References
- Alathari, L., Drysdale, D., Driscoll, S., Ed, M., Blair, A., Carlock, A., Cotkin, A., Johnston, B., Foley, C., Mauldin, D., McGarry, J., Nemet, J. (2019). Protecting America’s schools: A U.S. secret service analysis of targeted school violence (p. 35). U.S. Secret Service, Department of Homeland Security. https://www.secretservice.gov/sites/default/files/2020-04/Protecting_Americas_Schools.pdf
- American Psychological Association. (2019). One-third of US adults say fear of mass shootings prevents them from going to certain places or events [Press release]. http://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2019/08/fear-mass-shooting
- Behavioral Analysis Unit. (2016). Making prevention a reality: Identifying, Assessing, and managing the threat of targeted attacks. Federal Bureau of Investigation, US Department of Justice. https://www.fbi.gov/file-repository/making-prevention-a-reality.pdf
- Booty, M., O'Dwyer, J., Webster, D., McCourt, A., & Crifasi, C. (2019). Describing a “mass shooting”: The role of databases in understanding burden. Injury Epidemiology, 6(1), 47. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/s40621-019-0226-7
- Brucato, G., Appelbaum, P. S., Hesson, H., Shea, E. A., Dishy, G., Lee, K., Pia, T., Syed, F., Villalobos, A., Wall, M. M., Lieberman, J. A., & Girgis, R. R. (2021). Psychotic symptoms in mass shootings v. mass murders not involving firearms: Findings from the Columbia mass murder database. Psychological Medicine, 1–9. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291721000076
- Butterfield, F. (2000). Hole in gun control law lets mentally ill through. New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/11/us/hole-in-gun-control-law-lets-mentally-ill-through.html
- Calhoun, F. S., & Weston, S. W. (2003). Contemporary threat management: A practical guide for identifying, assessing, and managing individuals of violent intent. Specialized Training Services.
- Campbell, S., Yablon, A., & Mascia, J. (2018). Red flag laws: Where the bills stand in each state. The Trace. https://www.thetrace.org/2018/03/red-flag-laws-pending-bills-tracker-nra/
- Caspi, A., Houts, R. M., Ambler, A., Danese, A., Elliott, M. L., Hariri, A., Harrington, H., Hogan, S., Poulton, R., Ramrakha, S., Rasmussen, L. J. H., Reuben, A., Richmond-Rakerd, L., Sugden, K., Wertz, J., Williams, B. S., & Moffitt, T. E. (2020). Longitudinal assessment of mental health disorders and comorbidities across 4 decades among participants in the Dunedin birth cohort Study. JAMA Network Open, 3(4), e203221–e203221. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3221
- Fatal Injury Data. Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Published July 1, 2020. Accessed May 1, 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/fatal.html
- Corner, E., Gill, P., Schouten, R., & Farnham, F. (2018). Mental disorders, personality traits, and grievance-fueled targeted violence: The evidence base and implications for research and practice. Journal of Personality Assessment, 100(5), 459–412. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2018.1475392
- Fein, R. A., Vossekuil, B. (1998). Protective intelligence and threat assessment investigations: A guide for state and local law enforcement officials (NCJ 170612; p. 65). U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs. http://www.secretservice.gov/ntac/PI_Guide.pdf
- Follman, M., Aronsen, G., & Pan, D. (2020). US Mass Shootings, 1982-2020: Data from Mother Jones’ investigation.
- Gavaghan, C. (2007). Dangerous patients and duties to warn: A European human rights perspective. European journal of health law, 14(2), 113–130. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1163/092902707x205016
- Grinshteyn, E., & Hemenway, D. (2016). Violent death rates: The US compared with other high-income OECD countries, 2010. The American Journal of Medicine, 129(3), 266–273. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.10.025
- Grinshteyn, E., & Hemenway, D. (2019). Violent death rates in the US compared to those of the other high-income countries, 2015. Preventive Medicine, 123, 20–26. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.02.026
- Gutiérrez-Lobos, K., Wagner, E., Schmidl-Mohl, B., & Schmid-Siegel, B. (2000). Wrapped in silence: Psychotherapists and confidentiality in the courtroom. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 44(1), 33–45. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X00441004
- Herman, P., Marimow, A. (2013). Navy Yard shooter Aaron Alexis driven by delusions. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/crime/fbi-police-detail-shooting-navy-yard-shooting/2013/09/25/ee321abe-2600-11e3-b3e9-d97fb087acd6_story.html
- Hills B. R. (2020) The cat is already out of the bag: Resolving the circuit split over the dangerous patient exception to the Psychotherapist–Patient Privilege. University of Baltimore Law Review, 49(2/3):153–182. https://scholarworks.law.ubalt.edu/ublr/vol49/iss2/3/
- Hudson, J. (2011). What we know about Jared Lee Loughner. The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2011/01/what-we-know-about-jared-lee-loughner/342711/
- Hunter, L. Y., Ginn, M. H., Storyllewellyn, S., & Rutland, J. (2020). Are mass shootings acts of terror? Applying key criteria in definitions of terrorism to mass shootings in the United States from 1982 to 2018. Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression, 1–30. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/19434472.2020.1762108
- Ilic, A., & Frei, A. (2019). Mass murder and consecutive suicide in Switzerland: A comparative analysis. Journal of Threat Assessment and Management, 6(1), 23–37. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/tam0000121
- Johnson, R., Persad, G., & Sisti, D. (2019). The Tarasoff rule: The implications of interstate variation and gaps in professional training. Focus (American Psychiatric Publishing), 17(4), 435–442. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.focus.17402
- Kadooka, Y., Okita, T., & Asai, A. (2016). Ethical obligations in the face of dilemmas concerning patient privacy and public interests: The sasebo schoolgirl murder case. Bioethics, 30(7), 520–527. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/bioe.12249
- Karp, A. (2018). Estimating global civilian-held firearms numbers (Briefing Paper No. 9). Small Arms Survey. http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/T-Briefing-Papers/SAS-BP-Civilian-Firearms-Numbers.pdf
- Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(6), 593–602. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593
- Knoll, J. L., & Meloy, J. R. (2014). Mass murder and the violent paranoid spectrum. Psychiatric Annals, 44(5), 236–243. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3928/00485713-20140502-07
- Langman, P. (2009). Rampage school shooters: A typology. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 14(1), 79–86. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2008.10.003
- Langman, P. (2018). Different types of role model influence and fame seeking among mass killers and copycat offenders. American Behavioral Scientist, 62(2), 210–228. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764217739663
- Lankford, A. (2016). Public mass shooters and firearms: a cross-national study of 171 countries. Violence and Victims, 31(2), 187–199. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.VV-D-15-00093
- Lankford, A., & Cowan, R. G. (2020). Has the role of mental health problems in mass shootings been significantly underestimated? Journal of Threat Assessment and Management, 7(3-4), 135–156. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/tam0000151
- Large, M., Smith, G., & Nielssen, O. (2009). The epidemiology of homicide followed by suicide: a systematic and quantitative review. Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior, 39(3), 294–306. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1521/suli.2009.39.3.294
- Leach, M. M. (2009). International ethics codes and the duty to protect. In J. L. Werth, Jr., E. R. Welfel, & G. A. H. Benjamin (Eds.), The duty to protect: Ethical, legal, and professional considerations for mental health professionals (pp. 41–58). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/11866-004
- Medical Directors’ Institute. (2019). Mass violence in America: Causes, impacts & solutions.
- Meloy, J. R., & O'Toole, M. E. (2011). The concept of leakage in threat assessment. Behavioral Sciences & The Law, 29(4), 513–527. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/bsl.986
- Metzl, J. M., Piemonte, J., & McKay, T. (2021). Mental illness, mass shootings, and the future of psychiatric research into American gun violence. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 29(1), 81–89. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/HRP.0000000000000280
- Mulheron, R. P. (2010). Medical negligence: Non-patient and third party claims. Ashgate.
- Mullen, P. E. (2004). The autogenic (self-generated) massacre. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 22(3), 311–323. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/bsl.564
- Mulvey, E. P., Odgers, C., Skeem, J. L., Gardner, W., Schubert, C., & Lidz, C. (2006). Substance use and community violence: A test of the relation at the daily level. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74(4), 743–754. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.74.4.743
- NCSL (2010). NCSL staff research; Edwards, Griffin Sims. Database of State Tarasoff Laws.
- NCSL (2018). Mental health professionals’ duty to warn. https://www.ncsl.org/research/health/mental-health-professionals-duty-to-warn.aspx
- Petrila, J., Fader-Towe, H. (2010). Information Sharing in Criminal Justice—Mental Health Collaborations: Working with HIPAA and Other Privacy Laws. Council of State Governments Justice Center. https://www.bja.gov/Publications/CSG_CJMH_Info_Sharing.pdf
- Phelan, J. C., Sinkewicz, M., Castille, D. M., Huz, S., Muenzenmaier, K., & Link, B. G. (2010). Effectiveness and outcomes of assisted outpatient treatment in New York State. Psychiatric Services, 61(2), 137–143. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1176/ps.2010.61.2.137
- Rahman, T., Hartz, S. M., Xiong, W., Meloy, J. R., Janofsky, J., Harry, B., & Resnick, P. J. (2020). Extreme overvalued beliefs. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online, 48(3):319–326. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.29158/JAAPL.200001-20
- Rodriguez, L. (2013). Message to Our Nation’s Health Care Providers. http://www.hhs.gov/ocr/office/lettertonationhcp.pdf
- Rozel, J. S., & Mulvey, E. P. (2017). The link between mental illness and firearm violence: Implications for social policy and clinical practiceGun Violence: Implications for Social Policy. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 13(1), 445–469. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-021815-093459
- Rozel, J. S., & Zacharia, M. Z. (2021). Risk management in the emergency department: Liabilities, duties, and EMTALA. In L. S. Zun, K. Nordstrom, & M. P. Wilson (Eds.), Behavioral emergencies for healthcare providers. (pp. 441–450). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52520-0_44
- Scarry, E. (2011). Thinking in an emergency. (1st ed.). W.W. Norton & Co.
- Schildkraut, J., Gruenewald, J., Gilliam, M., & Novak, M. (2020). Framing mass shootings as a social problem: A comparison of ideologically and non-ideologically motivated attacks. Aggression and Violent Behavior. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2020.101533
- Silva, J. R., & Greene-Colozzi, E. A. (2019). Fame-seeking mass shooters in America: Severity, characteristics, and media coverage. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 48, 24–35. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2019.07.005
- Silva, J. R., Capellan, J. A., Schmuhl, M. A., & Mills, C. E. (2021). Gender-based mass shootings: An examination of attacks motivated by grievances against women. Violence Against Women. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801220981154
- Silver, J., Fisher, W., & Horgan, J. (2018). Public mass murderers and federal mental health background checks. Law & Policy, 40(2), 133–147. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/lapo.12102
- Silver, J., Simons, A., Craun, S. (2018). A study of the pre-attack behaviors of active shooters in the United States between 2000 and 2013. Federal Bureau of Investigation, US Department of Justice. https://www.fbi.gov/file-repository/pre-attack-behaviors-of-active-shooters-in-us-2000-2013.pdf/view
- Skeem, J. L., & Mulvey, E. (2019). What role does serious mental illness play in mass shootings and how should we aAddress iIt? Criminology & Public Policy, 19(1), 85–108. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9133.12473
- Skeem, J. L., Schubert, C., Odgers, C., Mulvey, E. P., Gardner, W., & Lidz, C. (2006). Psychiatric symptoms and community violence among high-risk patients: A test of the relationship at the weekly level. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74(5), 967–979. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.74.5.967
- Soulier, M. F., Maislen, A., & Beck, J. C. (2010). Status of the psychiatric duty to protect, circa 2006. The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 38(4), 457–473.
- Stone, M. H. (2015). Mass Murder, Mental Illness, and Men. Violence and Gender, 2(1), 51–86. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1089/vio.2015.0006
- Swanson, J. W. (1996). Mental disorder, substance abuse, and community violence: An epidemiological approach. In J. Monahan & H. J. Steadman (Eds.), Violence and Mental Disorder: Developments in Risk Assessment. (pp. 101–136). University of Chicago Press.
- Swanson, J. W., Easter, M. M., Robertson, A. G., Swartz, M. S., Alanis-Hirsch, K., Moseley, D., Dion, C., & Petrila, J. (2016). Gun violence, mental illness, and laws that prohibit gun possession: Evidence from two Florida Counties. Health affairs Project Hope, 35(6), 1067–1075. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2016.0017
- Swanson, J. W., Swartz, M. S., Borum, R., Hiday, V. A., Wagner, H. R., & Burns, B. J. (2000). Involuntary out-patient commitment and reduction of violent behaviour in persons with severe mental illness. British Journal of Psychiatry, 176(4), 324–331. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.176.4.324
- Swanson, J., Norko, M., Lin, H., Alanis-Hirsch, K., Frisman, L., Baranoski, M., Easter, M., Robertson, A., Swartz, M., & Bonnie, R. (2017). Implementation and effectiveness of Connecticut’s risk-based gun removal law: does it prevent suicides? Law & Contemporary Problems, 80, 179–208.
- Tarasoff v. Regents of University of California, 551 P. 2d 334 (Cal Supreme Court 1976).
- Warren, L. J., Mullen, P. E., & Ogloff, J. R. P. (2011). A clinical study of those who utter threats to kill. Behavioral Sciences & The Law, 29(2), 141–154. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/bsl.974
- Warren, L. J., Mullen, P. E., Thomas, S. D. M., Ogloff, J. R. P., & Burgess, P. M. (2008). Threats to kill: A follow-up study. Psychological Medicine, 38(4), 599–605. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S003329170700181X
- Wintemute, G. J., Beckett, L., Kass, P. H., Tancredi, D., Studdert, D., Pierce, G., Braga, A. A., Wright, M. A., & Cerdá, M. (2017). Evaluation of California's Armed and Prohibited Persons System: study protocol for a cluster-randomised trial. Injury Prevention: Journal of the International Society for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention, 23(5), 358–358. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2016-042194
- Wintemute, G. J., Pear, V. A., Schleimer, J. P., Pallin, R., Sohl, S., Kravitz-Wirtz, N., & Tomsich, E. A. (2019). Extreme risk Protection orders intended to prevent mass shootings: A case series. Annals of Internal Medicine, 171(9), 655–658. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.7326/M19-2162
- Zeoli, A. M. (2018). Multiple Victim Homicides, Mass Murders, and Homicide-Suicides as Domestic Violence Events. Battered Women’s Justice Project. https://www.preventdvgunviolence.org/multiple-killings-zeoli-updated-112918.pdf
- Zeoli, A. M., & Paruk, J. K. (2020). Potential to prevent mass shootings through domestic violence firearm restrictions. Criminology & Public Policy, 19(1), 129–145. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9133.12475