Th17 cells: A new therapeutic target in inflammatory dermatoses

References

• Asarch A., Orr B., Loo D. S., Gottlieb A. B. Th17 cells: A new paradigm for cutaneous inflammation. J Dermatolog Treat 2008, (in press)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng Y., Danilenko D. M., Valdez P., Kasman I., Eastham‐Anderson J., Wu J., et al. Interleukin‐22, a T(H)17 cytokine, mediates IL‐23‐induced dermal inflammation and acanthosis. Nature 2007; 445: 648–51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitch E., Harper E., Skorcheva I., Kurtz S. E., Blauvelt A. Pathophysiology of psoriasis: Recent advances on IL‐23 and Th17 cytokines. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2007; 9: 461–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chan J. R., Blumenschein W., Murphy E., Diveu C., Wiekowski M., Abbondanzo S., et al. IL‐23 stimulates epidermal hyperplasia via TNF and IL‐20R2‐dependent mechanisms with implications for psoriasis pathogenesis. J Exp Med 2006; 203: 2577–87
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piskin G., Sylva‐Steenland R. M. R., Bos J. D., Teunissen M. B. M. In vitro and in situ expression of IL‐23 by keratinocytes in healthy skin and psoriasis lesions: Enhanced expression in psoriatic skin. J Immunol 2006; 176: 1908–15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albanesi C., Cavani A., Girolomoni G. IL‐17 is produced by nickel‐specific T lymphocytes and regulates ICAM‐1 expression and chemokine production in human keratinocytes: Synergistic or antagonist effects with IFN‐gamma and TNF‐alpha. J Immunol 1999; 162: 494–502
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciree A., Michel L., Camilleri‐Broet S., Jean Louis F., Oster M., Flageul B., et al. Expression and activity of IL‐17 in cutaneous T‐cell lymphomas (mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome). Int J Cancer 2004; 112: 113–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamzaoui K., Hamzaoui A., Guemira F., Bessioud M., Hamza M., Ayed K. Cytokine profile in Behcet's disease patients. Relationship with disease activity. Scand J Rheumatol 2002; 31: 205–10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elder J. T. IL‐15 and psoriasis: Another genetic link to Th17? [comment]. J Invest Dermatol 2007; 127: 2495–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krueger G. G., Langley R. G., Leonardi C., Yeilding N., Guzzo C., Wang Y., et al. A human interleukin‐12/23 monoclonal antibody for the treatment of psoriasis. N Engl J Med 2007; 356: 580–92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toichi E., Torres G., McCormick T. S., Chang T., Mascelli M. A., Kauffman C. L., et al. An anti‐IL‐12p40 antibody down‐regulates type 1 cytokines, chemokines, and IL‐12/IL‐23 in psoriasis. J Immunol 2006; 177: 4917–26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottlieb A. B., Cooper K. D., McCormick T. S., Toichi E., Everitt D. E., Frederick B., et al. A phase 1, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study evaluating single subcutaneous administrations of a human interleukin‐12/23 monoclonal antibody in subjects with plaque psoriasis. Curr Med Res Opin 2007; 23: 1081–92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimball A. B., Gordon K. B., Langley R. G., Menter A., Chartash E. K., Valdes J. Safety and efficacy of ABT‐874, a fully human interleukin 12/23 monoclonal antibody, in the treatment of moderate to severe chronic plaque psoriasis: Results of a randomized, placebo‐controlled, phase 2 trial. Arch Dermatol 2008; 144: 200–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papp K. A., Langley R. G., Lebwohl M., Krueger G. G., Szapary P., Yeilding N., et al. Efficacy and safety of ustekinumab, a human interleukin‐12/23 monoclonal antibody, in patients with psoriasis: 52‐week results from a randomised, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial (PHOENIX 2). Lancet 2008; 371: 1675–84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teunissen M. B., Koomen C. W., de Waal Malefyt R., Wierenga E. A., Bos J. D. Interleukin‐17 and interferon‐gamma synergize in the enhancement of proinflammatory cytokine production by human keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 1998; 111: 645–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albanesi C., Scarponi C., Cavani A., Federici M., Nasorri F., Girolomoni G. Interleukin‐17 is produced by both Th1 and Th2 lymphocytes, and modulates interferon‐gamma‐ and interleukin‐4‐induced activation of human keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2000; 115: 81–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Beelen A. J., Teunissen M. B., Kapsenberg M. L., de Jong E. C. Interleukin‐17 in inflammatory skin disorders. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2007; 7: 374–81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishizaki K., Yamada A., Yoh K., Nakano T., Shimohata H., Maeda A., et al. Th1 and type 1 cytotoxic T cells dominate responses in T‐bet overexpression transgenic mice that develop contact dermatitis. J Immunol 2007; 178: 605–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakae S., Komiyama Y., Nambu A., Sudo K., Iwase M., Homma I., et al. Antigen‐specific T cell sensitization is impaired in IL‐17‐deficient mice, causing suppression of allergic cellular and humoral responses. Immunity 2002; 17: 375–87
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abramovits W. Atopic dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2005; 53: S86–93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolk K., Witte E., Wallace E., Docke W. ‐D., Kunz S., Asadullah K., et al. IL‐22 regulates the expression of genes responsible for antimicrobial defense, cellular differentiation, and mobility in keratinocytes: A potential role in psoriasis. Eur J Immunol 2006; 36: 1309–23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toda M., Leung D. Y., Molet S., Boguniewicz M., Taha R., Christodoulopoulos P., et al. Polarized in vivo expression of IL‐11 and IL‐17 between acute and chronic skin lesions. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003; 111: 875–81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engelhart K., El Hindi T., Biesalski H. K., Pfitzner I. In vitro reproduction of clinical hallmarks of eczematous dermatitis in organotypic skin models. Arch Dermatol Res 2005; 297: 1–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spiekstra S. W., Breetveld M., Rustemeyer T., Scheper R. J., Gibbs S. Wound‐healing factors secreted by epidermal keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts in skin substitutes. Wound Repair Regen 2007; 15: 708–17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee E., Trepicchio W. L., Oestreicher J. L., Pittman D., Wang F., Chamian F., et al. Increased expression of interleukin 23 p19 and p40 in lesional skin of patients with psoriasis vulgaris. J Exp Med 2004; 199: 125–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piskin G., Sylva‐Steenland R. M., Bos J. D., Teunissen M. B. In vitro and in situ expression of IL‐23 by keratinocytes in healthy skin and psoriasis lesions: Enhanced expression in psoriatic skin. J Immunol 2006; 176: 1908–15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang X. J., Yan K. L., Wang Z. M., Yang S., Zhang G. L., Fan X., et al. Polymorphisms in interleukin‐15 gene on chromosome 4q31.2 are associated with psoriasis vulgaris in Chinese population. J Invest Dermatol 2007; 127: 2544–51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grossman R. M., Krueger J., Yourish D., Granelli‐Piperno A., Murphy D. P., May L. T., et al. Interleukin 6 is expressed in high levels in psoriatic skin and stimulates proliferation of cultured human keratinocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1989; 86: 6367–71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baran W., Szepietowski J. C., Mazur G., Baran E. TGF‐beta(1) gene polymorphism in psoriasis vulgaris. Cytokine 2007; 38: 8–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nockowski P., Szepietowski J. C., Ziarkiewicz M., Baran E. Serum concentrations of transforming growth factor beta 1 in patients with psoriasis vulgaris. Acta Dermatovenerol Croat 2004; 12: 2–6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McLInnes I. B. Cytokine targeting in psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis: Beyond TNFalpha. Ernst Schering Res Found Workshop 2006, (56): 29–44
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McInnes I. B., Gracie J. A. Interleukin‐15: A new cytokine target for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2004; 4: 392–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabat R., Philipp S., Hoflich C., Kreutzer S., Wallace E., Asadullah K., et al. Immunopathogenesis of psoriasis. Exp Dermatol 2007; 16: 779–98
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma H. L., Liang S., Li J., Napierata L., Brown T., Benoit S., et al. IL‐22 is required for Th17 cell‐mediated pathology in a mouse model of psoriasis‐like skin inflammation. J Clin Invest 2008; 118: 597–607
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villadsen L. S., Schuurman J., Beurskens F., Dam T. N., Dagnaes‐Hansen F., Skov L., et al. Resolution of psoriasis upon blockade of IL‐15 biological activity in a xenograft mouse model. J Clin Invest 2003; 112: 1571–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szodoray P., Alex P., Chappell‐Woodward C. M., Madland T. M., Knowlton N., Dozmorov I., et al. Circulating cytokines in Norwegian patients with psoriatic arthritis determined by a multiplex cytokine array system. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2007; 46: 417–25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahman P., Inman R. D., Maksymowych W. P., Reeve J. P., Peddle L., Gladman D. D. Association of interleukin‐23R variants with psoriatic arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2007; 56: S244
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaba L. C., Cardinale I., Gilleaudeau P., Sullivan‐Whalen M., Suarez Farinas M., Fuentes‐Duculan J., et al. Amelioration of epidermal hyperplasia by TNF inhibition is associated with reduced Th17 responses. J Exp Med 2007; 204: 3183–94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottlieb A. B., Chamian F., Masud S., Cardinale I., Abello M. V., Lowes M. A., et al. TNF inhibition rapidly down‐regulates multiple proinflammatory pathways in psoriasis plaques. J Immunol 2005; 175: 2721–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jovanovic D. V., Di Battista J. A., Martel‐Pelletier J., Jolicoeur F. C., He Y., Zhang M., et al. IL‐17 stimulates the production and expression of proinflammatory cytokines, IL‐beta and TNF‐alpha, by human macrophages. J Immunol 1998; 160: 3513–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iwamoto S., Iwai S., Tsujiyama K., Kurahashi C., Takeshita K., Naoe M., et al. TNF‐alpha drives human CD14+ monocytes to differentiate into CD70+ dendritic cells evoking Th1 and Th17 responses. J Immunol 2007; 179: 1449–57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jimenez S. A., Derk C. T. Following the molecular pathways toward an understanding of the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis. Ann Intern Med 2004; 140: 37–50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurasawa K., Hirose K., Sano H., Endo H., Shinkai H., Nawata Y., et al. Increased interleukin‐17 production in patients with systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Rheum 2000; 43: 2455–63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz Y., Nadiv O., Beer Y. Interleukin‐17 enhances tumor necrosis factor alpha‐induced synthesis of interleukins 1, 6, and 8 in skin and synovial fibroblasts: A possible role as a ‘fine‐tuning cytokine’ in inflammation processes. Arthritis Rheum 2001; 44: 2176–84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prud'homme G. J. Pathobiology of transforming growth factor beta in cancer, fibrosis and immunologic disease, and therapeutic considerations. Lab Invest 2007; 87: 1077–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edelson R. L. Cutaneous T cell lymphoma: Mycosis fungoides, Sezary syndrome, and other variants. J Am Acad Dermatol 1980; 2: 89–106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langowski J. L., Kastelein R. A., Oft M. Swords into plowshares: IL‐23 repurposes tumor immune surveillance. Trends Immunol 2007; 28: 207–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langowski J. L., Zhang X., Wu L., Mattson J. D., Chen T., Smith K., et al. IL‐23 promotes tumour incidence and growth. Nature 2006; 442: 461–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benchetrit F., Ciree A., Vives V., Warnier G., Gey A., Sautes‐Fridman C., et al. Interleukin‐17 inhibits tumor cell growth by means of a T‐cell‐dependent mechanism. Blood 2002; 99: 2114–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciree A., Michel L., Camilleri‐Broet S., Jean Louis F., Oster M., Flageul B., et al. Expression and activity of IL‐17 in cutaneous T‐cell lymphomas (mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome). Int J Cancer 2004; 112: 113–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tartour E., Fossiez F., Joyeux I., Galinha A., Gey A., Claret E., et al. Interleukin 17, a T‐cell‐derived cytokine, promotes tumorigenicity of human cervical tumors in nude mice. Cancer Res 1999; 59: 3698–704
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Overwijk W. W., de Visser K. E., Tirion F. H., de Jong L. A., Pols T. W., van der Velden Y. U., et al. Immunological and antitumor effects of IL‐23 as a cancer vaccine adjuvant. J Immunol 2006; 176: 5213–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Numasaki M., Fukushi J., Ono M., Narula S. K., Zavodny P. J., Kudo T., et al. Interleukin‐17 promotes angiogenesis and tumor growth. Blood 2003; 101: 2620–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kryczek I., Wei S., Zou L., Altuwaijri S., Szeliga W., Kolls J., et al. Cutting edge: Th17 and regulatory T cell dynamics and the regulation by IL‐2 in the tumor microenvironment. J Immunol 2007; 178: 6730–3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lahita R. J. Clinical presentation of systemic lupus erythematosus. Textbook of Rheumatology, W. N Kelley, E. D Harris, S Ruddy, C. B Sledge. WB Saunders company, Philadelphia 1997; 1028–39, 5th ed
   Google Scholar
• Hahn B. H. Systemic lupus erythematosus. Harrison's principles of internal medicine, D. L Kasper, E Braunwald, A. S Fouci, S. L Hauser, D. L Longo, J. L Jameson. McGraw‐Hill, New York 2005; 2: 1960–1967, 16th ed
   Google Scholar
• Ruiz‐Irastorza G., Khamashta M. A., Castellino G., Hughes G. R. Systemic lupus erythematosus. Lancet 2001; 357: 1027–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong C. K., Ho C. Y., Li E. K., Lam C. W. Elevation of proinflammatory cytokine (IL‐18, IL‐17, IL‐12) and Th2 cytokine (IL‐4) concentrations in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2000; 9: 589–93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauwerys B. R., Van Snick J., Houssiau F. A. Serum IL‐12 in systemic lupus erythematosus: Absence of p70 heterodimers but presence of p40 monomers correlating with disease activity. Lupus 2002; 11: 384–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linker‐Israeli M., Deans R. J., Wallace D. J., Prehn J., Ozeri‐Chen T., Klinenberg J. R. Elevated levels of endogenous IL‐6 in systemic lupus erythematosus. A putative role in pathogenesis. J Immunol 1991; 147: 117–23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linker‐Israeli M., Wallace D. J., Prehn J., Michael D., Honda M., Taylor K. D., et al. Association of IL‐6 gene alleles with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and with elevated IL‐6 expression. Genes Immun 1999; 1: 45–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spronk P. E., ter Borg E. J., Limburg P. C., Kallenberg C. G. Plasma concentration of IL‐6 in systemic lupus erythematosus; an indicator of disease activity?. Clin Exp Immunol 1992; 90: 106–10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kikly K., Liu L., Na S., Sedgwick J. D. The IL‐23/Th(17) axis: Therapeutic targets for autoimmune inflammation. Curr Opin Immunol 2006; 18: 670–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hata T., Kavanaugh A. Rheumatoid arthritis in dermatology. Clin Dermatol 2006; 24: 430–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishimoto N., Kishimoto T. Humanized antihuman IL‐6 receptor antibody, tocilizumab. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2008, (181): 151–60
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ziolkowska M., Koc A., Luszczykiewicz G., Ksiezopolska‐Pietrzak K., Klimczak E., Chwalinska‐Sadowska H., et al. High levels of IL‐17 in rheumatoid arthritis patients: IL‐15 triggers in vitro IL‐17 production via cyclosporin A‐sensitive mechanism. J Immunol 2000; 164: 2832–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lubberts E. IL‐17/Th17 targeting: On the road to prevent chronic destructive arthritis?. Cytokine 2008; 41: 84–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim H. R., Kim H. S., Park M. K., Cho M. L., Lee S. H., Kim H. Y. The clinical role of IL‐23p19 in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol 2007; 36: 259–64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamada H., Kaibara N., Okano S., Maeda T., Shuto T., Nakashima Y., et al. Interleukin‐15 selectively expands CD57+ CD28– CD4+ T cells, which are increased in active rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Immunol 2007; 124: 328–35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connell L., McInnes I. B. New cytokine targets in inflammatory rheumatic diseases. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2006; 20: 865–78
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guitart J. Management of dermatologic complications of inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2007; 102: S68–S71
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mudter J., Neurath M. F. Il‐6 signaling in inflammatory bowel disease: Pathophysiological role and clinical relevance. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2007; 13: 1016–23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujino S., Andoh A., Bamba S., Ogawa A., Hata K., Araki Y., et al. Increased expression of interleukin 17 in inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 2003; 52: 65–70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt C., Giese T., Ludwig B., Mueller‐Molaian I., Marth T., Zeuzem S., et al. Expression of interleukin‐12‐related cytokine transcripts in inflammatory bowel disease: Elevated interleukin‐23p19 and interleukin‐27p28 in Crohn's disease but not in ulcerative colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2005; 11: 16–23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stallmach A., Giese T., Schmidt C., Ludwig B., Mueller‐Molaian I., Meuer S. C. Cytokine/chemokine transcript profiles reflect mucosal inflammation in Crohn's disease. Int J Colorectal Dis 2004; 19: 308–15
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sayinalp N., Ozcebe O. I., Ozdemir O., Haznedaroglu I. C., Dundar S., Kirazli S. Cytokines in Behcet's disease. J Rheumatol 1996; 23: 321–2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laan M., Linden A. IL‐17 as a potential target for modulating airway neutrophilia. Curr Pharm Des 2002; 8: 1855–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ureten K., Ertenli I., Ozturk M. A., Kiraz S., Onat A. M., Tuncer M., et al. Neutrophil CD64 expression in Behcet's disease. J Rheumatol 2005; 32: 849–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cargill M., Schrodi S. J., Chang M., Garcia V. E., Brandon R., Callis K. P., et al. A large‐scale genetic association study confirms IL12B and leads to the identification of IL23R as psoriasis‐risk genes. Am J Hum Genet 2007; 80: 273–90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsunemi Y., Saeki H., Nakamura K., Sekiya T., Hirai K., Fujita H., et al. Interleukin‐12 p40 gene (IL12B) 3′‐untranslated region polymorphism is associated with susceptibility to atopic dermatitis and psoriasis vulgaris. J Dermatol Sci 2002; 30: 161–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan K. L., Huang W., Zhang X. J., Yang S., Chen Y. M., Xiao F. L., et al. Follow‐up analysis of PSORS9 in 151 Chinese families confirmed the linkage to 4q31‐32 and refined the evidence to the families of early‐onset psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol 2007; 127: 312–18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sagoo G. S., Tazi‐Ahnini R., Barker J. W., Elder J. T., Nair R. P., Samuelsson L., et al. Meta‐analysis of genome‐wide studies of psoriasis susceptibility reveals linkage to chromosomes 6p21 and 4q28‐q31 in Caucasian and Chinese Hans population. J Invest Dermatol 2004; 122: 1401–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chamian F., Lowes M. A., Lin S. L., Lee E., Kikuchi T., Gilleaudeau P., et al. Alefacept reduces infiltrating T cells, activated dendritic cells, and inflammatory genes in psoriasis vulgaris. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102: 2075–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piskin G., Tursen U., Sylva‐Steenland R. M., Bos J. D., Teunissen M. B. Clinical improvement in chronic plaque‐type psoriasis lesions after narrow‐band UVB therapy is accompanied by a decrease in the expression of IFN‐gamma inducers – IL‐12, IL‐18 and IL‐23. Exp Dermatol 2004; 13: 764–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mucida D., Park Y., Kim G., Turovskaya O., Scott I., Kronenberg M., et al. Reciprocal TH17 and regulatory T cell differentiation mediated by retinoic acid. Science 2007; 317: 256–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolk K., Kunz S., Witte E., Friedrich M., Asadullah K., Sabat R. IL‐22 increases the innate immunity of tissues. Immunity 2004; 21: 241–54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabat R., Sterry W., Philipp S., Wolk K. Three decades of psoriasis research: Where has it led us?. Clin Dermatol 2007; 25: 504–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar