J., Shapiro, C. L., Malarkey, W. B., Emery, C. F., Layman, R., Mrozek, E. E., & Glaser, R. (2014). Yoga’s impact on inflammation, mood, and fatigue in breast cancer survivors: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 32(10), 1040–1049. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2013.51.8860
- Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., Christian, L., Preston, H., Houts, C. R., Malarkey, W. B., Emery, C. F., & Glaser, R. (2010). Stress, inflammation, and yoga practice. Psychosomatic Medicine, 72(2), 113–121. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181cb9377
- Kjaer, T. W., Bertelsen, C., Piccini, P., Brooks, D., Alving, J., & Lou, H. C. (2002). Increased dopamine tone during meditation-induced change of consciousness. Cognitive Brain Research, 13(2), 255–259. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-6410(01)00106-9
- Kop, W. J., Stein, P. K., Tracy, R. P., Barzilay, J. I., Schulz, R., & Gottdiener, J. S. (2010). Autonomic nervous system dysfunction and inflammation contribute to the increased cardiovascular mortality risk associated with depression. Psychosomatic Medicine, 72(7), 626–635. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181eadd2b
- Kromenacker, B. W., Sanova, A. A., Marcus, F. I., Allen, J. J. B., & Lane, R. D. (2018). Vagal Mediation of low-frequency heart rate variability during slow yogic breathing. Psychosomatic Medicine, 80(6), 581–587. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0000000000000603
- Lazar, S. W., Kerr, C. E., Wasserman, R. H., Gray, J. R., Greve, D. N., Treadway, M. T., McGarvey, M., Quinn, B. T., Dusek, J. A., Benson, H., Rauch, S. L., Moore, C. I., & Fischl, B. (2005). Meditation experience is associated with increased cortical thickness. Neuroreport, 16(17), 1893–1897. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/01.wnr.0000186598.66243.19
- Lin, J., Geng, X., Lee, E. H., Chan, S. K., Chang, W. C., Hui, C. L., Tse, M., Chan, C. L., Khong, P., Honer, W. G., & Chen, E. Y. (2017). Yoga reduces the brain’s amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations in patients with early psychosis results of a randomized controlled trial. Schizophrenia Research, 184, 141–142. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2016.11.040
- Luders, E., Cherbuin, N., & Kurth, F. (2015). Forever Young(er): Potential age-defying effects of long-term meditation on gray matter atrophy. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 1551. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01551
- Mehta, U. M., & Gangadhar, B. N. (2019). Yoga: Balancing the excitation-inhibition equilibrium in psychiatric disorders. Progress in Brain Research, 244, 387–413. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.pbr.2018.10.024
- Miller, A. H., Maletic, V., & Raison, C. L. (2009). Inflammation and its discontents: The role of cytokines in the pathophysiology of major depression. Biological Psychiatry, 65(9), 732–741. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.11.029
- Muralikrishnan, K., Balakrishnan, B., Balasubramanian, K., & Visnegarawla, F. (2012). Measurement of the effect of Isha Yoga on cardiac autonomic nervous system using short-term heart rate variability. Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine, 3(2), 91–96. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4103/0975-9476.96528
- Naveen, G. H., Thirthalli, J., Rao, M. G., Varambally, S., Christopher, R., & Gangadhar, B. N. (2013). Positive therapeutic and neurotropic effects of yoga in depression: A comparative study. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 55(7), 400–404. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5545.116313
- Naveen, G. H., Varambally, S., Thirthalli, J., Rao, M., Christopher, R., & Gangadhar, B. N. (2016). Serum cortisol and BDNF in patients with major depression-effect of yoga. International Review of Psychiatry (Psychiatry), 28(3), 273–278. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/09540261.2016.1175419
- Newham, J. J., Wittkowski, A., Hurley, J., Aplin, J. D., & Westwood, M. (2014). Effects of antenatal yoga on maternal anxiety and depression: A randomized controlled trial. Depression and Anxiety, 31(8), 631–640. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22268
- Nivethitha, L., Manjunath, N. K., & Mooventhan, A. (2017). Heart rate variability changes during and after the practice of bhramari pranayama. International Journal of Yoga, 10(2), 99–102. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-6131.205518
- Nugent, N. R., Brick, L., Armey, M. F., Tyrka, A. R., Ridout, K. K., & Uebelacker, L. A. (2019). Benefits of Yoga on IL-6: Findings from a randomized controlled trial of yoga for depression. Behavioral Medicine. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/08964289.2019.1604489
- Pascoe, M. C., & Bauer, I. E. (2015). A systematic review of randomised control trials on the effects of yoga on stress measures and mood. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 68, 270–282. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.07.013
- Pascoe, M. C., Thompson, D. R., & Ski, C. F. (2017). Yoga, mindfulness-based stress reduction and stress-related physiological measures: A meta-analysis. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 86, 152–168. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.08.008
- Prathikanti, S., Rivera, R., Cochran, A., Tungol, J. G., Fayazmanesh, N., & Weinmann, E. (2017). Treating major depression with yoga: A prospective, randomized, controlled pilot trial. PLoS One, 12(3), e0173869. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0173869
- Pullen, P. R., Nagamia, S. H., Mehta, P. K., Thompson, W. R., Benardot, D., Hammoud, R., Parrott, J. M., Sola, S., & Khan, B. V. (2008). Effects of yoga on inflammation and exercise capacity in patients with chronic heart failure. Journal of Cardiac Failure, 14(5), 407–413. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cardfail.2007.12.007
- Pullen, P. R., Thompson, W. R., Benardot, D., Brandon, L. J., Mehta, P. K., Rifai, L., Vadnais, D. S., Parrott, J. M., & Khan, B. V. (2010). Benefits of yoga for African American heart failure patients. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 42(4), 651–657. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181bf24c4
- Raghuraj, P., Ramakrishnan, A. G., Nagendra, H. R., & Telles, S. (1998). Effect of two selected yogic breathing techniques of heart rate variability. Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 42(4), 467–472.
- Raghuraj, P., & Telles, S. (2008). Immediate effect of specific nostril manipulating yoga breathing practices on autonomic and respiratory variables. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 33(2), 65–75. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10484-008-9055-0
- Santaella, D. F., Balardin, J. B., Afonso, R. F., Giorjiani, G. M., Sato, J. R., Lacerda, S. S., Amaro, E., Lazar, S., & Kozasa, E. H. (2019). Greater anteroposterior default mode network functional connectivity in long-term elderly yoga practitioners. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 11, 158. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2019.00158
- Sarvottam, K., Magan, D., Yadav, R. K., Mehta, N., & Mahapatra, S. C. (2013). Adiponectin, interleukin-6, and cardiovascular disease risk factors are modified by a short-term yoga-based lifestyle intervention in overweight and obese men. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 19(5), 397–402. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2012.0086
- Satyananda, S. (2002). Four chapters on freedom: Commentary on the yoga sutras of Patanjali. Nesma Books.
- Shannahoff-Khalsa, D. S., & Kennedy, B. (1993). The effects of unilateral forced nostril breathing on the heart. International Journal of Neuroscience, 73(1–2), 47–60. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3109/00207459308987210
- Shetty, P., Reddy, B.K. K., Lakshmeesha D. R., Shetty, S. P., Kumar, G.S., & Bradley, R. (2017). Effects of Sheetali and Sheetkari Pranayamas on Blood Pressure and Autonomic Function in Hypertensive Patients. Integrative Medicine (Encinitas, Calif), 16(5), 32–37.
- Smith, A. S., Tabbaa, M., Lei, K., Eastham, P., Butler, M. J., Linton, L., Altshuler, R., Liu, Y., & Wang, Z. (2016). Local oxytocin tempers anxiety by activating GABAA receptors in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 63, 50–58. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.09.017
- Srivastava, R. D., Jain, N., & Singhal, A. (2005). Influence of alternate nostril breathing on cardiorespiratory and autonomic functions in healthy young adults. Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 49(4), 475–483.
- Stancák, A., Kuna, M., Srinivasan , Null , Vishnudevananda, S., & Dostálek, C. (1991). Kapalabhati—Yogic cleansing exercise. I. Cardiovascular and respiratory changes. Homeostasis in Health and Disease. International Journal Devoted to Integrative Brain Functions and Homeostatic Systems, 33(3), 126–134.
- Streeter, C. C., Gerbarg, P. L., Brown, R. P., Scott, T. M., Nielsen, G. H., Owen, L., Sakai, O., Sneider, J. T., Nyer, M. B., & Silveri, M. M. (2020). Thalamic gamma aminobutyric acid level changes in major depressive disorder after a 12-week iyengar yoga and coherent breathing intervention. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 26(3), 190–197. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2019.0234
- Streeter, C. C., Jensen, J. E., Perlmutter, R. M., Cabral, H. J., Tian, H., Terhune, D. B., Ciraulo, D. A., & Renshaw, P. F. (2007). Yoga Asana sessions increase brain GABA levels: A pilot study. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 13(4), 419–426. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2007.6338
- Streeter, C. C., Whitfield, T. H., Owen, L., Rein, T., Karri, S. K., Yakhkind, A., Perlmutter, R., Prescot, A., Renshaw, P. F., Ciraulo, D. A., & Jensen, J. E. (2010). Effects of yoga versus walking on mood, anxiety, and brain GABA levels: A randomized controlled MRS study. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 16(11), 1145–1152. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2010.0007
- Telles, S., Sharma, S. K., Gupta, R. K., Bhardwaj, A. K., & Balkrishna, A. (2016). Heart rate variability in chronic low back pain patients randomized to yoga or standard care. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 16(1), 279. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-016-1271-1
- Thirthalli, J., Naveen, G. H., Rao, M. G., Varambally, S., Christopher, R., & Gangadhar, B. N. (2013). Cortisol and antidepressant effects of yoga. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 55(7), 405–408. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5545.116315
- Tolahunase, M. R., Sagar, R., Faiq, M., & Dada, R. (2018). Yoga- and meditation-based lifestyle intervention increases neuroplasticity and reduces severity of major depressive disorder: A randomized controlled trial. Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience, 36(3), 423–442. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3233/RNN-170810
- Tolahunase, M., Sagar, R., & Dada, R. (2017). Impact of yoga and meditation on cellular aging in apparently healthy individuals: A prospective, open-label single-arm exploratory study. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2017, 1–9. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/7928981
- Tyagi, A., & Cohen, M. (2016). Yoga and heart rate variability: A comprehensive review of the literature. International Journal of Yoga, 9(2), 97–113. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-6131.183712
- Vancampfort, D., Vansteelandt, K., Scheewe, T., Probst, M., Knapen, J., Herdt, A. D., & Hert, M. D. (2012). Yoga in schizophrenia: A systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 126(1), 12–20. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2012.01865.x
- Varambally, S., Gangadhar, B. N., Thirthalli, J., Jagannathan, A., Kumar, S., Venkatasubramanian, G., Muralidhar, D., Subbakrishna, D. K., & Nagendra, H. R. (2012). Therapeutic efficacy of add-on yogasana intervention in stabilized outpatient schizophrenia: Randomized controlled comparison with exercise and waitlist. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 54(3), 227. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5545.102414
- Varambally, S., George, S., & Gangadhar, B. N. (2019). Yoga for psychiatric disorders: From fad to evidence-based intervention? The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2019.249
- Vidyashree, H. M., Maheshkumar, K., Sundareswaran, L., Sakthivel, G., Partheeban, P. K., & Rajan, R. (2019). Effect of yoga intervention on short-term heart rate variability in children with autism spectrum disorder. International Journal of Yoga, 12(1), 73–77. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4103/ijoy.IJOY_66_17
- Villemure, C., ÄOEeko, M., Cotton, V. A., & Bushnell, M. C. (2015). Neuroprotective effects of yoga practice: Age-, experience-, and frequency-dependent plasticity. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 9, 281. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2015.00281
- Yadav, R. K., Magan, D., Mehta, N., Sharma, R., & Mahapatra, S. C. (2012). Efficacy of a short-term yoga-based lifestyle intervention in reducing stress and inflammation: Preliminary results. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 18(7), 662–667. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2011.0265
- Yoshimura, R., Hori, H., Ikenouchi-Sugita, A., Umene-Nakano, W., Ueda, N., & Nakamura, J. (2009). Higher plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6) level is associated with SSRI- or SNRI-refractory depression. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 33(4), 722–726. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2009.03.020
- Young, J. J., Bruno, D., & Pomara, N. (2014). A review of the relationship between proinflammatory cytokines and major depressive disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 169, 15–20. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.07.032
- Zou, L., Sasaki, J. E., Wei, G.-X., Huang, T., Yeung, A. S., Neto, O. B., Chen, K. W., & Hui, S. S.-C. (2018). Effects of Mind–Body Exercises (Tai Chi/Yoga) on heart rate variability parameters and perceived stress: A systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 7(11), 404. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm7110404