A psychobiographical analysis of Empress Dowager Cixi: exploring the femininity castrated complex

References

• Adler, A. (2016). 自卑与超越 [What life should mean to you] (C. wanhong (Trans.)). China Friendship Publishing Company.
   Google Scholar
• Allport, G. W. (1961). Pattern and growth in personality. Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
   Google Scholar
• Beauvoir, D. J. (2015). 第二性(合卷本) [Le Deuxième Sexe] (Z. Kelu (Trans.)). Shanghai Translation Publishing House.
   Google Scholar
• Beisi, L. (2004). 实说慈禧 [The truth about Cixi]. Forbidden City Press.
   Google Scholar
• Berg, A. (2004). Ubuntu – a contribution to the “civilization of the universal”. In T. Singer & S, L. Kimbles (Eds.), The cultural complex (pp. 239–250). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Bingkun, Y. (1985a). 慈禧家世考 [Exploring Cixi’s family history]. Palace Museum Journal, 8(03), 127–133+111.
   Google Scholar
• Bingkun, Y. (1985b). 慈禧家世考(续) [Exploring Cixi’s family history (Continued)]. Palace Museum Journal, 9(04), 9–17.
   Google Scholar
• Bland, J. O. P., & Backhouse, E. (2010). China under the Empress Dowager (C. Lengtai (Trans.)). Forbidden City Press.
   Google Scholar
• Che, X. (2012). 慈禧大传 [Legend of Cixi]. International Culture Publishing Company.
   Google Scholar
• Chengbin, L., & Mingyu, D. (2020). 助人專業培育: 以心理傳記作為一種教學方法 [Cultivating helping profession: Applying psychobiography as a pedagogical method]. Guidance Quarterly, 56(1), 1–12.
   Google Scholar
• Deling, Y.. (2010). 紫禁城的黄昏:德龄公主回忆录[Twilight in the Forbidden City]. Beijing: Central Compilation Translation Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dong, L. (2017). The way to be modern: Empress Dowager Cixi’s portraits of the late Qing dynasty [Doctor of Philosophy]. University of Pittsburgh.
   Google Scholar
• Eatough, V., & Smith, J. A. (2017). Interpretative phenomenological analysis. In C. Willig & W. Stainton-Rogers (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of qualitative psychology (2nd ed., pp. 193–211). Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Elizabeth, C. (2007). Psychobiography: A research method in search of a home. British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 70(3), 115–121.
   Google Scholar
• Elms, A. C. (1994). Uncovering lives: The uneasy alliance of biography and psychology. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Elms, A. C. (2005). Freud as Leonardo: Why the first psychobiography went wrong. In W. T. Schultz (Ed.), Handbook of psychobiography (pp. 210–222). Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Elms, A. C. (2007). Psychobiography and case study methods. In R. W. Robbins, R. Fraley, & R. F. Krueger (Eds.), Handbook of research methods in personality psychology (pp. 97–113). The Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Elovitz, P. H. (2016). A psychobiographical and psycho-political comparison of Clinton and Trump. The Journal of Psychohistory, 44(2), 90–113.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Erikson, E. H. (1993a). Young Man Luther: A study in psychoanalysis and history. W. W. Norton &Company (First published in1962; reissued 1993).
   Google Scholar
• Erikson, E. H. (1993b). Gandhi’s truth: On the origins of militant nonviolence. Norton.
   Google Scholar
• Fairbank, J. K. (1987). The Cambridge history of China: Late Ch’ing, 1800–1911, part 1. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fouché, J. P., & Van Niekerk, R. (2005). Psychobiography: Methodological criticisms, constraints and strategic considerations. Poster presented at the International Society for Theoretical Psychology Conference, June 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Fouché, J. P., & Van Niekerk, R. (2010). Academic psychobiography in South Africa: Past, present and future. South African Journal of Psychology, 40(4), 495–507. doi: 10.1177/008124631004000410.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitch, T., & Marshall, J. (2008). A comparative psychobiography of Hillary Clinton and Condoleezza Rice. Poster presented at the American Counseling Association’s 2008 National Conference, in Oahu, HI.
   Google Scholar
• Freud, S. (1910). Leonardo Da Vinci: A memory of his childhood. Norton.
   Google Scholar
• Genzheng, Y. (2005). 我所知道的慈禧太后: 慈禧曾孙口述实录 [What I know about empress Dowager Cixi: An oral account of Cixi’s Great-grandson]. 金城出版社.
   Google Scholar
• Gummesson, D. E. (2000). Qualitative methods in management research (2nd ed.). Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Henderson, J. (1984). Cultural attitudes in psychological perspective. Inner City Books.
   Google Scholar
• Herrmann, S. B. (2007). Emergence of the bipolar cultural complex in Walt Whitman. The Journal of Analytical Psychology, 52(4), 463–478. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-5922.2007.00677.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hölter, R. (2005). Shadowed reality or the ‘Prometheus-complex’: Analytical psychotherapy after political imprisonment and persecution. The Journal of Analytical Psychology, 50(4), 521–537. doi: 10.1111/j.0021-8774.2005.00552.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huimin, L. (2020). 但问旗民: 清代的法律与社会 [Exploring the people of the Qing dynasty: Qing dynasty law and society]. Zhonghua Book Company.
   Google Scholar
• Jareño, A., Chiclana, C., & Noriega, C. (2019). Qualitative methodology: Psychobiography. Psychology and Psychotherapy Research Study, 3(1), 1–6.
   Google Scholar
• Jacobi, J. (1999). Complex/archetype/symbol in the psychology of CG Jung (Vol. 57). Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jian, Q., & Yan, J. (1977). The idol of JiangQing – Cixi. Jilin University Journal Social Sciences Edition, 1(02), 44–46.
   Google Scholar
• Jiaji, L. (2008). 武则天传 [Biography of Wu Zetian]. People’s Publishing House.
   Google Scholar
• Jingxi, G., & Jihuang, Z. (1985). 太监谈慈禧 [The eunuchs talk about Cixi]. In Y. Bingkun (Ed.), 西太后 [Empress Dowager Cixi](pp. 237–249). Forbidden City Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jizu, S. (2008). 清廷戊戌朝变记 [The Qing dynasty’s hundred days reform] (S. Jizu, L. Qichao, Y. Shih-kai, & C. Qingnian (Eds.)). Guangxi Normal University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jung, C. G. (1913). On the doctrine of complexes. In G. Adler, M. Fordham, & S. H. Read (Eds.), Collected works of CG Jung: The first complete English edition of the works of CG Jung (Vol. 3, pp. 834–840). Taylor & Frances/Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Jung, C. G. (1915). On psychological understanding. The Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 9(6), 385–399. doi: 10.1037/h0073967.
   Google Scholar
• Jung, C. G. (1948). A review of the complex theory. In G. Adler, M. Fordham, & S. H. Read (Eds.), Collected works of CG Jung: The first complete English edition of the works of CG Jung (Vol. 3, pp. 834–840). Taylor & Frances/Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Jung, C. G. (1974). Collected works of C.G. Jung: The first complete English edition of the works of C.G. Jung (G. Adler, M. Fordham, & S. H. Read (Eds.)). Taylor & Frances/Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Kast, V. (2014). Complexes and imagination. The Journal of Analytical Psychology, 59(5), 680–694. doi: 10.1111/1468-5922.12113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ke, X. (2010). 清稗类钞 [Qing Bai Lei Chao] (Vol. 1). Zhonghua Book Company.
   Google Scholar
• Ketefian, S. (2015). Ethical considerations in research. Focus on vulnerable groups. Investigacion y Educacion en Enfermeria, 33(1), 164–172. doi: 10.17533/udea.iee.v33n1a19.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kimbles, S. L. (2000). The cultural complex and the myth of invisibility. In T. Singer (Ed.), Vision thing: Myth, politics and psyche in the world (pp. 157–169). Taylor & Frances/Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Knight, Z. G. (2019). The case for the psychobiography as a phenomenological-hermeneutic case study: A new phenomenological-hermeneutic method of analysis for life-narrative investigations. In C.-H. Mayer & Z. Kovary (Eds.), New trends in psychobiography (pp. 133–153). Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Mayer, C. -H., Van Zyl, L. E., & Stander, M. W. (2013). The meaning of sense of coherence in transcultural management. Waxmann Publishing Company.
   Google Scholar
• Mayer, C.-H. (2017). The life and creative works of Paulo Coelho: A psychobiography from a positive psychology perspective. Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Mayer, C.-H., Fouché, P. J., & van Niekerk, R. (2021). Psychobiographical illustrations on meaning and identity in sociocultural contexts. Sociocultural Psychology of the Lifecourse Series. Palgrave Macmillian.
   Google Scholar
• Mayer, C. H., & Kelley, J. L. (2023). The heroine archetype and design leadership in Bethlehem Tilahun Alemu: A psychobiological global leadership investigation. In S. K. Dhiman, J. Marques, J. Schmieder-Ramirez, & P. G. Malakyan (Eds.), Handbook of global leadership and followership (pp. 717–737). Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-75831-8_43-.
   Google Scholar
• Mayer, C.-H., & Kovary, Z. (2019). New trends in psychobiography. Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Mayer, C.-H., van Niekerk, R., Fouché, P. J., & Ponterotto, J. (2023). Beyond WEIRD: Psychobiography in times of transcultural and transdisciplinary perspectives. Springer.
   Google Scholar
• NAM. (2023). The Boxer Rebellion. National Army Museum. https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/boxer-rebellion
   Google Scholar
• Nortjé, N., Fouché, P., & Gogo, O. (2013). The neo-Adlerian holistic wellness of Brenda Fassie: A psychobiography. Online Journal of African Affairs, 2(3), 46–53.
   Google Scholar
• Oliver, P. (2006). Purposive sampling. In V. Jupp (Ed.), The Sage dictionary of social research methods (pp. 244–245). Sage. http://srmo.sagepub.com/view/the-sage-dictionary-of-social-research-methods/n162.xml
   Google Scholar
• Osterhold, H. M. (2021). Cultural complex, death anxiety and individuation during times of populism: A dialogue between Jungian psychology and social psychology. The Journal of Analytical Psychology, 66(4), 926–948. doi: 10.1111/1468-5922.12710.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palinkas, L. A., Horwitz, S. M., Green, C. A., Wisdom, J. P., Duan, N., & Hoagwood, K. (2015). Purposeful sampling for qualitative data collection and analysis in mixed method implementation research. Administration and Policy in Mental Health, 42(5), 533–544. doi: 10.1007/s10488-013-0528-y.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peiheng, Z., Pingqiu, A., & Zhanggeng, M. (Eds.). (2011). 清史稿选译 [Selected translations of Qing dynasty historical manuscripts]. Jiangsu Ancient Books Press.
   Google Scholar
• Perry, M. J. (2012). The life of Olive Schreiner: A psychobiography [Doctoral thesis, Universtiy of the Free State].
   Google Scholar
• Poggenpoel, M. (1998). Data analysis in qualitative research. In A. S. de Vos (Ed.), Research on grass roots: A primer for the caring professions(pp. 334–353). Van Schaik Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Ponterotto, J. G. (2015a). In pursuit of William James’s McLean Hospital records: An inherent conflict between postmortem privacy rights and advancing psychological science. Review of General Psychology, 19(1), 96–105. doi: 10.1037/gpr0000031.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ponterotto, J. G. (2015b). Psychobiography in psychology: Past, present, and future. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 25(5), 379–389. doi: 10.1080/14330237.2015.1101267.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ponterotto, J. G., Reynolds, J. D., Morel, S., & Cheung, L. (2015). Psychobiography training in psychology: Mapping the field and charting a course. Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 11(3), 459–475. doi: 10.5964/ejop.v11i3.938.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ponterotto, J. G., Reynolds, T., & Choi, J. D. (2017). Ethical and legal considerations in psychobiography. The American Psychologist, 72(5), 446–458. doi: 10.1037/amp0000047.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qiuzhongzi, W. (1918). 慈禧传信录 [Handy records of Cixi]. Congwen publishing house.
   Google Scholar
• Qixian, X. (1979). “御赏”、“同道堂”章与慈禧篡权 [The "Royal Reward" seal, "Tongdao Hall" seal and Usurper Cixi]. Palace Museum Journal, 3(03), 46–49+84.
   Google Scholar
• Rongxiang, X. (2017). Master TaiXu’s engaged buddhism in a reflective imagines of crystal web: An intersubjectivity psychobiographical approach [Doctor’s thesis, University of New Taipei City]. https://buddhism.lib.ntu.edu.tw/DLMBS/en/search/search_detail.jsp?seq=644272
   Google Scholar
• Schultz, W. T. (2005). Handbook of psychobiography. Oxford University Pres.
   Google Scholar
• Schultz, W. T., & Lawrence, S. (2017). Psychobiography: Theory and method. The American Psychologist, 72(5), 434–445. doi: 10.1037/amp0000130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheng, H. (1998). 从鸦片战争到五四运动 [From the opium war to the may fourth movement]. People’s Publishing House.
   Google Scholar
• Shih-Kai, Y. (2008). 戊戌日记 [The hundred days diary]. In S. Jizu, L. Qichao, Y. Shih-kai, & C. Qingnian (Eds.), 清廷戊戌朝变记 [The Qing dynasty’s hundred days reform] (pp. 61–75). Guangxi Normal University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Singer, T. (2004). Cultural complex. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Singer, T. (2021). Cultural complexes in China, Japan, Korea and Taiwan. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Tse-Tuns, M. (1991). Selected works of Mao Tse-Tuns. People’s Publishing House.
   Google Scholar
• Villalobos, M. J. (2022). Resentment – cultural and individual complex. The Journal of Analytical Psychology, 67(2), 728–740. doi: 10.1111/1468-5922.12809.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wahba, L. L. (2023). Devouring and asphyxia: Symptoms of a cultural complex in present times. The Journal of Analytical Psychology, 68(2), 227–240. doi: 10.1111/1468-5922.12906.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wegner, B. R. (2020a). A psychobiography of Philip Brinkman: The life, work, and human concerns of a social psychologist [Doctoral dissertation, Faculty of Chicago School of Professional Psychology].
   Google Scholar
• Wegner, B. R. (2020b). Psychobiography is trending amongst psychologists: Review of Claude-Hélène Mayer and Zoltan Kovary, eds., New Trends in Psychobiography (Springer Nature Switzerland AG: Springer International Publishing, 2019). Clio’s Psyche, 27(1), 140–144.
   Google Scholar
• Weisstub, E., & Galili-Weisstub, E. (2004). Collective trauma and cultural complexes. In T. Singer & S, L. Kimbles (Eds.), The cultural complex (pp. 163–186). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Wenshan, J., & Changyu, L. (2020). Constructing “Global China” discourse system from the three dimensions of China’s international discourse system construction. Journal of Xi’an Jiaotong University (Social Sciences), 40(05), 134–143.
   Google Scholar
• Xiangxiao, W. (2016). 晚清宫廷实纪 [The late Qing dynasty court records]. Encyclopedia of China Publishing House.
   Google Scholar
• Xiuyun, Y., & Zhiru, Y. (1982). The decadent life of Cixi after she fled west. Historical Archives, 2(01), 98–103.
   Google Scholar
• Xiwei, L. (1987). A comparative study of Wu Zetian. Social Science Front, 10(04), 145–153.
   Google Scholar
• Yan, Z. (2006). 原来慈禧 [Cixi as who she is]. Chongqing Publishing Group.
   Google Scholar
• Yekhenara, G. (2005). 我所知道的慈禧太后: 慈禧曾孙口述实录 [The Empress Dowager Cixi as I knew her: An oral account by Cixi’s Great-Grandson]. Gold Wall Press.
   Google Scholar
• Yin, R. K. (2018). Case study research: Design and methods. Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Yongjiao, D. (2020). A comparative study of the imperial empresses and concubines involved in politics in the Ming and Qing dynasties [Master’s thesis, University of Anhui]. CNKI. https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=3uoqIhG8C475KOm_zrgu4lQARvep2SAkHr3ADhkADnVu66WViDP_3H7wcOONDqawrOcimHjJK_yH02Y5j7NyvqBlz9DIgSX3&uniplatform=NZKPT
   Google Scholar
• Young-Tsu, W. (2009). Memory and history: A case study of the Empress Dowager Cixi. Bulletin of the Institute of Modern History Academia Sinica, 64, 1–39.
   Google Scholar
• Yuding Y. (2000). 崇陵传信录 [Handy records of Congling]. In Chinese Historical Society (Ed.), 义和团 [Boxer] (pp. 47–55). Shanghai People’s Publishing House.
   Google Scholar
• Ze, H. (2015). 慈禧传 [The biography of Cixi]. Huashan Literature & Art Pubshing House.
   Google Scholar
• Zeyu, W. (2022). Female subjectivity: A comparative psychobiographical study of Wu Zetian and Cixi [Master’s thesis, University of Lanzhou]. CNKI. https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=3uoqIhG8C475KOm_zrgu4lQARvep2SAkaWjBDt8_rTOnKA7PWSN5MHe8McfnVgRVcRzcXVA2p9maH6qOtYaqIoARCAcKcJCn&uniplatform=NZKPT
   Google Scholar
• Zhihai, C. (2003). 国外清末新政研究专著述评 [A review of foreign monographs on the new regime of the late Qing dynasty]. Modern Chinese History Studies, 04, 249–290.
   Google Scholar